四川盆地元坝地区大安寨段储层裂缝预测

裂缝发育对致密储层的孔渗性改善具有重大作用,是天然气能否富集、产出和高产的主控因素。在实际研究中,采用地震相波形分类技术及钻井资料对元坝地区的大安寨段进行地震沉积相研究,划分出研究区大安寨段的有利储层——浅湖亚相中的介壳滩相分布的大致范围。针对元坝地区大安寨段的裂缝型气藏,采用三维地震相干分析、叠前P波方位各向异性检测等技术方法,对大安寨段中的介壳滩相进行裂缝发育带综合预测及评价,裂缝预测结果与钻井资料吻合较好,揭示该地区介壳滩相中的裂缝区域是今后的油气勘探重点。     

利用小波相干技术检测致密储层裂缝发育带

目前国内、外油气勘探已经进入岩性油气藏勘探阶段,其中致密碳酸盐岩或页岩油气勘探具有远大前景。这类致密储层中裂缝是油气储集的主要空间。用模拟地震子波的小波函数对原始三维地震数据体作小波变换,可以得到不同频带（分辨率）的地震数据体。分别对具有不同分辨率的三维地震数据体进行C3相干处理,其中低频相干体突出了断裂的信息,而高频相干体则突出反映了受断裂控制下的小断裂或裂缝的发育信息,通过合理的融合系数有选择地对C3相干数据进行融合,获得了能够高精度分辨裂缝发育特征的相干数据体,由此提高了裂缝检测和储层预测的精度。     

地震资料的高保真融合处理技术在冀东油田南堡地区的应用

三维地震资料的高保真融合处理,可使资料的信噪比得到提高,方位角信息得到增加,构造成像更加清晰准确,从而提高潜山构造碳酸盐岩缝洞体识别精度。对冀东油田南堡3号潜山构造先后两次采集的三维地震资料进行了高保真融合处理。结果表明,在三维融合资料预测得到的裂缝发育相对密度平面上,反映出的裂缝分布规律明显,裂缝方向预测精确,且与测井资料吻合较好。这一方法特别适合叠前方位各向异性的碳酸盐岩裂缝检测。     

四川盆地富顺-永川地区五峰组—龙马溪组应力场模拟及裂缝发育区预测

岩石中构造裂缝主要受控于地层所处的区域构造应力场,地应力对油气的运移、成藏和分布有着重要的作用。通过应用ANSYS有限元数值模拟方法对四川盆地富顺-永川区块的五峰组-龙马溪组进行应力场模拟及分析研究、应用构造曲率法中的三点法对该层段页岩进行张裂缝发育情况预测研究、综合模拟结果与曲率计算数据对目的区域目的层段进行裂缝发育强度综合预测研究,结果表明富顺-永川区块五峰组-龙马溪组应力高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区的东部及西南部的背斜应力值较其他区域背斜高;曲率高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区东部及西南部背斜曲率值较其他区域背斜高;在现今应力的作用下,研究区背斜处裂缝发育程度较高,向斜处裂缝发育程度较低,研究区东部及西南部背斜裂缝发育程度较其他区域高。      

SL地区大安寨段页岩气储层预测浅论

SL地区大安寨段地层具有良好的页岩气成藏条件,有的井在该层段钻获工业气流,而有的井则钻遇干层或微弱产气,说明该层段的页岩气储层平面分布呈不均匀状态,资料表明该区页岩气的富集主要受泥页岩热成熟度、有机碳含量、裂缝发育和地层压力等因素控制。所以寻找该区大安寨段裂缝及有利的岩性组合是首要因素,利用三维纵波叠后地震资料,针对sI。地区大安寨段页岩气储层段,采用提取瞬时振幅属性及曲率分析技术,对珍珠冲组大安寨段进行有利储层分布区域进行预测,预测结果与钻井资料吻合较好,证明这两种技术方法综合起来分析运用,具有较好的实际应用价值。     

上扬子地区龙马溪组黑色富有机质页岩的浅水超覆沉积模式

细粒沉积作用决定着页岩储集层的物质基础，对优质页岩的形成具有重要作用。文中以上扬子地区龙马溪组黑色页岩为研究对象，通过岩心、露头、薄片、地震资料等分析，对该套黑色页岩的沉积发育模式进行研究。结果表明：(1)研究区龙马溪组黑色富有机质页岩段发育粉砂岩与页岩互层，见生物扰动、交错纹层、波状纹层、粒序纹层、泥砾定向排列、底部侵蚀面等沉积构造，具明显的浅水沉积特征；(2)黑色页岩内部发育多期受波浪作用影响而形成的页岩—粉砂质页岩—粉砂岩反粒序沉积旋回，显示出波浪作用对龙马溪组黑色页岩的形成具有重要影响；(3)风暴作用对于龙马溪组黑色页岩的形成具有一定的影响，表现为在不规则侵蚀面之上形成粉砂岩—黑色页岩正粒序沉积旋回；(4)从地震剖面以及连井剖面对比可以看出，随着海平面的不断上升，页岩总体上具有向古隆起边缘不断超覆迁移的特征。推测上扬子地区龙马溪组黑色页岩形成于水体较浅且受限的沉积环境，易受波浪以及风暴作用的影响，具有随着海平面上升而不断超覆迁移的特征。研究区龙马溪组富有机质黑色页岩的浅水超覆模式对于上扬子地区富有机质页岩的勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

相干体技术在川东北油气勘探中的应用

相干体技术是近几年才发展完善的一项用于辅助解释的分析技术,主要用于解决复杂断裂带的断裂性质和预测裂缝发育带等地质问题。通过对相干体的技术及原理的了解,选用适当的关键参数及方法,利用相干体技术预测出川东北宣汉～达县三维地震工区陆相断裂系统的分布,以及元坝三维地震工区雷口坡组碳酸盐岩岩溶裂缝发育带,识别出了该区长兴组礁滩岩性异常体的边界,理清了宣汉～达县三维地震工区陆相断裂系统的小断层和大断层间的切割关系,准确而有效地解决了常规地震解释中遇到的断裂组合问题。     

川西南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气纵向差异富集主控因素

川西南地区筇竹寺组发育多套富有机质页岩,但上部优质页岩的含气性明显好于下部优质页岩.应用热解实验、物性测试、全岩矿物X衍射、低温氮气吸附、氩离子抛光-扫描电镜等方法对筇竹寺组页岩地化、储层、封盖条件等开展分析,揭示筇竹寺组页岩气纵向差异富集的主控因素.研究表明,页岩气差异富集的主要控制因素为:（1）页岩有机质富集程度:筇竹寺组上部页岩段TOC含量相对较高、分布集中,下部优质页岩段TOC含量较低且分布不均、分散,从而导致页岩纵向生烃物质条件、有机质孔隙发育及微孔（比表面）的差异.（2）页岩岩矿组成及储层特征:上部优质页岩段粘土含量高且以伊蒙混层为主,有利于吸附气富集,该页岩段以有机质孔隙为主,微孔相对比较发育但孔隙度较高,下部优质页岩以粘土矿物孔、脆性矿物粒间孔及微裂缝为主,介孔相对比较发育但孔隙度较低.（3）保存条件:上页岩段顶底板发育完整且岩性致密,对页岩气层具有较好的保护作用;下页优质岩段底部存在碳酸盐岩古风化壳,底板对页岩气的保存能力薄弱.因此,TOC含量高、粘土矿物含量高、有机质孔隙发育、顶底板条件好是决定上部优质页岩段含气性优于下部页岩段的主要因素.      

四川盆地泸州地区海相页岩天然裂缝特征及主控因素

天然裂缝的特征是评价页岩气富集和保存规律中重要的地质指标.以四川盆地南部泸州地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于地震、测井、岩心、薄片、扫描电镜及分析化验资料,深入开展了天然裂缝成因类型、发育特征和主控因素的研究.结果表明：泸州地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝按照地质成因可分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝3种类型,构造裂缝按照裂缝的力学性质和与岩石力学层的关系细分为穿层剪切裂缝、顺层剪切裂缝和层内张开裂缝,成岩裂缝分为页理缝和收缩裂缝.泸州地区构造裂缝和页理缝大量发育,收缩裂缝和异常高压裂缝发育程度较低.构造裂缝的分布和发育程度受到断层、褶皱、岩石力学层和脆性的控制,页理缝的发育主要受脆性、有机质含量和纹层的控制.     

碳酸盐岩洞穴型储层地震综合预测——以塔里木盆地古城低凸起三维区为例

塔里木盆地古城低凸起三维地震工区内的奥陶系碳酸盐岩埋藏深,非均质性强,且无钻井资料。重点对奥陶系鹰山组三段—四段白云岩的串珠状地震反射体进行地质诠释。采用均方根振幅属性预测了储层平面分布规律,应用缝洞雕刻技术预测了裂缝和串珠体发育区,运用相干、曲率属性预测了断裂、裂缝的分布,联合应用频率衰减梯度、低频能量、平均频率和吸收系数等手段进行了油气检测。通过对多种信息的综合分析,评价优选出有利勘探目标。基于上述工作部署的A井,在鹰山组三段灰质白云岩储层中获天然气勘探重大突破,证实了地震综合预测方法的有效性。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。