简易平面标靶下的三维扫描与数据配准

为实现对物体表面三维信息的自动获取和多方位扫描结果的数据配准,提出了一种基于简易平面标靶的标定方法,并构建了相应的线激光三维扫描系统.首先,设计制作一个含有10个特征点的平面标靶,并利用平面标靶中的特征点对扫描系统进行姿态和位置标定;其次,利用平面标靶中的特征点计算其平面方程及平台平面方程;然后,在扫描时可以利用上述所得的平面方程求出激光平面方程,进而采用几何知识计算得到三维点云数据;最后,根据移动前后标靶图像上特征点信息计算出扫描系统的外部参数——平移旋转矩阵,从而可以实现多方位扫描数据的配准.试验结果表明,在距离45 cm处,几何投影变换求得的平面方程误差小于0.5％,每幅图像处理的时间小于60 ms,误差低于1.15 mm,基本满足三角测量的稳定可靠、精度高、成本低、比较适合现场标定等要求.     

基于平面特征的地面雷达点云配准算法

针对地面LiDAR点云配准中不同坐标系点云数据存在对应的平面特征不同的问题,文章提出了一种基于总体最小二乘的地面LiDAR点云数据配准算法:通过对分割后的点云数据平面拟合,得到相应法向量;根据不同坐标系中LiDAR点云数据对应的平面法向量,利用反对称矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的性质,用3个独立参数代替3个旋转参数,采用总体最小二乘法建立旋转矩阵解算模型;采用总体最小二乘法确定平移参数的计算公式;最后根据转换后特征点云与对应平面点云的重复情况,给出了配准模型的精度公式。实验结果表明该方法精度较高,可以取得较好的点云配准效果,适合于含有大量重复平面特征的点云数据的配准。     

散乱点云数据精配准的粒子群优化算法

作为点云数据处理的关键步骤,点云数据配准的结果直接影响后续数据处理的精度。基于人工标靶和ICP思想的传统配准方法存在受环境影响、初始条件限制以及特征点提取困难等问题。针对传统地面激光扫描点云数据的高精度配准方法主要依赖人工标靶和特征点选取等局限,提出了一种改进的粒子群优化算法,以法向量叉积代数和最小作为适应度函数,对相邻点云重叠区域内的所有数据进行高效的全局搜索,在选取最佳配准点的基础上实现了散乱点云的精确配准。通过对多站扫描的高陡边坡岩体点云数据进行整体配准,并与ICP等经典算法进行对比实验,结果验证了本方法的可行性、有效性和稳定性,可以有效解决配准过程中标靶或同名特征点不易寻找的问题。     

深度图像自动配准点云的方法研究

点云配准是三维激光扫描数据处理过程中不可或缺的一个环节,利用标靶进行配准是经典的手段之一,此类方案在单独扫描标靶的基础上进行半自动化配准。本文给出一种配准策略,利用中心投影原理将单站扫描的点云转换为深度影像,借助数字图像处理技术完成标靶的自动提取,拟合获得标靶中心点的坐标,并借用摄影测量学的知识实现点云的自动化配准。实验证明了本文方法的有效性。     

平面特征的多站地面激光雷达点云配准

为了进一步研究建筑物密集区域多站地面激光雷达(LiDAR)点云数据的配准问题,该文提出一种基于平面特征的地面LiDAR数据配准方法:对点云数据进行分割获取平面信息;人工选择典型的平面,对相应的点云数据进行平面拟合,得到相应法向量;利用罗德里格矩阵的性质,建立三维激光扫描数据配准模型。实验结果表明,该方法的配准精度较高、计算速度快,可以取得较好的点云配准效果。     

基于探测球的固定式扫描海量点云自动定向方法

地面固定式扫描点云首先要将自由坐标系的点云纳入国家坐标系,而单站扫描的点云数据量极大,无法在可视环境下进行拼接。针对现有方法对海量点云拼接的不足,提出一种基于探测球的固定式扫描海量点云自动定向方法,该方法通过数据关联技术读取海量点云、建立标靶搜索环、球拟合确定标靶候选点、全组合距离匹配法确定同名点及坐标转换参数解算等,完成点云的自动定向过程。通过实验验证文中算法的有效性及可行性。     

分带K-均值聚类的平面标靶定位

提出了一种分带K-均值聚类的平面标靶定位方法.根据标靶与测站距离的限制条件,推导了较大噪声点的剔除公式,在整体最小二乘拟合平面的基础上增加了噪声点二次剔除的方法,对经过噪声点剔除的点云数据进行分带、聚类处理.同时,对每一带的聚类中心进行均值化处理,得到每一带的中心点,通过求取不同带中心的均值来确定标靶中心点.实验结果表明,分带K-均值聚类的平面标靶定位模型较适合于平面标靶同名点确定.     

基于标靶配准的廊道点云数据

三维激光扫描仪在不同测站获取的点云都是在各自的仪器内部坐标系中,为了获得扫描对象的完整的点云,需将各测站扫描的点云要转换到一个统一坐标系中。本文依托大学生创新训练计划项目地面三维激光扫描数据建模方法研究,对学校廊道点云数据进行三维建模,将各测站扫描的标靶进行中心提取,并对多测站点云数据进了行基于标靶的配准。     

扫描入射角对点云测量精度的影响

扫描仪在测量过程中的测量精度会受到各种误差因素的影响,本文主要研究激光束入射角对点云测量精度的影响。通过对不同入射角情况下的板砖和球形标靶组成的工装进行测量,分析不同的入射角对板砖平面拟合精度的影响及不同的扫描入射角拟合出的平面相对于球形标靶中心距离的变化,并对平面拟合标准差及球形标靶与平面之间距离变化的规律进行了分析。     

四元组标靶辅助下的RGB-D室内点云配准

面向室内弱纹理三维重建需求，本文以RGB-D摄影测量技术获取室内点云为基础，提出了四元组标靶辅助的点云配准方法。该方法首先通过阈值筛选大曲率点，自动识别邻接点云中的辅助标靶，然后采用随机采样一致性表达方法，拟合标靶参数及其中心坐标，并根据拟合参数匹配同名标靶中心，通过刚性转换完成邻接点云粗配准。在此基础上，迭代估算邻接点云间的重叠区域，优化点云间的配准参数，从而实现点云精配准。利用Kinect相机获取两类室内场景各12站点云对本文方法进行测试，试验结果表明，配准后的多站点云间距最大均方根误差优于一个采样间隔，证明了该方法在弱纹理室内点云配准中的可靠性。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。