武威盆地南缘断裂晚第四纪活动地表形迹与活动速率

武威盆地南缘断裂位于河西走廊东端,是祁连山北缘逆断裂系的重要组成部分,是1927年古浪8级地震的发震断裂之一。基于遥感影像解译、野外地质观测和14C年代学数据等方法对武威盆地南缘断裂进行了详细的几何学调查和运动学定量。依据平面上几何展布的不连续性和走向的变化,该断裂可以分为5段:康宁桥段(F_1)、南营河段(F_2)、上古城村—张流沟段(F_3)、他家庄段(F_4)和严家庄段(F_5)。该断裂为晚更新世以来活动断裂,地表活动形迹长约60km,以逆冲为主,局部兼具左旋走滑分量,沿断层走向断错地貌发育。断裂全新世以来的垂直滑动速率(0.44±0.08)mm/a,南营河段(F_2)晚更新世以来左旋走滑速率(1.43±0.08)mm/a。     

郯庐断裂带安丘—莒县断裂南段(郯城—淮河)晚第四纪活动特征

通过系统的野外地质地貌调查、浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面和古地震探槽等多方法手段,重点开展郯庐断裂带安丘—莒县断裂南段晚第四纪活动特征研究。结果显示安丘—莒县断裂南段在浅部由2支高倾角兼有挤压逆冲分量的断层组成,其中一支出露地表,以右旋走滑运动为主兼有逆冲分量,是全新世活动断层,而另一支为晚更新世活动断层。     

郯庐断裂带安徽紫阳山段发现全新世活动证据

安丘-莒县断裂(F_5)为郯庐断裂带中段东地堑内最新活动断裂。近年来,F_5江苏段研究成果丰硕,发现不同地段普遍存在全新世活动性,运动方式以右旋走滑兼挤压逆冲为主。以往研究未讨论过F_5在淮河以南安徽境内的延伸情况以及进一步的活动性问题。文中选取与F_5江苏段线性影像特征延伸一致的淮河南岸郯庐紫阳山段作为突破口,通过遥感影像解译、地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,初步得到以下认识:1)紫阳山段线性构造地貌特征清晰,断层发育于浮山至紫阳山一线的中生代红色砂岩隆起边缘缓坡,为安丘-莒县断裂(F_5)过淮河后的南延部分;2)朱刘探槽开挖揭示,该段错断了晚更新世晚期黏土层,晚更新世晚期—全新世早期黑色黏土层受断层活动影响沿断面灌入、填充,形成黑色断层条带及黑土充填楔,表明断层最新活动时代达全新世早期;3)朱刘探槽开挖揭示,该段第四纪以来存在至少3次古地震事件,第1次古地震事件推测年代为第四纪早、中期,第2次古地震事件年代为20.10~13.46ka BP,第3次古地震事件年代为(10.15±0.05)~(8.16±0.05)ka BP。上述研究成果弥补了对郯庐断裂带安徽段晚第四纪活动性认识的不足,为安徽省的地震监测和震害防御工作提供了基础数据。     

柴达木盆地西南缘狮子沟断裂晚第四纪构造变形分析

狮子沟断裂位于柴达木盆地西南缘英雄岭背斜南翼。对狮子沟断裂晚第四纪构造变形进行分析,有助于理解该区长期的构造演化和地震地质灾害的评价。通过对该断裂带构造地貌调查、断层剖面和探槽研究,得到以下认识:狮子沟断裂是一条向SW方向逆冲的全新世活动断裂,断裂的逆冲活动一部分沿着山前分支断层,该分支错断了全新世早中期的冲洪相地层,晚更新世中期以来的最小垂直活动速率为0.12~0.15 mm/a;另一部分沿着盆地内隐伏分支断层活动,形成次级褶皱隆起,最近主要的一期构造活动发生在(97.93±7.98)~(59.43±3.42)ka间。这些晚第四纪构造变形单元分布在基岩山前以南约750 m的范围内,因此,在该区进行地震地质灾害评价时应考虑此类构造变形。     

青藏高原北缘三危山断裂晚更新世活动特征

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘,属于阿尔金断裂带向NW扩展的分支断裂,其最新的构造活动反映了青藏高原北部地区的构造演化及地震活动特征。文中通过遥感影像解译、野外实地调查和地质填图,对该断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究。结果表明,三危山断裂发育于三危山西北麓,长约175km,断裂以左旋走滑为主,兼有逆断层性质,局部表现出正断层特征。其构造活动的地貌表现形式主要有:基岩陡坎、断层沟槽以及山包、冲沟左旋等。古地震探槽开挖揭示三危山断裂主要断错晚更新世地层,在距今(40.3±5.2)~(42.1±3.9)ka有过1次古地震活动,为1条晚更新世活动断裂。     

安丘-莒县断裂北段几何结构与最新活动特征

安丘-莒县断裂是沂沭断裂带的主要分支之一,也是最主要的一条活动断裂。通过断裂活动性调查和地质填图,查明了安丘-莒县断裂北段的空间展布、几何结构以及最新活动特征。在莒县至昌邑一带,安丘-莒县断裂自北向南大致可划分为昌邑—南流段、安丘—孟疃段、青峰岭段和孟堰段等4个段落。它们以左阶斜列形式展布,而每个断层段又由更次一级的段落以右阶斜列的形式组成。昌邑—南流断层段的最新活动时代为全新世中晚期,除右旋走滑断层活动外,还观察到逆冲和正断运动分量,其中正断运动分量的发生时代较新。安丘—孟疃和青峰岭2个断层段以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有逆冲运动分量,最新活动时代分别为晚更新世和全新世早期。孟堰断层段也以右旋为主兼具逆冲分量,最新活动时代为全新世早期。安丘—孟疃断层段公元前70年曾发生过安丘7级地震,结合断层活动性质和最新活动时代综合判断,山东莒县以北的安丘-莒县断裂的未来地震危险性较大,在今后的地震灾害防御和地震预测工作中应予以重视。     

祁连山北缘玉门-北大河断裂晚第四纪活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查并结合前人研究成果,对位于祁连山北缘的玉门—北大河断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行研究。结果表明,玉门—北大河断裂为一条全新世活动的逆冲断裂,该断裂西起玉门青草湾,向东经老玉门市、大红泉止于骨头泉,全长约80km,整体走向NWW。根据断裂的几何结构及活动习性可将其分为三段:东段构造形态简单连续,为逆冲断层陡坎为主的古地震地表破裂带;中段结构复杂,由多条次级断层组成,以逆冲扩展为主;西段未出露地表而成为盲断裂-褶皱带。通过对断层陡坎差分GPS测量及相应地貌面年代测试,得到断裂晚更新世以来逆冲速率约为(0.73±0.09)mm/a。     

西秦岭临潭-宕昌断裂第四纪最新活动特征

临潭-宕昌断裂是西秦岭造山带内一条重要的分支断裂,其最新活动特征是分析西秦岭构造变形的重要依据。临潭-宕昌断裂的新构造活动强烈,中强地震频繁,但目前对于断裂的新活动特征研究程度较低,未见有其全新世活动地质地貌证据的报道。文中基于遥感解译、宏观地貌分析研究断裂的长期活动表现和分段性;同时通过地质地貌考察、无人机摄影测量、差分GPS和放射性碳测年等方法定量研究断裂的新活动特征;最后基于研究结果探讨了断裂及附近区域的地震危险性和区域构造变形。结果表明:根据断层迹线收敛程度和宏观地貌差异,可将临潭-宕昌断裂分为西、中、东3段;断裂的运动性质以左旋走滑为主,兼具逆冲分量,左旋走滑使洮河及其支流、冲沟和山脊等发生同步左旋拐弯,最大左旋位移可达3km,逆冲分量使新近纪盆地边缘和内部形成300~500m的垂向位移;断裂的最新活动时代为全新世,限定了1次2 090~7 745a BP(置信度为2σ)的全新世古地震事件;全新世早期以来,临潭-宕昌断裂东段主干断裂的左旋走滑速率为0.86~1.65mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.05~0.10mm/a。临潭-宕昌断裂分配了约2mm/a的左旋走滑分量,是东昆仑-西秦岭阶区变形分配的关键断裂之一。     

甘孜—玉树断裂当江段晚第四纪滑动速率

甘孜—玉树断裂带是青藏高原中东部的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,同时也是羌塘地体和巴颜喀拉地体的重要地质边界.当江断裂位于甘孜—玉树断裂带的西北段,沿线发育当江荣、当江和哲达等一系列串珠状第四纪断层谷地.通过遥感影像解译和数字高程地形模型(DEM)数据分析,结合野外构造地貌调查,以及断错地貌面的光释光年代测定,发现断裂沿线冲沟、河流阶地和洪积扇等断错地貌发育,反映了该断裂晚第四纪左旋走滑活动性强烈.该断裂最新活动时代为全新世晚期,距今约3.04 ka.当江断裂晚更新世以来的左旋滑动速率为7±3mm·a~(-1).研究结果为该区的地震危险性分析和高原东北部的运动学特征探讨提供了基础资料.     

龙门山北部陕甘川交界三角构造区断裂活动特征研究

龙门山北部3条不同走向的断裂带所围限的三角地区是我国陕甘川交界地区研究地震活动的重要场所.通过对区内秦岭南缘断裂、 平武—青川断裂、 岷江断裂及虎牙断裂活动特征研究和活动时代分析认为: 秦岭南缘断裂, 包括迭部—舟曲断裂、 武都—康县—略阳断裂及茶店—勉县断裂在晚更新世曾有过活动, 在全新世活动不明显; 龙门山断裂带东北段平武—青川断裂最后一次活动发生在晚更新世, 表现为右旋走滑的逆断裂, 全新世活动不明显; 岷江断裂和虎牙断裂不但在晚更新世活动强烈, 而且在全新世继续活动; 龙门山北部这个三角地区依然是未来地震活动关注的重点地区.      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.