汶川地震区崩滑堆积体强度现场直剪试验研究

以汶川震区漩口一带地震诱发的松散堆积体为研究对象,开展碎石土原状样和重塑样的现场直剪对比试验,探讨不同法向应力、不同粒度组成和不同含水率等条件下碎石土的剪切强度特性。研究结果表明,地质成因和岩土体结构相似、粒度组成不同且级配不良的碎石土的剪切强度特性具有相似性;原状样剪切强度明显高于相同干密度和含水率的重塑样;级配良好的碎石土应变硬化程度略高于级配不良的碎石土,当粒径大于5 mm的粗颗粒含量大于42.9%时,随粗颗粒含量增加,碎石土的内摩擦角增加,而粘聚力则先减小后增大;抗剪强度指标与含水率呈线性负相关关系,随着含水率增高,碎石土抗剪强度降低,其中粘聚力较内摩擦角下降更明显。综合前人研究和本次试验结果,建议汶川震区类似结构组分碎石土天然状态下的剪切强度指标c值取15±3 k Pa,φ值取30°±2°。     

玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土CT扫描试验研究

冰碛土是冰川行进融化过程中漂石、碎石、砂砾、粉土和黏土在毫无分选的条件下快速混杂堆积生成的一种特殊岩土材料,由其引发的工程问题日益受到岩土工程界关注。砾石颗粒细观组构是冰碛土独特沉积历史的反映,直接影响土体的岩土力学性质,但迫于原状冰碛土样极难取得,岩土工程领域迄今罕有研究。对此,采用人工精细切削的方式,成功取得了玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土样,并对取回的6块冰碛土原状样进行了CT扫描,首次获得了冰碛土内部真实细观组构图像。借助Matlab对CT图片进行二值化和消噪处理后,运用常规统计方法对冰碛土内砾石颗粒的面含石量、颗粒定向以及颗粒形状等剖面组构指标进行了描述。结果表明,垂直剖面之间的统计数据差异较小,但垂直剖面与水平剖面之间差异较大。     

结构性对膨胀土收缩特性影响的试验研究

膨胀土的收缩性明显,容易引发边坡与地基开裂,但有关结构性对收缩特性影响的认识甚少。采用收缩自动试验装置,在恒湿恒温条件下对原状膨胀土和重塑膨胀土开展了收缩对比试验和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）测试分析,结果表明：与原状土相比,重塑土在土中水流动阶段的蒸发速率较小,蒸汽扩散阶段收缩稳定速率较慢,最终体积收缩应变量更大;重塑土体积收缩−含水率关系曲线的线性段较长,斜率较大,直线段与稳定段之间的过渡不明显,而原状土则反之;重塑土和原状土的收缩特征曲线（soil shrinkage characteristic curves,简称SSC）在较高含水率段基本重合,随着含水率下降,重塑土的SSC下降更快,对应的含水率范围更宽,最后进入残余−零收缩阶段时,孔隙比明显较小;Chertkov收缩模型适用于原状膨胀土,但不适用于重塑膨胀土。SEM测试结果表明,原状膨胀土较重塑膨胀土具有更强的原生结构性,初始密度与湿度相同情况下,两者颗粒排列、接触方式、胶结状态、孔隙大小与分布特征等微观结构上差异明显,导致蒸发过程中重塑土的水分迁移速率较小、基质吸力较大,是重塑土收缩更剧烈的内在原因。研究结果可为膨胀土边坡的坡面工程防护设计提供参考依据。     

安哥拉Quelo砂抗剪强度特性试验研究

基于安哥拉Quelo（Muceque）砂原状土和重塑土的直剪试验,探讨了结构性、含水率、干密度对Quelo砂抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,结构性对Quelo砂的抗剪强度影响较为复杂,原状土与重塑土的抗剪力学指标具有明显差异;Quelo砂遇水软化特性显著,原状土和重塑土的黏聚力和内摩擦角随含水率的增大近似呈对数衰减;Quelo砂级配良好,压实后抗剪强度高,适宜用作回填材料,重塑土的黏聚力随干密度的增大近似呈线性增大,内摩擦角随干密度的增大分为稳定段和增大段,呈分段函数的特征。     

中国西南山区第四纪冰川堆积物工程地质分类探讨

中国的大陆冰川堆积物几乎都属于巨粒土或块石（漂石）土、碎石土,但因复杂的物质组成和组构特征,各地或同一地区不同成因类型（冰碛、冰水）的堆积物具有极为不同的工程地质性质,其地质体稳定性和地质灾害的易发性存在着显著的差异。我国已有的工程分类框架不能满足当代冰川堆积物甚至其他碎石土（巨粒土）的工程地质和地质灾害研究的需要。中国西南山区冰川堆积物的物质成分、细观结构等的野外调查和室内测试分析结果表明,冰川堆积物的物质成分和组构特征主要表现为:颗粒组成的不均一性和多元性、组构单元的双元性、结构的无序性和胶结性等。冰川堆积物的物质成分和组构特征与其工程性质具有密切的关系,是冰川堆积物工程地质分类的基础。本文探讨了中国西南山区冰川堆积物的工程地质分类问题,提出基于胶结程度和粒度组成的二级分类方案,对冰川堆积物及其他块（漂）石土的工程地质研究和工程实践具有一定指导意义。     

原状与重塑黄土冻融过程渗透特性对比试验研究

通过冻融条件下西安Q₃原状和重塑黄土的电镜扫描观测和三轴固结渗透试验,对比分析了冻融作用对原状和重塑黄土渗透特性的影响规律。结果显示:冻融条件下原状与重塑黄土微观结构均发生明显变化,土体胶结连接强度变差且颗粒排列更加松散,孔隙比增加,渗透性增强。冻融作用对原状和重塑黄土表面结构破坏均较严重,但原状黄土表面结构破坏程度较重塑黄土更为强烈;冻融过程产生的裂缝使得土中水分渗流和迁移的通道形成,导致原状与重塑黄土体渗透性增强。冻融条件下原状与重塑黄土渗透系数随含水率增加均先增大后减小,表现出抛物线变化特征;渗透系数随冻融次数增加均先增大然后趋于稳定,表现出指数增大特征;渗透系数随围压增大均先减小然后趋于稳定,表现出指数下降特征;相同条件下原状黄土渗透系数高于重塑黄土;原状与重塑黄土渗透系数差异随围压增大逐渐减小。     

结构性对非饱和Q_3黄土强度和屈服特性的影响

为研究结构性对黄土强度特性和屈服应力及屈服吸力的影响,以兰州非饱和原状Q3黄土及其重塑土为研究对象,利用非饱和土四联直剪仪和改进型非饱和土三轴仪进行了一系列的非饱和土直剪和各向等压加载以及三轴收缩试验。试验结果表明:原状黄土及其重塑土的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随吸力的增加呈线性增长趋势,吸力越大,抗剪强度越高;Q3原状黄土具有较高的结构性,其抵抗外力破坏的能力较高,而重塑土土粒之间结构比较松散,因此,原状土的抗剪强度要高于重塑土,尤其在低吸力和高含水率情况下;定义了黏聚力结构参数cM和内摩擦角结构参数M?,得到了黏聚力耦合值*c和内摩擦角耦合值*?随吸力变化的拟合公式,为实际工程抗剪强度指标的选取提供另一种尝试;原状黄土的屈服应力和屈服吸力均大于重塑土,在p-s平面上原状黄土的弹性区要大于重塑土;两种土的屈服应力之差随着吸力的增大而线性增大,屈服吸力趋近于一常数,受净平均应力的影响较小;试样屈服前,原状黄土较强的结构性导致其变形要小于重塑土,试样屈服后,两者变形差别不大。试验结果为进一步建立结构性模型提供了试验基础,也为黄土地区工程建设提供了参数依据。     

Hydromechanical characteristics and microstructure of unsaturated loess under high suctionEI北大核心

联合压力板仪和蒸汽平衡法在全吸力范围内对原状与重塑黄土进行持水特性试验,使用非饱和三轴仪对高吸力下的原状与重塑黄土进行剪切试验,同时采用扫描电镜仪(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和压汞仪(mercury injection apparatus,MIP)进行微观试验,探讨了非饱和黄土结构性差异对其水力力学特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着吸力的增大,原状和重塑土的饱和度、含水率均减小,孔隙比稍有减小。由于原状及重塑黄土的初始孔隙比基本一致,因此两者压汞试验总进汞量接近。由扫描电镜和压汞试验得到的原状及重塑黄土的孔隙结构形态及优势孔径范围不一样,结构性有所差异,导致土-水特征曲线在不同吸力范围内呈现不一样的规律。原状和重塑土的应力-应变关系多呈软化现象,吸力为3.29 MPa的重塑土呈硬化现象。且随着吸力的增大,原状和重塑土的黏聚力和峰值强度均明显增加,体变由剪缩趋向剪胀现象。由于原状土具备一定结构性,胶结作用较强,其黏聚力的增幅会大于重塑土,峰值强度也高于重塑土,而两者的内摩擦角基本一致。     

冰碛石的形态和表面特征

沉积物中砾石的各种形态参数(磨圆度、球度和扁平度)及表面特征对研究搬运介质和沉积过程是很有用的。有些作者的工作表明,冰碛中的砾石随搬运距离的增加,其磨圆度和球度的提高是明显的;还有人用A.Cailleux的计算磨圆度的公式(2R/a×100)成功地揭示了冰碛、冰水沉积、冰川接触沉积和融冻泥流沉积之间的     

颗粒级配和结构对粉砂力学性质的影响

分析了几组原状、重塑和配制土样的静三轴试验结果,认为颗粒级配和结构性是影响粉砂应力-应变关系和强度特性的两个主要因素。当颗粒级配不同时,结构性原状粉砂土样和不具有结构性的配制土的强度均不同。相同颗粒级配的原状和重塑粉砂的强度也不同。而颗粒级配稍有不同的一种配制粉砂与原状粉砂在应力-应变关系和强度特性方面相接近。此种配制粉砂可替代原状粉砂做为模型试验用土。     

青藏高原典型冰碛土的物理力学特性研究

在被称为世界屋脊的青藏高原,更新世全球冰河期发生了多次冰川作用,留下了大量冰川遗迹。作为冰川遗迹之一的冰碛土,属于特殊的工程岩土,具有成分复杂、结构混杂、物理力学性质变化大的特点,容易和坡积物、残积物等第四系堆积物混淆。在建的亚丁机场位于稻城海子山,场址地基土为稻城冰帽消融所形成的冰碛土,具有青藏高原冰碛土的典型性。为了掌握冰碛土的特殊物理力学性质,揭示其和冰川演化之间的关系,通过对亚丁机场场道地基的勘察,完成了典型冰碛土粒度成分分析、现场及室内物理力学性质测试,以及冰碛土ESR测年。研究表明,亚丁机场场址的冰碛土形成于375ka B.P. ; 由于大小混杂、颗粒级配良好(Cu=8.05,Cc=1.09),在后期多次冰川的压实作用下,表现出密度高、空隙比小、地基变形模量和承载力高的特性,平均前期固结压力达到290kPa,可作为高原重大工程的天然良好地基。     

国内外冰碛湖溃决研究进展

末次冰期以来,气候变暖导致全球高山地区的冰川环境变化剧烈,冰碛湖稳定性降低导致溃决频率增加,成为中国、尼泊尔、俄罗斯、秘鲁等10多个国家和地区频繁发生的冰川灾害类型之一。冰碛湖溃决诱发形成的洪水和泥石流,由于规模巨大、成灾速度快和波及范围广等特点,造成下游地区的基础设施和生命财产遭受惨重损失。本文通过对国内外冰碛湖溃决事件、溃决诱因、溃决模式和溃决洪水特征4个方面研究现状和发展现状的梳理和分析,总结经验和思路,从而为冰碛湖溃决研究和评价提供借鉴和参考。     

末次冰期冰碛垄系列的形态特征及其形成探讨 ——以帕隆藏布江谷地为例

冰碛的形态特征是气候变化的标记.以往的野外考察发现末次冰期的冰碛具有近乎统一的发育模式.选取藏东南帕隆藏布江流域的10条冰川, 研究其前方末次冰期冰川堆积特征, 以揭示其所反映的气候变化过程. 结果表明: 末次冰期MIS2形成最高大的冰碛垄, 我们称之为主冰碛垄, 这套冰碛垄示意当时冰期气候持续稳定时间最长.为主冰碛垄所部分覆盖而由其底部延伸出来的, 尚有至少两套范围更大、 但规模较小的冰碛垄, 表明MIS2之前冰期气候可能曾更加严酷, 但持续时间相对要短, 可能反映MIS4和/或MIS3的冰期气候特点.主冰碛垄内侧一直到现代冰川相当长的河谷段, 通常呈现多道冰碛垄, 规模均较主冰碛小, 它们有的不排除作为后退冰碛(recessional moraine)的可能性, 但晚冰期(YD)、 抑或H1事件应当是值得注意的.临近现代冰川末端, 一般能够辨别新冰期和小冰期冰碛垄. 因此, 藏东南这样一系列的冰川堆积, 以其形态、 范围和规模特征, 辅之以高精度的系统测年, 几乎可恢复出气候变化曲线来, 了解与全球氧同位素曲线之间的齿合关系.     

Deglaciation history of the southwestern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet between 15 and 13 14C ka BP

Analysis of 2D and 3D seismic records from the continental shelf off western Norway, in combination with chronological constraints from ¹⁴C dates, has led to a model for the glacial development in these shelf areas between c. 15 and 13 ¹⁴C ka BP. On the shallow Måløy Plateau adjacent to the Norwegian Channel, iceberg scours are preserved below a prominent moraine ridge, which by correlation to the Norwegian Channel indicate ice retreat at c. 15 ¹⁴C ka BP. Subsequently, the ice advanced across the scoured surface and deposited a till sheet before stabilizing to deposit a prominent moraine, termed the Bremanger Moraine. Based on location on the shelf, seismic stratigraphy, morphology and C dates the Bremanger Moraine is correlated with a significant moraine on the continental shelf off Trøndelag. We suggest that these features are products of a regional glacial event, the Bremanger Event, dated to <15–13.3 ¹⁴C ka BP. The Bremanger Event is probably a result of the deteriorating climatic conditions in the NE Atlantic during Heinrich event 1.     

The Glacial History of Landscape in the Batura Muztagh, NW Karakoram

The most recent glacial history of the Bar Valley on the Batura south side of the great Karakorum main ridge shows a marked retreat of the Kukuar and Baltar glaciers since 1915 by 8 km. This tendency is continuing. A great lateral moraine (GLM), which shows the latest, historical maximum postglacial stage, is accompanied by a higher level, which reflects a neoglacial glacier level whose ice margins no longer exist. An earth-pyramid moraine rising high above the glacier, as also occurs on the northern declivities of the Batura, does not mark a specific level, but bears witness to a valley-filling glacier, for which further indicators can be found along the valley flank. In the gorge-like narrow trough valley, the flanks of which are covered by steep debris cones originating from the postglacial, numerous former glacial characteristics contrast with the current glaciation of the far retreated Kukuar and Baltar glaciers. Moraine material found at the valley outlet at Chalt and also on the Talmutz pass demonstrates complete ice filling of the Bar valley, also supported by the Daintar glacier. From a glacial geomorphological perspective, this confirms a late to high glacial connection of the Bar glacier to a Hunza glacier, as postulated by Kuhle (2005).     

The glacial history of landscape in the Batura Muztagh, NW Karakoram

The most recent glacial history of the Bar Valley on the Batura south side of the great Karakorum main ridge shows a marked retreat of the Kukuar and Baltar glaciers since 1915 by 8 km. This tendency is continuing. A great lateral moraine (GLM), which shows the latest, historical maximum postglacial stage, is accompanied by a higher level, which reflects a neoglacial glacier level whose ice margins no longer exist. An earth-pyramid moraine rising high above the glacier, as also occurs on the northern declivities of the Batura, does not mark a specific level, but bears witness to a valley-filling glacier, for which further indicators can be found along the valley flank. In the gorge-like narrow trough valley, the flanks of which are covered by steep debris cones originating from the postglacial, numerous former glacial characteristics contrast with the current glaciation of the far retreated Kukuar and Baltar glaciers. Moraine material found at the valley outlet at Chalt and also on the Talmutz pass demonstrates complete ice filling of the Bar valley, also supported by the Daintar glacier. From a glacial geomorphological perspectives, this confirms a late to high glacial connection of the Bar glacier to a Hunza glacier, as postulated by Kuhle (2005).     

Re‐assessment of the age and depositional origin of the Paviland Moraine,Gower, south Wales,UK

The Bristol Channel, including onshore areas, is critical for reconstructing Pleistocene glacial limits in southwest Britain. Debate about the precise regional southern limits of Devensian (Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 2) and Anglian (OIS 12) glaciations has recently been rekindled. The Paviland Moraine (Llanddewi Formation), Gower, south Wales is conventionally regarded as Anglian in age. Its ‘old’ age has been based on reported highly weathered clasts, a subdued morphology and ‘field relationships’ to fossil beach sediments of now disputed age(s). Relatively little about its sedimentary characteristics has been previously published. This paper: (i) presents new sedimentological evidence including lithofacies analysis, XRF analysis and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) of sediment cores and electrical resistivity of a tied 3D field grid; (ii) re‐assesses the proposed ‘old’ age; (iii) suggests a likely depositional origin; and (iv) discusses implications for regional glacial dynamics and future research priorities. The sediments comprise mostly dipping glacigenic diamict units containing mainly Welsh Coalfield erratics. The location and subdued moraine morphology are attributed to the hydrological influence of the underlying limestone, the local topography and ice‐sheet behaviour rather than to long‐term degradation. Moraine formation is attributed mainly to sediment gravity flows that coalesced to produce an ice‐frontal apron. Neither geochemical data nor clasts indicate prolonged subaerial weathering and in‐situ moraine sediments are restricted to a limestone plateau above and inland of fossil beach sediments. We recommend rejecting the view that the moraine represents the only recognized OIS 12 deposit in Wales and conclude that instead it marks the limit of relatively thin Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice in west Gower. This requires revision of the accepted view of a more restricted LGM limit in the area. We suggest that substrate hydrological conditions may be a more influential factor in moraine location and form than is currently acknowledged.     

Contemporary terminal-moraine ridge formation at a temperate glacier: Styggedalsbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway

Terminal-moraine ridges up to 6 m high have been forming at the snout of Styggedalsbreen for two decades. Based on intermittent observations during this period, combined with a detailed study of ridge morphology, sedimentary structures and composition during the 1993 field season, a model of terminal-moraine formation that involves the interaction of glacial and glacio-fluvial processes at a seasonally oscillating ice margin is presented. In winter, subglacial debris is frozen-on to the glacier sole; in summer, ice-marginal and supraglacial streams deposit sediments on the wasting ice tongue. The ice tongue overrides an embryonic moraine ridge during a late-winter advance and a double layer of sediment (diamicton overlain by sorted sands and gravels) is added to the moraine ridge during the subsequent ablation season. Particular ridges grow incrementally over many years and exert positive feedback by enhancing snout up-arching during the winter advance and constraining the course of summer meltwater streams close to the ice margin. The double-layer annual-meltout model is related to moraine formation by the stacking of subglacial frozen-on sediment slabs (Krüger 1993). Moraine ridges of this type have a complex origin. are not push moraines, and may be characteristic of dynamic high-latitude and high-altitude temperate glaciers.