威海湾岸滩整治工程冲淤趋势

应用ECOMSED数值模型模拟了威海湾岸滩整治工程引起的岸滩冲淤环境的改变,引用静态平衡岬湾海岸理论分析工程建成后岸线的稳定性,优化了原有方案,进而模拟优化方案建成后海域的冲淤趋势,结果表明,工程的建设改善了岸滩的冲淤环境,整治效果良好.     

湛江湾沿岸工程冲淤影响的预测分析Ⅱ.冲淤的数模计算

本文在研究I动力地貌分析的基础上,参照窦国仁等提出的河道二维全沙数学模型,建立了在波浪、潮流共同作用下的二维全沙数学模型.通过合理地选取模型中有关参数,比较好地模拟了日前湛江湾冲淤变化的基本态势,并对湛江湾开发工程后港湾可能引起的冲淤强度变化和冲淤区域的空间分布进行了计算预测,其结果与动力地貌分析的结果一致.     

湛江湾填海工程对海床冲淤的影响预测

建立了湛江湾泥沙数学模型,模拟了湛江湾海床冲淤演变,模拟结果表明,湛江湾海床较为稳定,年冲淤强度小,模拟冲淤分布与历史海图资料得出的长期演变趋势符合。模型用于湛江湾围填工程对海床冲淤变化的影响预测,结果表明工程后海床冲淤强度没有明显的改变。另外,优选了围填方案,估计了港池的淤积强度。     

黄河三角洲莱州湾西岸防潮工程海堤断面块体稳定性实验研究

以黄河三角洲莱州湾西岸防潮工程海堤断面为工程实例，结合当地的水位及波浪参数，利用物理模型试验的方法，得出了护面块体稳定的极限条件及不同堤坝型式下海堤的冲淤状况，从而验证了海堤护面块体稳定性。     

石岛海域潮流通道及岬湾的泥沙动力机制研究

石岛海域潮流通道的动力条件强劲,潮流通道向岸一侧的黑泥湾敞开性高,波浪作用明显,水道、岬湾底质类型包含砾石、砂、粉砂、淤泥各种类型,因而泥沙运动具有特殊性。基于FVCOM的泥沙模块,采用拟合希尔兹曲线改良模型的泥沙起动条件,同时采用多组分泥沙百分含量分布来反映不同地区的底质类型,研究黑泥湾海域夏季泥沙运动规律。模型参数采用2010年沉积物粒度分析资料率定,潮汐、潮流、波浪、悬沙模型采用2006年观测资料及遥感图验证,冲淤模型采用1980—2006年测深资料进行趋势比对。结果显示,黑泥湾整体呈弱侵蚀状态,潮流通道西侧出现N—S向带状侵蚀区,半月潮周期内最大冲刷深度3.5mm。潮流通道水动力条件强,但沉积物成分较粗,侵蚀较弱。镆铘岛东侧近岸海域冲淤变化复杂,冲刷或淤积趋势交替占据优势,半月潮周期内,潮差高于1.4m时潮流较强,冲刷为主导趋势,潮差下降后,非本地起动的泥沙逐渐在此淤积,淤积为主导趋势。     

淤泥质海岸围垦促淤计算方法研究与应用

海岸围垦工程实施后,将会改变地形及边界条件,并对工程区的水动力及泥沙冲淤产生影响。针对淤泥质海岸的特点,选取适当的经验参数,在平面二维潮流的基础上应用半经验半理论的泥沙冲淤计算方法,并考虑波浪对沉降机率和水流挟沙能力的影响,建立了淤泥质海岸围垦促淤的计算方法。同时,以舟山市钓梁围垦二期工程作为实例进行分析,利用工程区实测水文泥沙资料,确定当地挟沙能力公式参数,并对区内进行冲淤计算,得到冲淤强度的分布,通过实测资料的对比,取得了满意的结果。其中,考虑波浪效应后的计算结果更符合实测资料,波浪对该围垦工程促淤效果的影响比例在0.76%~17.5%之间,不能忽略。     

厦门湾及邻近海域沉积物分布特征和沉积速率

2007年和2010年在厦门湾及邻近海域进行底质表层沉积物和柱状岩心样品采集,并进行粒度分析及粒度参数计算,获得了研究区底质表层和柱状沉积物样品的粒度分布特征.结果表明,厦门湾海域沉积物类型多样,以粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂为主.平均粒径介于?1.5Φ~7.5Φ之间.采用 Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法,发现九龙江口的沉积物主要呈东南方向净输运,而大金门南侧海域沉积物则有向九龙江口输运的趋势,同安湾内沉积物由海岸向湾中央输运;厦门东部海域沉积物向北输运,翔安南部海域沉积物向同安湾口以及澳头近岸输移.对柱状岩心进行放射性同位素210Pb 测年分析,计算得到九龙江口沉积速率为2.62 cm/a,进而探讨了九龙江口的沉积环境演化特征,研究成果可为区域资源开发和环境保护提供科学依据     

舟山基湖海岸岸线形态与稳定性

抛物线模型是确定岬间海湾静态平面平衡形态中应用最广泛的关系式.应用此模型研究了舟山基湖砂质岸线的平面形态与稳定性,并通过近年来的海滩冲淤变化分析与沿岸输沙计算,对模型判定结果进行了对比验证.结果显示,基湖岸线已接近静态平衡,西北部略有淤进,中部稳定,东南部将有较大程度的淤进;模型判定结果与其他2种方法得出的结论相一致,印证了抛物线模型应用于此的合理性.     

三种权重识别方法在同安湾水质模糊评价中的应用比较

以厦门同安湾为例,利用1995～2005年的监测数据,分别采取污染物浓度超标加权法、主成分分析法和对比排序法三种权重识别方法对近岸海域水质时间序列上的演变规律进行模糊评价的比较。结果表明,三种权重识别方法的评价结果一致,均可作为同安湾水质模糊评价的权重确定方法;同时,还分析了三种权重确定方法在应用过程中的优缺点,并进行了比较,为海湾水质模糊评价中的权重确定提供参考。     

龙口湾拦江沙坝冲淤稳定性研究

通过不同时期的水深对比对龙口湾拦江沙坝的稳定性进行研究,从其形成过程和现代泥沙运动的角度对拦江沙坝冲淤变化的机制进行探讨。研究表明,该沙坝范围和轮廓稳定,但坝体泥沙在波浪作用下发生沿坝输移和横向输移,在人工开口情况下有较为明显的冲淤响应。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,