Diatom‐based reconstruction of summer sea‐surface salinity in the South China Sea over the last 15 000 years

We present a new reconstruction of summer sea‐surface salinity (SSS) over the past 15 000 years based on a diatom record from piston core 17940, located on the northern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). The reconstructed diatom‐based summer SSS values for the modern period are in accord with instrumental observations of summer SSS in the area. Here, the modern summer SSS is primarily controlled by river runoff, in particular from the Pearl River. The reconstruction presented in this study shows that the summer SSS varied between 33.3 and 34.2 psu over the past 15 000 years. The long‐term summer SSS trend closely followed the trend of the orbitally controlled solar insolation at 20°N, suggesting that orbital forcing was the dominant driver of changes in summer SSS in this area. Comparisons to speleothem δ¹⁸O data and studies of surface hydrography in the region suggest that changes in solar insolation affected the summer SSS through changes in the East Asian Monsoon and sea‐level changes associated with the last deglaciation. Univariate spectral analyses indicate that centennial‐scale oscillatory variations in summer SSS were superimposed on the long‐term trend. During the deglacial period (c. 12 000–9000 cal. a BP), the dominant periodicity was centred around 230–250 years, whereas a ～350‐year oscillation dominated in the period 2200–4500 cal. a BP. The balance of evidence suggests that these centennial‐scale changes in summer SSS may have been driven by solar‐induced changes in the East Asian Monsoon, but further evidence is needed to firmly establish this relationship.     

SCL与中国东部气候年代际变化

据宇地磁耦合原理,利用太阳黑子周期长度(SCL)的变化及其与地磁场(文中主要考虑地热)的关系,模拟计算并重建了中国东部历史时期的气温序列变化,除了个别时段外,模拟曲线与修正后的竺可桢曲线十分相似;分析了2500a来中国东部气候的年代际变化.结果表明,该曲线能较好地再现2500a来中国东部气候的冷暖变化.对竺氏曲线中有争议的几个冷暖时段,如公元150—350年的温暖期、1050—1150年的小气候适宜期等,模拟结果与后来研究者分析的结果相合.中唐至五代的气候冷暖交替变化不稳定.该曲线也能清晰地反映出小冰期中国东部气候各个时段的变化以及现代气候的变化趋势。     

中国黄土高原西部马兰黄土记录的MIS3气候特征与全球气候记录的对比研究

对黄土高原西部临夏塬堡剖面的研究表明:56.1～25.0kaB.P.相当于末次冰期大间冰阶或深海氧同位素第3阶段可划分为56.1～42.2kaB.P.强温湿、39.3～33.1kaB.P.弱温湿、31～25kaB.P.中等温湿的3个温湿期和42.2～39.3kaB.P.,33.1～31.0kaB.P.的两个干冷期,且没有记录前人认为的所谓“高温大降水事件”。全球不同区域同期气候记录的对比分析证明:“高温大降水事件”只是局部气候演变的产物,其影响范围是有限的,将末次冰期晚期40～30kaB.P.全部升格为间冰期的说法有待商榷。在深海氧同位素第3阶段成因机制的探讨中,究竟是太阳辐射量的变化诱导北半球冰量的变化,从而诱发末次冰期这一温湿时期的产生,还是在较大程度上受太阳辐射量的变化更直接一些,尚需做更多的工作。     

Possible solar control on primary production along the Indian west coast on decadal to centennial timescale

Using multiple geochemical proxies including specific biomarkers (dinosterol, phytol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol) measured in a high‐sedimentation rate core collected from the inner shelf (depth ～45 m) off Goa (India), we reconstruct surface productivity, which is mainly controlled by the monsoon upwelling in this region, during the last ca. 700 a. Surface productivity appears to have varied in tandem with the Konkan–Goa rainfall and sunspot activity during the instrumental period (last 250 a). The productivity proxies also covary with the total solar irradiance reconstructed for the period beyond the instrumental era, within the considerable uncertainty of the age model. This suggests that solar forcing may control coastal upwelling intensity and biological productivity in the eastern Arabian Sea on decadal to centennial timescales. During the late Anthropocene (last ca. 50 a), steep increases in all four biomarkers indicate greatly enhanced productivity in response to high solar irradiance as well as anthropogenic inputs of nutrients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过去1000年气候模拟比较和机制分析

利用中等复杂程度模式MPM­2进行的多情景1000年气候模拟试验和全球海气耦合气候模式ECHO­G进行的1000年长时间积分气候模拟试验结果,分析了过去1000年全球气候变化特征及其与各强迫因子变化的关系,并与部分温度重建资料作了对比,探讨了近千年气候变化的原因和驱动因子。模拟和重建结果均反映出了大约出现在1000～1300年的中世纪暖期、1300～1850年的小冰期和1860年之后的全球升温期。对于1300～1850年的小冰期和1860年之后的升温期,模拟和重建的趋势基本一致,尤其是1670～1710年Maunder太阳黑子最小期时,模拟和重建结果吻合很好。各因子及其组合的强迫试验表明,在不同典型气候时期,强迫因子的作用是不一样的。1000～1300年的中世纪暖期,模拟与重建资料存在一定的位相差异和幅度差异。从整体上来看,模式得出的温度距平值要小于重建温度距平值。在1000年尺度上,太阳辐射、火山活动和温室气体对全球温度变化都有重要意义,但表现的时间不同。在最近百年尺度上,温室气体含量的变化对温度的变化起着相对更为重要的作用。     

火山活动对南半球平流层气候异常变化的影响

文中利用逐次滤波法分析结果表明 ,火山活动能引起平流层较大幅度增温 ,对于南半球 70hPa高空气候异常变化的影响超过了总方差的 1 6 % ;火山活动影响最显著的高度是平流层 70hPa约1 5～ 2 2km高空 ,由此高度向上或向下 ,火山活动的影响都逐渐减小 ;火山活动引起平流层大气升温的同时还将引起对流层大气降温 ,其分界线大致位于对流层顶 30 0hPa附近。平流层高空气候异常变化还具有显著的 2 2a变化周期和 1 1a变化周期 ,分析认为是大气温度场对太阳磁场磁性 2 2a周期和太阳黑子 1 1a周期变化的响应 ,其方差贡献率超过 8%。     

Coarse-grained chondrule rims in type 3 chondrites

Relatively coarse-grained rims occur around all types of chondrules in type 3 carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Those in H-L-LL3 chondrites are composed primarily of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene; those in CV3 chondrites contain much less low-Ca pyroxene. Average grain sizes range from ～4 μm in H-L-LL3 chondrites to ～10 μm in CV3 chondrites. Such rims surround ～50%, ～10% and ≤ 1% of chondrules in CV3, H-L-LL3 and CO3 chondrites, respectively, but are rare (≤1%) around CV3 Ca,Al-rich inclusions. Rim thicknesses average ～150 μm in H-L-LL3 chondrites and ～400 μm in CV3 chondrites.The rims in H-L-LL3 chondrites are composed of material very similar to that which comprises darkzoned chondrules and recrysiallized matrix. Dark-zoned chondrules and coarse-grained rims probably formed in the solar nebula from clumps of opaque matrix material heated to sub-solidus to sub-liquidus temperatures during chondrule formation. Mechanisms capable of completely melting some material while only sintering other material require steep thermal gradients; suitable processes are lightning, reconnecting magnetic field lines and, possibly, aerodynamic drag heating.CV chondrites may have formed in a region where the chondrule formation mechanism was less efficient, probably at greater solar distances than the ordinary chondrites. The lesser efficiency of heating could be responsible for the greater abundance of coarse-grained rims around CV chondrules. Alternatively, CV chondrules may have suffered fewer particle collisions prior to agglomeration.     

我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变

中国北方农牧交错带在１０～８．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．经历了三次阶段性增暖后进入全新世暖期。８．５～８．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．和４～３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．暖期的开始与结束事件中降水变化落后于温度变化３００～５００ａ；暖期盛期时的年均温较现代高２～３℃，降水多１００ｍｍ左右；暖期中存在多次短期寒冷事件，年均温最冷时较现代低３℃以上。３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来冷干趋势之上叠加着大致由３００ａ稳定与５００ａ波动构成的约８００ａ的周期性变化。全新世暖期原始农业文化的阶段性发展与暖期内环境波动相对应；暖期结束时发生了由农业向牧业文化转换的事件；暖期以后的冷干期为农牧交错文化时期，农业经济随冷干程度的变化而兴衰     

Geomagnetic calm intervals and anomalous solar cycle 20

Long period variations in the occurrence of prolonged intervals of calm magnetic field conditions are studied using index Ap of magnetic activity. The solar-cycle variation in occurrence is compared with the sunspot number. Anomalous behaviour for solar cycle 20, observed in other solar parameters, are shown to be manifested in the occurrence frequency of quiet intervals. Spectral characteristics of occurrence indicates a dominant long period variation of about 30 years and a more feeble 11-year oscillation     

中国过去3ka冷暖千年周期变化的自然证据及其集成分析

基于集成分析的思想，对不同时间分辨率的自然信息所反映的过去 3ka我国冷暖变化进行综合分析，划分了百年尺度上过去 3ka冷暖变化的阶段，进而发现冷暖变化呈现 1．3～1.35ka的重现周期，每个周期包含相继出现的 4冷暖阶段：持续300～350 a的暖期、550～600 a的冷期、 200～250 a的暖期和200 a左右的冷期。每个冷暖期中发生的相对冷暖事件也服从 1．3～1．35ka周期。在冷暖变化幅度上，300～350 a的暖期较200～250 a的暖期显著，550～600 a的冷期较200 a左右的冷期显著。目前处在长度为200～250 a的暖期中，其特点可以与2．7～2．5kaBP和 1．40～1．15kaBP的暖期相类比。     

Studies of modern and ancient solar energetic particles

Modern solar energetic particles (SEPs) have been studied for about 50 years by satellites and groundbased observations. These measurements indicate much about the nature of SEPs but cover too short a period to quantify the probabilities of very large solar particle events. Many SEPs have high enough energies to make nuclides in material in which they interact. Radionuclides measured in lunar samples have been used to extend the record about SEPs back several million years. Some new measurements of modern SEPs during the last solar cycle and new results for nuclides made by SEPs in lunar samples are presented and their implications discussed. Both the modern and ancient records need to be improved, and methods to get a better understanding of solar energetic particles discussed. The fluxes of SEPs during the last million years show an increasing trend when averaged over shorter radionuclide half-lives.     

Variations in solar and geomagnetic activity with periods near to 1.3 year

It is known that solar wind velocity fluctuates regularly with a period of about 1.3 years. This periodicity (and other signals with periods near to 1.1 and 0.9 years) has also been observed in biological data. The variation is a temporary feature, mostly being observed in the early 1990s. Here, the occurrence of these periodic signals in solar and geomagnetic activity between 1932 and 2005 has been investigated. The signal with 1.3 year period is present in geomagnetic activity only in a short interval after 1990 and to a lesser extent around 1942. At other times the signal is very weak or not present at all. Other periods are much lower amplitude and appear only sporadically throughout the time investigated. A connection between these periods and solar cycles (e.g. different even or odd cycles) has not been proven. It is possible that there is a long-term periodicity in the occurrence of the 1.3 year period but the time series data available is insufficient to confirm this. There are no such periodicities in solar activity. In order to gain a greater understanding of these periodic signals, we should search for their origin in interplanetary space.     

太阳活动及其对地球环境的影响

太阳活动及其对地球环境影响的研究至今已发展成一门涉及太阳物理学、空间物理学和地球物理学的边缘学科,它研究三者的关系及相互作用的过程。本文将太阳活动分成缓变型和爆发型两类,分别介绍了它们的主要成员冕洞、总辐射、太阳黑子、太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射的性质及特征;分别讨论了这两类太阳活动对地球环境的影响,还指出了太阳活动对固体地球的作用。     

近300a来古里雅与长江下游温度变化所受太阳活动、火山活动的影响分析

分析了近300a来古里雅冰芯δ¹⁸O值和长江下游温度变化与太阳活动、火山活动的关系.结果表明,无论在年际尺度,还是在10a尺度上,西昆仑山的古里雅冰芯和中国东部的长江下游地区的温度与以太阳辐照和太阳黑子周期长度为代用指标的太阳活动有良好的相关关系.火山活动对古里雅、合肥冬温和杭州春温有明显的降温作用.1810’s—1830’s时段不仅合肥冬温和杭州春温发生了剧烈的变化,而且处于高亚洲中西部的古里雅冰芯δ¹⁸O值也急剧下降,同时在北半球温度重建曲线上这一时段也是一个冷谷,表明该时段的气候变化可能具有全球性,而强烈的火山活动和微弱的太阳活动可能对温度的快速降低起触发作用。     

魏晋南北朝时期的中国东部温度变化

根据魏晋南北朝时期的异常霜雪记载及植物物候记述,推算了中国东部地区部分年代及每30年的冬半年温度距平;并结合有关自然证据,分析了魏晋南北朝时期中国的冷暖变化特征。主要结论有:1)魏晋南北朝时期中国东部冬半年温度距平较现代约低05℃,最冷的30年（480s～500s）较现代约低12℃,是一个可与小冰期相比拟的寒冷气候阶段。2)魏晋南北朝的温度存在“冷-暖-冷”世纪波动;其中两个冷谷为270s～350s及450s～530s,当时中国东部冬半年温度分别较现代低05℃（270s～350s）和09℃（450s～530s）;而360s～440s虽然相对温暖,但当时中国东部冬半年温度仍较现代略低。     

Testing solar forcing of pervasive Holocene climate cycles

The temporal and spatial extent of Holocene climate change is an area of considerable uncertainty, with solar forcing recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified in the North Atlantic region. To address these issues we have developed an annually resolved record of changes in Irish bog tree populations over the last 7468 years which, together with radiocarbon‐dated bog and lake‐edge populations, extend the dataset back to ～9000 yr ago. The Irish trees underpin the internationally accepted radiocarbon calibration curve, used to derive a proxy of solar activity, and allow us to test solar forcing of Holocene climate change. Tree populations and age structures provide unambiguous evidence of major shifts in Holocene surface moisture, with a dominant cyclicity of 800 yr, similar to marine cycles in the North Atlantic, indicating significant changes in the latitude and intensity of zonal atmospheric circulation across the region. The cycles, however, are not coherent with changes in solar activity (both being on the same absolute timescale), indicating that Holocene North Atlantic climate variability at the millennial and centennial scale is not driven by a linear response to changes in solar activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过去2000年中国东部冬半年温度变化

根据近年收集、整理的历史文献冷暖记载及过去有关研究结果,对中国东部地区过去2000年冬半年的温度状况进行了定量推断,重建了中国东部地区过去2000年分辨率为10～30年的冬半年温度距平变化序列,并分析了中国东部过去2000年的冷暖变化阶段与变化幅度。结果发现:在过去2000年中,中国东部冬半年温度高于1951～1980年平均值且持续时间超过百年的暖期有4个,其中最暖的30年出现在1230’s～1250’s(较1951～1980年高0.9℃);低于1951～1980年平均值且持续时间超过百年的冷期有3个,其中最冷的30年出现在1650’s～1670’s(较1951～1980年低1.1℃)。在冷暖期之间相互转换的过程中,冬半年温度一般都出现1℃左右的升、降温;在冷暖期内,一些幅度较大的升、降温也与之相仿;在相邻的两个30年中,温度变化幅度达0.5℃以上的有19次之多。对比过去2000年中的冷暖交替变化还可以看出:20世纪回暖时的升温幅度与过去2000年中的其他回暖过程所出现的幅度相似,特别是与5世纪末至6世纪的回暖极为相似;而在当前温暖阶段中,1981～1999年较1951～1980年升高了0.5℃,不但使其接近过去2000年中的最暖30年,而     

A possible origin of the high metallicity in the nuclei of massive galaxies and quasars

According to current observations, the relative abundance of gas-phase metals in distant quasars with ages of only ～10⁹ yr (z～5) can be appreciably higher than the solar abundance. We show that there are two main ways to explain the high metallicity of these galactic nuclei: a high gas density in the central regions, or an increase in the minimum masses of forming stars to several solar masses. The results of numerical modeling confirm this conclusion.     

中国热带MIS 3气候特征探讨

本文根据30多个古气候分析实例,探讨中国热带MIS3气候波动的相位特征、变幅特征和周期特征.MIS3为回暖期,曾出现早、晚2个暖期,晚期比早期更暖.MIS3的气候与现今的气候相比较,东部热带以热湿为主,年均温比今高1°～2℃或2°～2.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm或400～500mm;西部热带以凉湿为主,年均温与今相似或约低1.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm左右.MIS3期间出现2个冷-暖-冷的旋回,平均周期为17.5ka,这与岁差周期大体相符.中国热带MIS3的气候波动不仅有万年尺度的地球轨道周期,也有千年尺度的周期,后者与太阳辐射总量本身的变化有关.     

近千年中国东部夏季降水的模拟研究

利用ECHO­G海气耦合气候模式模拟的中国东部过去近1000年的降水资料,通过经验正交函数分解方法得到了中国东部夏季降水分布的主要空间型态： 华北和华南地区与长江中下游地区反位相,即华北和华南地区降水多(少)时长江中下游地区降水少(多)。对31年滑动平均后3种空间分布型的时间系数进行Morlet小波分析和功率谱分析发现,3个地区均存在准60年的年代际振荡周期,长江中下游和华南地区均存在准200年的百年际振荡周期,华南地区还存在120年和80年的变化周期。全球海温场与3个地区夏季降水31年滑动平均后的相关分析表明,在40°～70°S,170°～60°W海域海温与华北和长江中下游地区夏季降水负相关,与华南地区夏季降水正相关除该区外的南北半球(30°～60°)中高纬海域海温与华北和长江中下游地区夏季降水正相关、与华南地区夏季降水负相关,说明在年代际和百年际时间尺度上,中高纬海域海温是影响长江中下游地区和华南地区夏季降水反相的主要因子之一。最后通过对太阳常数、火山活动等外强迫因子与中国东部夏季降水的功率谱分析发现： 中国东部夏季降水的年代际与百年际变化周期大都与外强迫因子的变化周期一致,说明外强迫因子,尤其是太阳常数和火山活动的变化是影响中国东部夏季降水年代际和百年际振荡的主要原因。