取岩屑钻进技术专题讲座：第二讲 取岩屑钻进方法分析

介绍了回转反循环钻进、贝克冲击反循环钻进、射流反循环钻进、潜孔锤冲击反循环钻进和真空抽吸取样钻进等五种取岩屑钻进方法.     

金刚石钻岩

回转和冲击钻进法仍然是所有常规钻进技术的基础.虽然近来已研究出一些较为特殊的钻进方法如等离子钻进、熔融钻进、超声波钻进和化学钻进法等,但还没有一种已成功地应用于岩石钻进.目前进行的绝大多数深孔钻进都是采用回转钻进法.根据钻具与岩石的接触方式,这种钻进法可细分为三种:1.回转切削钻进——用鱼尾钻头、刮刀钻头、螺旋钻头和硬合金钻头;2.回转压碎钻进——用牙轮钻头;3.切削、压碎与研磨联合钻进——用金刚石钻头.     

覆盖层钻进法综述

阐述了覆盖层钻进的特点,提出了覆盖层钻进需要解决的问题,并比较翔实地介绍了O.D.钻进法、ODEX钻进法、多孔底钻进法,以及SIM-CAS钻进法等先进的覆盖层钻进法。     

EZ—2型钻进速度表——全液压钻机专用仪表介绍(三)

概述人造金刚石钻进对钻进参数(转速、压力、水量)的要求,较之钢粒钻进更为严格。一种类型钻头在某一岩层中钻进时,可用的钻进参数范围并不宽。若钻进参数选得不当,虽偏离可用范围不远,却会降低钻进效果。机械钻速是钻井工作效率的重要指标。随时监测钻速变化,可以判断孔内钻进状态、调整钻进参数、提高钻进效率、保持在最优条件下钻进。采用钻进速度表,可使规程更加合理。特别在研究生产定额,改进钻进工艺方面,很需要这种仪表。     

国外钻探生产动向

近几年来,许多外国越来越广泛地采用螺旋钻进、振动钻进、大口径钻进、连续取心钻进、水枪钻进等方法。在一定的地层条件下,采用这些方法可使钻进效率提高数倍。     

激光钻进煤岩技术的研究进展

激光钻进技术是一种极具潜力的创新技术,也是钻探领域的研究热点。作为一种非接触式钻进技术,对破碎松软岩层扰动破坏小,将激光钻进应用于煤层气定向钻进中可发挥出非常明显的优势。梳理和总结了激光用于煤岩钻进的成孔机制、钻进效果的影响因素。在激光钻进过程中,激光与煤岩相互作用伴随着复杂的理化作用,指出激光钻进煤岩主要的成孔机制是烧蚀成孔。从激光参数、岩石性质、外部环境等方面阐述了影响激光钻进煤岩效果的因素,论述了激光钻进用于煤岩这一特定钻进对象的特殊现象和问题,指出煤岩在激光照射下,组分的挥发、热解、升华、烧结和氧化构成了煤岩在高温下主要的热烧蚀机制。从钻进机理、工艺、装置等方面着手,建议加强激光钻进煤岩的多物理场耦合作用机制、钻进工艺、钻进装置研制等适应性研究,为激光用于煤岩的高质高效钻进研究提供参考。      

探索拾零（五）论坚硬致密脆性非均质岩（矿）层的破碎机理

当今,在机械旋转破碎的钻探工程中,常见的钻进方法有硬质合金钻进、复合片钻进、金刚石钻进等。而钻进坚硬致密的岩（矿）层,孕镶人造金刚石钻头钻进具有特殊的优势。     

钻进工程数据库DEDBASE的建立及其应用的研究

钻进工程数据库(DEDBASE)是在微型机上用DBASE软件和BASIC软件联合开发的计算机系统,它是微型机在钻进工程中先进的和重要的应用之一,是实现钻进工程生产管理、技术管理、技术咨询及优化决策科学化和现代化的基础。 钻进工程数据库(DEDBASE)包括钻进工程数据文件集合(DEDFA),数据库服务系统(DSS)以及动态优化分析系统(DOAS)。其中动态优化分析系统(DOAS)是钻进工程数据库的分析机构和应用程序,它以贮存在钻进工程数据文件集合中的各类钻进数据为基础,并结合当前的钻进条件(如钻进钻头、钻进规程和平均钻速等)能够用于:(1)查询钻进史料;(2)分析钻进规律;(3)单只钻头优化;(4)优化决策及监视岩性变化。通过分析室内模拟钻进数据韧野外钻进数据,证明钻进工程数据昨(DEDDASE)的上述应用具有良好的有效性及可信性。     

基于钻进状态监测的智能工况识别

钻进过程状态监测旨在实时描述钻进工况,判断运行性能优劣程度进行非优追溯,及时指导司钻人员调整作业操作,保证钻进过程安全、高效、稳定开展。钻进工况是钻进系统运行状态的反映,因此开展面向状态监测技术的钻进工况识别研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文针对钻进工况识别问题,基于状态监测数据,建立基于支持向量机的钻进工况识别模型,对钻进工况进行识别。综合工况识别结果,对钻进效率进行评估,并对影响钻进效率的因素进行讨论,寻找提升钻进效率的手段。最后,采用钻进现场实钻数据进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

冻土钻进的实验室试验研究——冻土钻探专题之二

介绍了冻土钻进实验室试验条件，讨论了室内钻进冻土样品时岩心采取率、钻进效果、岩心原始结构、孔壁解冻与钻进条件的关系，研究了钻进规程参数对孔壁状态的影响。     

新疆库车坳陷逆掩断裂在油气运聚中的作用

在研究新疆库车坳陷逆掩断裂、源岩和盖层空间发育特征的基础上,研究了逆掩断裂与源岩、盖层的空间匹配关系.认为断穿源岩、盖层的逆掩断裂则是油气散失的通道;勾通源岩,但未断穿盖层的逆掩断裂则是油气聚集的输导通道,它们控制着库车坳陷油气的聚散及其在空间上的分布.在研究库车坳陷逆掩断裂活动史和源岩排烃史、盖层封闭能力形成史的基础上,研究了逆掩断裂与源岩、盖层的时间匹配关系,认为盖层与源岩的时间匹配关系控制着可供运移的油气量;逆掩断裂与源岩的时间匹配关系控制着可供聚集的油气量,盖层与逆掩断裂的时间匹配关系控制着油气的富集量.     

Aspects of the marine Cretaceous of China

The marine Cretaceous of China is distributed mainly in southwestern Xinjiang, the West Kunlun Mountains, the Karakorum Mountains and most parts of Xizang (Tibet), with findings even from Taiwan.The marine Cretaceous of China may be divided into three sedimentary belts according to the lithologic and tectonic characters, biological provinces and the different modes of deposition.On the basis of recent research on the Cretaceous marine strata and faunas in China, the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic sequences have been preliminarily established and the division and correlation of strata and boundaries between the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous, as well as Cretaceous and Tertiary outlined; the position of the beach line of the Laurasian landmass in China and the events of the tectonic movement and the transgression and regression during the Cretaceous period are discussed.     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

“地球动力学”的研究现状与展望——第32届国际地质大会研究成果综述

第32届国际地质大会通过按地域和构造作用过程等形式划分11个专题会场,展示了地球动力学的研究成果。其成果主要包括特提斯域构造演化及其不同阶段的块体裂解、拼合及后期改造的细节过程,地质历史中的超大陆分布和成因,俯冲—碰撞带深部构造和变质机制,安第斯山(Andes)缓倾角平坦式俯冲过程及其地壳变形和岩浆作用的响应,显微构造对动力作用过程的影响和控制,地壳和上地幔熔融、流变学和动力学意义,大洋岩石圈构造与演化,大陆地盾区构造和再活动,稳定大陆区地震,空间大地测量学和现代板块运动等方面。这些研究成果充分显示了地球动力学研究具有多学科、多手段(如古地磁、超深钻、地球物理、大地测量和GPS等)、多尺度(宏观、微观)和多时期、全面、综合、并逐步接近定时、定位和定量地探索和研究的特点,它从地球(主要为上地幔和地壳)的组成、结构构造入手,逐步认识地球(主要为地球岩石圈)的演化和动力学。     

辽河东部凹陷新生界火成岩岩性、岩相特征和储层控制因素

基于110口探井1 100 m岩心、500余口探井总长107 000 m火成岩井段资料,通过岩心观察、岩矿鉴定、物性测试和含油气性分析,研究了辽河坳陷东部凹陷新生界不同层系火成岩岩性、岩相发育特征和储层控制因素。结果显示：本区发育火山岩、侵入岩、沉火山碎屑岩3大类16种岩性,其中玄武岩类占91.0%;发育6相16种亚相,其中溢流相占63.0%;发育4类9种储集空间,次生孔隙和次生裂缝占主体。砾-粒间孔隙和裂缝发育的粗面岩类、玄武质火山碎屑（熔）岩和火山口-近火山口相带的侵出相、火山通道相和爆发相是最有利的储集岩性、岩相带。储层主要受岩性、岩相、断裂等多方面控制,岩性决定储集空间类型和储层微观特征,岩相控制储层宏观分布规律,断裂控制岩体分布范围、火山口位置和储层有效性。近油源、靠断裂的优势岩性、岩相带是火成岩油气勘探最有利目标。     

凹凸棒石、膨润土和活性炭吸附油中色素的研究

通过对凹凸棒石和膨润土酸活性点的测定和比较,以及对凹凸棒石、膨润土和活性炭的比表面积、孔径分布以及对油中叶绿素和胡萝卜素吸附的比较研究结果表明:凹凸棒石的B-、L-酸活性点均比膨润土高;对于膨润土和凹凸棒土,酸活性点多、孔径较大、比表面积大对叶绿素和胡萝卜素的吸附越有利,L-酸活性点主要吸附胡萝卜素;吸附剂在对叶绿素和胡萝卜的吸附过程中,起决定作用的是吸附剂与吸附质之间的相互作用力,只有在作用力较强时,比表面积和孔径分布才会对吸附效果产生影响。     

安徽铜陵地区早、晚石炭世地层之间砾岩的发现

通过一系列地层剖面的测制,在铜陵、南陵、泾县地区早、晚石炭世地层之间发现了沉积石英质砾岩和岩屑砾岩,肯定了本区在早、晚石炭世之间曾经历一次海平面下降和风化剥蚀作用,致使早石炭世地层在许多地方残缺不全,由于石英质砾岩与岩屑砾岩在岩性、沉积特征、成因等方面有明显的不同,分别称为浙溪组下段和浙溪组上段。早期的石英质砾岩由于受到后期的冲积扇沉积环境的影响,在一些剖面上表现为缺失。岩屑砾岩的沉积厚度、砾石大小等在纵、横向上变化较大,明显受古地理、古气候、古构造的控制。     

Mineralogy of Holocene Sediments from the Southwestern Black Sea Shelf (Turkey) in Relation to Provenance, Sea-level and Current Regimes

Grain size and mineral composition of core sediments were used to investigate influences of various terrestrial and marine conditions, which have prevailed on the southwestern Black Sea shelf during the Holocene. Siliciclastic mud with small amounts of sand and gravel from nearby coastal hinterland is the principal sediment type, whereas sediments deposited near the shelf edge and the Istanbul Strait and off the Duru Lake （a paleo-river mouth） constitued large quantities of sand and gravel of both biogenic and terrigenic origin. Variable amounts of aragonite, 1 nmmicas, quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite constitute the dominant non-clay minerals in bulk sediments. The clay mineral assemblage in the 〈 2 μm fraction is made up of smectite, illite, kaolinite and chlorite. Aragonite and calcite are mainly derived from benthic accumulations, whereas feldspars （mainly plagioclase） and smectite reflect magmaticvolcanic provenance and the distribution of 1 nm-micas and chlorite correlate with nearby metamorphic sources onland. Nevertheless, grain size and mineral distribution generally indicate a combination of effects of wind and wave climate, longshore and offshore cyclonic currents, changing sea-level stands and nearby source rock and morphological conditions. It is also suggested that at least part of clay minerals could be derived from the northwesterly Danube River input.     

苏北玄武岩分布区滑坡研究与防治

在苏皖交界处的盱眙、六合新生代玄武岩分布区,滑坡灾害十分发育,给当地经济建设和人民生活带来了较大危害。通过分析滑坡类型、地质特征和活动规律,提出了防治灾害的具体措施。     

Mine tailings integrated investigations: The case of Rio tailings (Panasqueira Mine, Central Portugal)

Mining generates huge quantities of waste materials from ore extraction and milling operations, which accumulate in tailings and open impoundments. The risks associated with mine tailings have different nature, namely stability, rupture, surface and groundwater contamination, acid mine drainage (AMD) and precipitation of secondary minerals. In fact catastrophic failure of tailings impoundments has occurred, transporting slurry, dissolved metals and fine reactive metal particles to the environment.Often deposition conditions of old mine tailings are unknown and monitoring is deficient or even inexistent. Thus, in order to prevent accidents it is necessary to establish the internal structure, that is, mapping tailings impoundment, internal sediment structures – limits and stratigraphy – seepage and pathway locations, bedrock depth and topography estimates and actual deposition conditions of the tailings. Owing to the complexity of the problem, only integrated approaches can investigate and monitor comprehensively the characteristics and evolution of mine tailings and its impacts on the environment.As this is a multidisciplinary problem, strategies should consider integrated studies such as Geophysics, Geochemistry and borehole surveys. However data from these sources must be interpreted together, in a GIS database, to provide better models and an enhanced overall knowledge of the studied structures.It is proposed to test and validate such a methodology in a case study, Panasqueira mine, central Portugal and to contribute to the decision-making process of environmental and civil protection agencies with responsibilities in the assessing, prevention, mitigation, and controlling the potential and actual effects of tailings spills on the environment.