Distribution of clay minerals in surface sediments of the Aegean Sea: a compilation

Extensive published data sets and some new data on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments in the Aegean Sea, northeastern Mediterranean Sea, have been compiled in order to map the distribution patterns of clay mineral assemblages and to decipher source areas and transport paths. We distinguished six provinces, a Northwest Aegean Province, a Marmara-Dardanelles Province, a West Turkey Province, a Southeast Aegean Province, a Kithira Province and a Central Aegean Province. The clay mineral assemblages in the coastal and shelf areas carry the signature of the riverine sediment discharge from southeast Europe and Turkey, respectively. The southern Aegean Sea is probably influenced by the River Nile discharge and transport of clay minerals by surface currents. The clay minerals in the central Aegean Sea form a mixed assemblage comprising components of the other assemblages. A dispersion and dilution of clay minerals by surface currents is obvious.     

Genesis and distribution of mineral waters as a consequence of recent lithospheric dynamics: the Rhenish Massif,Central Europe

Three major, interdependent processes control the genesis and distribution of mineral and thermal waters in the Rhenish Massif, Central Europe: (a) Magmatic processes in the upper mantle provide most of the CO₂ to produce bicarbonate waters in shallow aquifers. (b) Extension of the brittle upper crust enables the ascent of sodium chloride waters. (c) Uplift and erosion shape the massif's relief, which determines the extent of flow systems and the distribution of thermal springs. The chemistry of mineral waters further depends on the aquifers' mineral composition. A comprehensive set of hydrological, chemical, tectonic and geophysical data on the Rhenish Massif has been compiled. It was used to classify the mineral waters and to map the spatial distribution of water properties. The composition of cuttings from several representative wells producing different water types shows that the hydrothermal alteration of the aquifer rocks consists mainly of kaolinization of chlorite and dissolution of feldspar. Numerical transport simulations favour two modes of groundwater flow: topography-driven flow and the pressure-driven ascent of basement brines along active faults. Thermal convection is less important.     

区域矿产预测图及综合解释模型

区域矿产预测图的编制过程,也是矿产预测的过程。包括三项主要内容：第一是地质构造专题底图的编制;第二是物化遥多元信息的地质解释;第三是综合信息的统计分析。三项内容相互联系,贯穿始终,共同促进图件成果的完善。以成矿系列为指导,以成矿地质作用及其产物为研究对象,分矿产预测方法类型,分别阐述了区域矿产预测图的编图、解释和统计要点,提出矿产预测图编制的综合解释模型。     

一种基于图层综合的矿产资源潜力制图模型

提出了一种基于图层综合的矿产资源潜力自动制图模型。应用该模型生成矿产资源潜力分布图分三步完成:第一步,以每一种找矿标志的空间分布图为依据,生成相应的基本概率分配函数栅格图;第二步,统计综合基本概率分配函数栅格图;第三步,生成研究区矿产资源潜力分布图。利用新疆北部多拉纳萨依—阿舍勒地区的地质资料,比较了该模型与合成有矿可信度模型的找矿靶区圈定结果。两种模型的靶区圈定结果基本相同,证明证据理论模型是有效的和实用的。     

Deriving Optimal Exploration Target Zones on Mineral Prospectivity Maps

This paper describes a quantitative methodology for deriving optimal exploration target zones based on a probabilistic mineral prospectivity map. The methodology is demonstrated in the Rodalquilar mineral district in Spain. A subset of known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought was considered discovered and then used as training data, and a map of distances to faults/fractures and three band ratio images of hyperspectral data were used as layers of spatial evidence in weights-of-evidence (WofE) modeling of mineral prospectivity in the study area. A derived posterior probability map of mineral deposit occurrence showing non-violation of the conditional independence assumption and having the highest prediction rate was then put into an objective function in simulated annealing in order to derive a set of optimal exploration focal points. Each optimal exploration focal point represents a pixel or location within a circular neighborhood of pixels with high posterior probability of mineral deposit occurrence. Buffering of each optimal exploration focal point, based on proximity analysis, resulted in optimal exploration target zones. Many of these target zones coincided spatially with at least one occurrence of mineral deposit of the type sought in the subset of cross-validation (i.e., presumed undiscovered) mineral deposits of the type sought. The results of the study showed the usefulness of the proposed methodology for objective delineation of optimal exploration target zones based on a probabilistic mineral prospectivity map.     

大洋洲地区系列地质图件编制

通过资料收集、资料取舍、建立数据库、图件编制与校核,编制完成了大洋洲地区1：500万比例尺的地质图、大地构造图、矿产图、成矿区划和找矿预测图等主要图件,多幅单矿种矿产图等次要图件,物探、化探、遥感信息等辅助图件,以及局部地区（州）或重要矿种的参考图件,是一次对大洋洲地区地质矿产资料的大集成。通过编图和建库初步熟悉了大洋洲地区的地质矿产概况,为查询、访问和提取大洋洲地区的地质矿产资料提供了方便。     

Indicator Pattern Combination for Mineral Resource Potential Mapping with the General C-F Model

As an uncertain reasoning model, the general C-F model was originally developed for processing the uncertainties of rule-based knowledge in the field of artificial intelligence. In this model, certainty factors and combined certainty factors are defined and used for expressing the strengths of knowledge rules and knowledge rule combinations, respectively. The certainty factor can reflect the believable degree of inferring hypothesis on the basis of a proof. Similarly, the combined certainty factor can reflect the believable degree of inferring hypothesis on the basis of the proof combination. It is a function of the related certainty factors and can be determined through combining the certainty factors via the combining rule of the general C-F model. In this paper, the general C-F model has been successfully applied to mineral resource potential mapping. We call this model as the applied form of the general C-F model. In this applied form, the certainty factor is applied to expressing the believable degree of inferring mineral occurrence on the basis of one of the map pattern states associated with the mineral occurrence. Correspondingly, the combined certainty factor is applied to expressing the believable degree of inferring the mineral occurrence on the basis of the map pattern state association. And it is also applied to expressing mineral resource potentials in the mineral resource potential mapping. In the current form, the first step in implementing the general C-F model is to estimate a pair of certainty factors for each map pattern under combination. The next step is to determine the combined certainty factor for the map pattern states coexisting in each locality of the mapping area. The last step is to generate the combined-certainty-factor raster map or the combined-certainty-factor contour map in order to select mineral resource targets. The applied form of the general C-F model is demonstrated on a case study to select mineral resource targets. The experimental results manifest that the model can be compared with the weights-of-evidence model in the effectiveness of mineral resource target selection.     

全球成矿域和成矿区带

作者在编制1:2 500万世界大型超大型矿床成矿图的基础上,根据全球地质构造背景与成矿特征,划分出劳亚、冈瓦纳、特提斯、环太平洋4大成矿域和北美、格陵兰、欧洲、乌拉尔-蒙古、西伯利亚、中朝、南美、非洲-阿拉伯、印度、澳大利亚、加勒比、地中海、西亚、喜马拉雅、中南半岛、北科迪勒拉、安第斯、楚科奇-鄂霍茨克、东亚、伊里安-新丙兰、南极等21个巨型成矿区带,简要论述了各成矿域和成矿区带的成矿特征,首次构建了全球成矿体系.     

Evidential belief functions for data-driven geologically constrained mapping of gold potential,Baguio district,Philippines

A data-driven application of the theory of evidential belief to map mineral potential is demonstrated with a redefinition of procedures to estimate evidential belief functions. The redefined estimates of evidential belief functions take into account not only the spatial relationship of an evidence with the target mineral deposit but also consider the relationships among the subsets of spatial evidences within a set of evidential data layer. Proximity of geological features to mineral deposits is translated into spatial evidence and evidential belief functions are estimated for the proposition that mineral deposits exist in a test area. The integrated maps of degrees of belief for the proposition that mineral deposits exist in a test area is classified into a binary mineral potential map. For the Baguio district (Philippines), the binary gold potential map delineates (a) about 74% of the training data (i.e., locations of large-scale gold deposits) and (b) about 64% of the validation data (i.e., locations of small-scale gold deposits). The results demonstrate the usefulness of a geologically constrained mineral potential mapping using data-driven evidential belief functions to guide further surficial exploration work in the search for yet undiscovered gold deposits in the Baguio district. The results also indicate the usefulness of evidential belief functions for mapping uncertainties in the geologically constrained integrated predictive model of gold potential.     

我国饮用天然矿泉水开发现状及主要问题

本文主题为饮用天然矿泉水。碳酸矿泉水，硅酸矿泉水，锶矿泉水是我国饮用天然矿泉水的主要类型，约占全国已发现矿泉水的９５％。矿泉水主要生产国及消费国都在欧洲。亚洲的日本、韩国等国的矿泉水的产量也在大幅度增长。而我国矿泉水产量近年也以较大的速度增长，但只有名牌产品才有可观的经济效益。     

Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold,Giyani greenstone belt (South Africa)

We present a mineral systems approach to predictive mapping of orogenic gold prospectivity in the Giyani greenstone belt (GGB) by using layers of spatial evidence representing district-scale processes that are critical to orogenic gold mineralization, namely (a) source of metals/fluids, (b) active pathways, (c) drivers of fluid flow and (d) metal deposition. To demonstrate that the quality of a predictive map of mineral prospectivity is a function of the quality of the maps used as sources of spatial evidence, we created two sets of prospectivity maps — one using an old lithologic map and another using an updated lithological map as two separate sources of spatial evidence for source of metals/fluids, drivers of fluid flow and metal deposition. We also demonstrate the importance of using spatially-coherent (or geologically-consistent) deposit occurrences in data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity. The best predictive orogenic gold prospectivity map obtained in this study is the one that made use of spatial evidence from the updated lithological map and spatially-coherent orogenic gold occurrences. This map predicts 20% of the GGB to be prospective for orogenic gold, with 89% goodness-of-fit between spatially-coherent inactive orogenic gold mines and individual layers of spatial evidence and 89% prediction-rate against spatially-coherent orogenic gold prospects. In comparison, the predictive gold prospectivity map obtained by using spatial evidence from the old lithological map and all gold occurrences has 80% goodness-of-fit but only 63% prediction-rate. These results mean that the prospectivity map based on spatially-coherent gold occurrences and spatial evidence from the updated lithological map predicts exploration targets better (i.e., 28% smaller prospective areas with 9% stronger fit to training gold mines and 26% higher prediction-rate with respect to validation gold prospects) than the prospectivity map based on all known gold occurrences and spatial evidence from the old lithological map.     

新版《山东省矿产图（1∶50万）》的编制及出版

简要概述了山东省地质研究程度,阐述了编制新版1∶50万山东省矿产图的目的及必要性,介绍了矿产图的内容和编制过程,分析了新版矿产图的特点。指出该成果可作为山东省矿产勘查、开发、规划、政府决策等管理者的重要地质矿产资料依据。     

3D矿床建模技术在数字矿产勘查中的应用

为弥补现有数字矿床建模技术在地质矿产勘查处理和应用中的不足,从原始勘查数据建库及标准化、多指标单工程矿体自动圈定、基于语义识别的剖面矿体的连接与外推、矿体表面和品位建模、基于剖面矿体线框模型构建矿体表面模型及基于TIN+Octree数据结构和地质统计学理论建立矿体的空间属性模型等5个方面总结提出一套面向地质矿产勘查业务处理的矿床建模流程和总体技术解决方案.提高了地质矿产勘查研究精度,为进一步的矿山开采提供可靠的数据模型.      

GIS与地质图制作

从分析传统纸质地质图的主手,分别阐述计算机数字制图及地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ：Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）对传统地质图制图所起的变革作用。     

参数化设计方法在地矿图件计算机辅助编绘中的应用

应用参数化设计方法对ＣＡＤ基础软件进行二次开发,可使地矿点源信息系统更能适应复杂地矿图件的编绘工作;以线型制作和图案填充为便说明,经设计的具体实现途径是用参数化表达图元内部特征和建立图元间关联关系的数据库;应用参数化设计方法进行图件编绘程序开发,关键在于建立正确的灵堂模型和灵活地应用数据库技术。     

基于GIS的证据权模型在秦岭～松潘金矿潜力预测中的应用

数据驱动的证据权法被用来进行金矿潜力制作。为了确定秦岭~松潘金矿的潜力区,需利用地质、地球化学、地球物理等数据。数据采集、图形处理、空间分析都是在GIS平台上进行的。预测结果表明,证据权法在综合不同空间数据上是有效的,最终的预测图件圈出了最有利的矿化区,可用于进一步勘查研究。     

低植被覆盖区斑岩铜矿遥感找矿模型及其应用——以环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带为例

针对遥感找矿过程中所面临的干扰因素多、地表覆盖类型多样导致的遥感找矿困难的问题,提出了低植被覆盖区斑岩铜矿"小型侵入岩体异常+线性构造异常+蚀变矿物异常"的多尺度遥感找矿模型,并系统总结了该模型的基本原理和技术流程。以环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带为研究区,分析了研究区的成矿地质背景;在遥感找矿模型的指导下,依据遥感找矿技术流程提取了研究区的岩性、构造和蚀变矿物等控矿要素;结合野外地表验证情况,综合多源数据,圈定了5处重点远景区;结合大比例尺遥感蚀变矿物填图、地质、地球物理、地球化学和探槽取样的分析结果,圈定3处遥感找矿靶区。     

The Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) and small-scale earth-science cartography of Europe

The origin of CGMW dates back to 1881; in its initial phase it concentrated exclusively on geoscientific cartography of Europe. Since 1911, CGMW has taken up the promotion, coordination and publication of small-scale geo-scientific maps world-wide. Of this map type, recently published examples of modern European map series are presented:

Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterranean Regions 1:1.5 Mio (in 49 sheets) Hydrogeological Map of Europe 1:1.5 Mio (in 30 sheets with explanatory notes) Tectonic Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 16 sheets)

Quaternary Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 15 sheets)

Metallogenic Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 9 sheets with an explanatory memoir, 1984)

International Map of Iron Ore Deposits of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 16 sheets with explanatory notes, 1970-73)

A series of different geoscientific thematic maps comprising the West European Atlantic Region will result from the Circum-Atlantic Project. Its objectives are to inventory and use the available geoscience and resource data in analyzing the geological evolution and resource potential of the Atlantic Basin. The present status of the Circum-Atlantic Project is explained.     

Loess in Europe—its spatial distribution based on a European Loess Map,scale 1:2,500,000

The paper focuses on the concept, mapping and discussion of loess distribution in Western, Central and Eastern Europe at a scale of 1:2,500,000. The research work is based on studies and data compilation primarily carried out in the 1970s and 1980s [Fink, J., Haase, G., Ruske, R., 1977. Bemerkungen zur Lößkarte von Europe 1:2,5 Mio. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 2(77), 81–94; Fink, J., 1969 Les progres de l’ etude de loess en Europe. Bulletin de l’ Association française pour l’ etude du Quarternaire 3–12. Haase, G., Ruske, R., Fink, J., 1983. Conception, preparation and some results of the Loess Map of Europe on a scale 1:2,5 Million. INQUA Newsletter 1983(1), 7–10] and completed recently by additional material and literature references. Reference is also made to recent GIS-based data processing and visualisation techniques that were utilised for the final version of the European Loess Map.The paper provides an overview of the history of the conceptualisation of the map as well as on the loess study in Europe, and than considers the cartographic data on loess sediment formation and distribution in Europe. The classification of loess and loess-like sediments and their distribution throughout Europe as reproduced in the map are discussed [Haase, G., Lieberoth, I., Ruske, R., 1970. Sedimente und Paläoböden im Lössgürtel. In: Richter, H., Haase, G., Lieberoth, I., Ruske, R. (Eds.), Periglazial-Löß-Paläolithikum om JUngpleistozän der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik; Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 274, 99–212]. The paper illustrates the final state of the loess distribution map of Europe at a scale of 1:2,500,000 and the digital data references on which it is based. Some applications of the map are suggested.     

江苏矿产资源潜力评价重力专题属性库结构

介绍了基于MapGIS平台的重力测量工作程度图、布格重力异常图、剩余重力异常图和重力推断地质构造图属性库结构及字段要求,属性库规范、有序,已在江苏矿产资源潜力评价中得到应用。