REE and Other Trace Element Chemistry of Oldhamite（CaS） in the Qingzhen Chondrite（EH3） and Their Genetic Implications

Instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA) of 14 single oldhamite grains separated from the Qingzhen chondrite (EH3) for refractory(La,Ce,Sm ,Eu,Yb,Lu,Ca,Sc,Hf, and Th),volatile (Na,Cr,Zn,Se,Br,etc.)and siderophile elements (Fe,Ni,Co,Ir,Au ,and As) revealed that oldhamite is highly rich in refractory elements.The mineral serves as the principal carrier of REE and contains about 80% of the REEs in the Qingzhen enstatite chondrite .Furthermore, the large enrichment of LREE relative to HREE is noticed in oldhamite from the Qingzhen .In general, the oldhamite from metal-sulfide assemblages is richer in REE than that from the matrix,i.e.,the earlier the oldhamite grains condensed, the richer they are in REE. Meanwhile.oldhamite is also rich in vol-atile elements such as Se,Br, etc.In terms of the distribution of trace elements in oldhamitc from the Qingzhen ,the chondrite is srggested to have resulted from high-temperature condensation of solar nebula.     

Meso—Cenozoic lithospheric thermal structure in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern North China Craton

The Bohai Bay Basin is a region where part of the North China Craton has been thinned and destroyed. It has experienced two periods of crustal thinning that occurred during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, but investigations of its Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric thermal structure are limited. Therefore, in this study,the distributions of mantle heat flow, crustal heat flow, and Moho temperatures during the Meso-Cenozoic are calculated based on analyses of the thermal history of the Bohai Bay Basin. The results indicate that the ratio of mantle heat flow to surface heat flow peaked during the late stages of the early Cretaceous and during the middle to late Paleogene. The corresponding mantle heat flow was more than 65% of the surface heat flow. Moho temperatures reached three peaks: 900-1100℃ in the late stages of the early Cretaceous;820-900℃ in the middle to late Paleogene; and(in the Linqing Depression, Cangxian Uplift, and Jizhong Depression) 770-810℃ during the early Neogene. These results reveal that the Bohai Bay Basin experienced significant geological change during the Cretaceous, including the transformation of lithospheric thermal structure from "cold mantle and hot crust" before the Cretaceous to "hot mantle and cold crust" after the Cretaceous. The results also indicate that the basin experienced two large-scale rifting events.Therefore, this work may provide the thermal parameters for further investigations of the geodynamic evolution of eastern China.     

Late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic Multi‐Stage Denudation at the Western Ordos Block: Constraints by the Apatite Fission Track Dating on the Langshan

The apatite fission track dating of samples from the Dabashan(i.e., the Langshan in the northeastern Alxa Block) by the laser ablation method and their thermal history modeling of AFT ages are conducted in this study. The obtained results and lines of geological evidence in the study region indicate that the Langshan has experienced complicated tectonic-thermal events during the the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Firstly, it experienced a tectonic-thermal event in the Late Cretaceous(~90–70 Ma). The event had little relation with the oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate along the eastern Eurasian Plate, but was related to the Neo-Tethys subduction and compression between the Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block. Secondly, it underwent the dextral slip faulting in the Eocene(~50–45 Ma). The strike slip fault may develop in the same tectonic setting as sinistral slip faults in southern Mongolia and thrusts in West Qinling to the southwest Ordos Block in the same period, which is the remote far-field response to the India-Eurasia collision. Thirdly, the tectonic thermal event existed in the late Cenozoic(since ~10 Ma), thermal modeling shows that several samples began their denudation from upper region of partial annealing zone(PAZ), and the denudation may have a great relationship with the growth of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to the northeast. In addition, the AFT ages of Langshan indicate that the main body of the Langshan may be an upper part of fossil PAZ of the Late Cretaceous(~70 Ma). The fossil PAZ were destroyed and deformed by tectonic events repeatedly in the Cenozoic along with the denudation.     

Hydrothermal Systems Characterized by Crustal Thermally-dominated Structures of Southeastern China

Southeastern China(SE China) is located in the Pacific tectonic domain and has experienced a series of tectono-magmatic events induced by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate since the late Mesozoic. The subduction formed a series of NE-NNE oriented faults under a NW–SE regional stress field, along which a number of thermal springs occur.Previous studies have focused on the genesis mechanism of specific geothermal fields in SE China, but the general characteristics of hydrothermal systems i...     

Structures of Syn-deformational Granites in the Longquanguan Shear Zone and Their Monazite Electronic Microprobe Dating

The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of deformation： the first and main episode is a ductile top-to-ESE shear along the gently northwest-west dipping foliations, while the other two episodes are later collapse sliding. Prolonged granites parallel to the shear foliations make one of the main compositions of the Longquanguan shear zone. These granites experienced deformation to form mylonitic rocks when they emplaced during the first episode of deformation. Structural characters of the granites and their contacts to the country rocks indicate that these granites possibly resulted from in-situ partial remelting by shearing, i.e., they are syn-deformational granites. Monazites in these mylonitic granites are magmatic minerals and their crystallization ages may represent ages of the magmatic events, and also the ages for the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone. Monazite electronic microprobe dating were carried on two samples of granite, which gives multiple peak ages, among which 1,846 Ma and 1,877 Ma are the main peak ages for the two samples. These ages represent the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone, which is consistent with the main regional geological event at about 1,850 Ma caused by the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks in North China. The good match between the monazite ages and the corresponding regional tectono-thermal events shows the feasibility and reliability of monazite electronic microprobe dating.     

Structural Styles of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Evolution of the Foreland Basin in Western Sichuan Province, China

The Longmenshan thrust system consists of two major groups of structural styles according to the depth of their involvement: basement thrusts-compressional fault blocks; fold-thrust system in the cover. In cross-section, the Longmenshan structural belt is divided into 5 zones. The propagation of the Longmenshan thrust system is piggy-back due to pushing at the early stage and overstep due to gravity sliding at the late stage. Balanced cross-sections and palinspastic reconstruction reveal that the total sliding displacement of the thrust system amounts to 120 km. The tectonic evolution of the Tethys domain in western Sichuan has experienced 5 stages: continental break-up; ocean-continent subduction ; continent-arc collision; orogenic thrusting; uplift of western Sichuan.     

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the L(u|¨)liang Mountains,North China Craton:Constraint from Fission-track Thermochronology

<正>The Liiliang Mountains,located in the North China Craton,is a relatively stable block,but it has experienced uplift and denudation since the late Mesozoic.We hence aim to explore its time and rate of the exhumation by the fission-track method.The results show that,no matter what type rocks are,the pooled ages of zircon and apatite fission-track range from 60.0 to 93.7 Ma and 28.6 to 43.3 Ma,respectively;all of the apatite fission-track length distributions are unimodal and yield a mean length of～13μm;and the thermal history modeling results based on apatite fission-track data indicate that the time-temperature paths exhibit similar patterns and the cooling has been accelerated for each sample since the Pliocene(c.5 Ma).Therefore,we can conclude that a successive cooling,probably involving two slow(during c.75-35Ma and 35-5Ma) and one rapid(during c.5 Ma-0 Ma) cooling,has occurred through the exhumation of the Liiliang Mountains since the late Cretaceous.The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady-state geothermal gradient of 35℃/km.Combined with the tectonic setting,this exhumation may be the resultant effect from the surrounding plate interactions,and it has been accelerated since c.5 Ma predominantly due to the India-Eurasia collision.     

Bulk Chemical Composition of the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chondrite： An Issue of Classification

The Ningqiang meteorite is a fall carbonaceous chondrite, containing various Ca-, Al-rich inclusions that usually escaped from secondary events such as high-temperature heating and low- temperature alteration. However, it has not yet been classified into any known chemical group. In order to address this issue, 41 elements of the bulk Ningqiang meteorite were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and inductively coupled plasma atom emission spectrometry （ICP-AES） in this study. The Allende （CV3） carbonaceous chondrite and the Jilin （H5） ordinary chondrite were also measured as references, and our analyses are consistent with the previous results. Rare earth and other refractory lithophile elements are depleted in Ningqiang relative to both Allende and mean CK chondrites. In addition, the REE pattern of Ningqiang is nearly flat, while that of Allende shows slight enrichment of LREE relative to HREE. Siderophile elements of Ningqiang are close to those of mean CK chondrites, but lower than those of Allende. Our new analyses indicate that Ningqiang cannot be classified into any known group of carbonaceous chondrites, consistent with previous reports.     

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Lüliang Mountains, North China Craton: Constraint from Fission-track Thermochronology

The Lüliang Mountains, located in the North China Craton, is a relatively stable block, but it has experienced uplift and denudation since the late Mesozoic. We hence aim to explore its time and rate of the exhumation by the fission-track method. The results show that, no matter what type rocks are, the pooled ages of zircon and apatite fission-track range from 60.0 to 93.7 Ma and 28.6 to 43.3 Ma, respectively; all of the apatite fission-track length distributions are unimodal and yield a mean length of ~13?μm; and the thermal history modeling results based on apatite fission-track data indicate that the time-temperature paths exhibit similar patterns and the cooling has been accelerated for each sample since the Pliocene (c.5 Ma). Therefore, we can conclude that a successive cooling, probably involving two slow (during c.75-35 Ma and 35-5 Ma) and one rapid (during c.5 Ma-0 Ma) cooling, has occurred through the exhumation of the Lüliang Mountains since the late Cretaceous. The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady-state geothermal gradient of 35°C/km. Combined with the tectonic setting, this exhumation may be the resultant effect from the surrounding plate interactions, and it has been accelerated since c.5 Ma predominantly due to the India-Eurasia collision.     

Tonian–Ediacaran Tectonometamorphic History of the Sa’al Complex, Sinai (Egypt): Implications for the Tectonostratigraphic Framework of the Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield

The Sa''al Metamorphic Complex (SMC; southern Sinai) encompasses the oldest arc rocks in the Arabian–Nubian Shield, comprising two non-consanguineous metavolcanic successions (the Agramiya Group and the Post-Ra''ayan Formation) separated by the metasediments of the Ra''ayan Formation. It experienced three distinct deformational events (D1–D3) and two low-medium grade regional metamorphic events (M1–M2). The Agramiya Group and the Ra''ayan Formation experienced all tectonometamorphic events (D1–D3 and M1–M2), whereas the Post-Ra''ayan volcanic rocks were only affected by the D3 and M2 events. D1 is an extensional event and is connected to the late Rodinia break-up (~Tonian; 900–870 Ma). The M1 metamorphism variably affected the older Agramiya Group, the rhyolitic tuffs experiencing lower to upper greenschist facies conditions and the basic and intermediate volcanic rocks undergoing amphibolite facies metamorphism. The Ra''ayan Formation metasediments experienced upper greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The upper greenschist facies M2 affected the youngest Post-Ra''ayan volcanic rocks and other stratigraphic successions. The compressive D2 and D3 events were coeval with the accretion of dismembered terranes in the assembly of Gondwana. D2 can be linked to the Tonian–Cryogenian arc-arc assembly (~880–760 Ma; in Elat and Sinai), whereas D3 and the accompanying M2 is constrained to 622–600 Ma (Ediacaran).     

清镇顽辉石球粒陨石（EH3）不透明相的岩石,矿物学研究

通过对最新鲜、最原始的ＥＨ３型损石－清镇员石不透明矿物的岩石学、矿物学研究，揭示了不透明矿物化学组成与产状的成因关系，提出了星云冷凝，金属与星去气相组分的硫化反应，矿物出熔及矿物分解等四种形成机制。对不透明物的各种环带结构及闪锌矿、矿镁矿等矿物温度计的研究，揭示了该陨石在星云阶段和母体中的热历史，与Ｙａｍａｔｏ－６９１（ＥＨ３）的对比表明，清镇陨石不透明矿物形成于更加还原的星云条件。     

清镇陨石（EH3）硫镁矿微量元素化学特征

本文应用电子探针和中子活化分析方法详细研究了清镇陨石(EH 3)中硫镁矿的化学组成和微量元素分布、硫镁矿携带了部分HREE、高度富集钪等难熔亲石元素,论证了该矿物的高温成因,REE丰度可能与陨硫钙石互补。该矿物含有钠-硒组分,可能是顽火辉石陨石独有的组分。铬归一化的钠-钴(原子比)相关关系具有CI一致的趋势,表明其母体来自太阳组成的气体星云。     

鄄城球粒陨石的热释光与母体热历史

鄄城球粒陨石的自然热释光数据表明其母体经历了某种热事件,这与宇宙成因核素分析的结果一致。自然热释光表征的母体轨道近日距约0．84AU,表面温度约255K。相对于其他H5球粒陨石,鄄城球粒陨石经历的热变质作用可能影响了长石的组成,但没有明显引起长石结构态的变化。     

A reappraisal of the metamorphic history of EH3 and EL3 enstatite chondrites

The thermal history of a series of EH3 and EL3 chondrites has been investigated by studying the degree of structural order of the organic matter (OM) located and characterized in matrix areas by Raman micro-spectroscopy. By comparison with unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOCs) and CO and CV carbonaceous chondrites, the following petrologic types have been assigned to various E chondrites: Sahara 97096 and Allan Hills 84206: 3.1-3.4; Allan Hills 85170 and Parsa: 3.5; Allan Hills 85119: 3.7; Qingzhen, MacAlpine Hills 88136 and MacAlpine Hills 88184: 3.6-3.7. The petrologic type of Qingzhen is consistent with the abundance of the P3 noble gas component, a sensitive tracer of the grade of thermal metamorphism. The petrologic types are qualitatively consistent with the abundance of fine-grained matrix for the whole series. No significant effects of shock processes on the structure of OM were observed. However such processes certainly compete with thermal metamorphism and the possibility of an effect cannot be fully discarded, in particular in the less metamorphosed objects. The OM precursors accreted by the EH3 and EL3 parent bodies appear to be fairly similar to those of UOCs and CO and CV carbonaceous chondrites. Raman data however show some slight structural differences that could be partly accounted for by shock processes. The metamorphic history of EH3 and EL3 chondrites has often been described as complex, in particular regarding the combined action of shock and thermal metamorphism. Because OM maturity is mostly controlled by the temperature of peak metamorphism, it is possible to distinguish between the contributions of long duration thermal processes and that of shock processes. Comparison of the petrologic types with the closure temperatures previously derived from opaque mineral assemblages has revealed that the thermal history of EH3 and EL3 chondrites is consistent with a simple asteroidal onion shell model. Thermal metamorphism in enstatite chondrites appears to be fairly similar to that which takes place in other chondrite classes. The complex features recorded by mineralogy and petrology and widely reported in the literature appear to be mostly controlled by shock processes.     

清镇陨石中顽火辉石的高分辨电镜研究

清镇陨石中顽火辉石的(010)取向结构象清楚地显示出单斜顽火辉石(CLEN)和顽火辉石(OREN)连生现象其特点说明它经历了急冷且受到很弱的后期热变质作用,同时,电子衍射和光学衍射及结构象均显示其中有27的长周期结构。     

Preliminary investigation of mineralogy,petrology and chemical composition of Qingzhen enstatite chondrite

On September 13, 1976, the Qingzhen enstatite chondrite fell near Qingzhen County, Guizhou Province (26°32′N, 106°28′E). The total mass recovered was 2.6 kg. Phenomena of the meteorite fall were recorded as well. In the present paper some of the significant observations are described. X-ray diffraction analyses and petrologic studies revealed that it is mainly composed of enstatite/clinoenstatite, plagioclase, troilite, kamacite, taenite, quartz and oldhamite. X-ray electron microprobe analyses were performed on orthoenstatite and clinoenstatite. Chemical analysis gave: SiO₂-36.48; Al₂O₃-1.64; TiO₂-0.08; Cr₂O₃-0.28; FeO-0.30; MnO-0.25; MgO-18.19; CaO-1.14; Na₂O-1.06; K₂O-0.11; H₂O⁺-0.47; H₂O^?-0.10; P₂O₅-0.39; FeS-13.35; FeO-22.94; Ni-1.81; Co-0.093; C-0.37; Cu-0.022; Zn-0.027; CaS-0.60; total-99.70 (wt.%). This meteorite has been extremely reduced; all iron is present as FeS and metallic Fe-Ni. The Qingzhen enstatite chondrite is characterized by high ratio, Si/Mg as compared with ordinary chondrites, scarcity of olivine, and enrichment in sulfur and iron. In thin sections, it is observed that round chondrules approximately account for 10–15 per cent, being porphyritic, radial, excentroradial, or excentric fan-shaped. Devitrified chondrules composed of pyroxene were also identified. It is postulated from its mineralogy, chemistry and textural characteristics that the Qingzhen meteorite should be assigned toE ₄ orEH chondrites.     

Heavily fractionated noble gases in an acid residue from the Klein Glacier 98300 EH3 chondrite

Noble gases were measured both in bulk samples (stepped pyrolysis and total extraction) and in a HF/HCl residue (stepped pyrolysis and combustion) from the Klein Glacier (KLE) 98300 EH3 chondrite. Like the bulk meteorite and as seen in previous studies of bulk type 3 E chondrites (“sub-Q”), the acid residue contains elementally fractionated primordial noble gases. As we show here, isotopically these are like those in phase-Q of primitive meteorites, but elementally they are heavily fractionated relative to these. The observed noble gases are different from “normal” Q noble gases also with respect to release patterns, which are similar to those of Ar-rich noble gases in anhydrous carbonaceous chondrites and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (with also similar isotopic compositions). While we cannot completely rule out a role for parent body processes such as thermal and shock metamorphism (including a later thermal event) in creating the fractionated elemental compositions, parent body processes in general seem not be able to account for the distinct release patterns from those of normal Q noble gases. The fractionated gases may have originated from ion implantation from a nebular plasma as has been suggested for other types of primordial noble gases, including Q, Ar-rich, and ureilite noble gases. With solar starting composition, the corresponding effective electron temperature is about 5000 K. This is lower than inferred for other primordial noble gases (10,000-6000 K). Thus, if ion implantation from a solar composition reservoir was a common process for the acquisition of primordial gas, electron temperatures in the early solar system must have varied spatially or temporally between 10,000 and 5000 K.Neon and xenon isotopic ratios of the residue suggest the presence of presolar silicon carbide and diamond in abundances lower than in the Qingzhen EH3 and Indarch EH4 chondrites. Parent body processes including thermal and shock metamorphism and a late thermal event also cannot be responsible for the low abundances of presolar grains. KLE 98300 may have started out with smaller amounts of presolar grains than Qingzhen and Indarch.     

Grove Mountains (GRV) 020043: Insights into acapulcoite-lodranite genesis from the most primitive member

Although acapulcoites and lodranites played a key role in understanding partial differentiation of asteroids, the lack of samples of the chondritic precursor limits our understanding of the processes that formed these meteorites. Grove Mountains (GRV) 020043 is a type 4 chondrite, with abundant, well-delineated, pyroxene-rich chondrules with an average diameter of 690 μm, microcrystalline mesostasis, polysynthetically striated low-Ca pyroxene, and slightly heterogeneous plagioclase compositions. Similarities in mineralogy, mineral composition, and oxygen isotopic composition link GRV 020043 to the acapulcoite-lodranite clan. These features include a high low-Ca pyroxene to olivine ratio, high kamacite to taenite ratio, and relatively FeO-poor mafic silicates (Fa_10.3, Fs_10.4) relative to ordinary chondrites, as well as the presence of ubiquitous metal and sulfide inclusions in low-Ca pyroxene and ƒO₂ typical of acapulcoites. GRV 020043 shows that evidence of partial melting is not an essential feature for classification within the acapulcoite-lodranite clan. GRV 020043 experienced modest thermal metamorphism similar to type 4 ordinary chondrites. GRV 020043 suggests a range of peak temperatures on the acapulcoite-lodranite parent body similar to that of ordinary chondrites, but shifted to higher temperatures, perhaps consistent with earlier accretion. The mineralogy and mineral compositions of GRV 020043, despite modest thermal metamorphism, suggests that most features of acapulcoites previously attributed to reduction were, instead, inherited from the precursor chondrite. Although partial melting was widespread on the acapulcoite-lodranite parent body, ubiquitous Fe,Ni-FeS blebs in the cores of silicates were not implanted by shock or trapped during silicate melting, but were inherited from the precursor chondrite with subsequent overgrowths during metamorphism.