关于云南天文台2.4米望远镜YFOSC的CCD的平场

与国家天文台兴隆站2.16 m安装的北京天文台暗天体分光成像仪(BAO FaintObject Spectrograph and Camera,BFOSC)系统相似,云南天文台2.4 m望远镜安装了云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪(Yunnan Faint-Object Spectrograph and Camera,YFOSC),对它在直接照相时的CCD平场性能做了测定。使用不同旋转角度拍摄平均而得的平场,可以使不同位置拍摄的像场,所受最大误差≤0.015 mag。但与卡焦的VersArray CCD照相机不同,即使在视场中间直径6.’5的圆内,误差约在0.010～0.013 mag之间,达不到≤0.005 mag的精度。     

2.4米望远镜主镜镀膜工艺的研究

利用国内首个自上向下热蒸发反射膜的大型镀膜机ZZS3200,开展了2.4 m望远镜主镜镀膜工艺的研究。从镀膜的环境控制,镀膜机蒸发源布置,保护膜的选择,旧膜脱膜等方面出发,探索一种适合2.4 m望远镜主镜的镀膜工艺流程,并依此完成2.4 m望远镜主镜镀带MgF2保护的铝反射膜工作。陪镀片检测表明,铝膜膜厚极大极小值差43 nm,主镜反射膜在350~1 100 nm范围内平均反射率87.16%,经2.4 m望远镜实测,镀膜完成后极限星等不低于23.5 mag,比镀膜前约提高1 mag。2013年12月17日,在2.4 m望远镜上,利用终端云南天文台暗弱天体分光及成像仪(Yunnan Faint-Object Spectrograph and Camera,YFOSC),使用棱栅Grism3分光,对超新星SN 2011fe(V波段19.5 mag)成功进行光谱观测。30 min单幅曝光,获得暗于19 mag天体的光谱,刷新了该类天体在国内观测的新的记录。该目标在光谱观测的同时有相应的测光数据以及测光标准星观测,因此星等测量误差小于0.1 mag,可以用于定量分析。     

云南-香港宽视场巡天新发现的一个磁活动双星系统

云南-香港宽视场巡天新发现了一个磁活动双星系统,其轨道周期为0.60286 d.利用云南天文台1 m光学望远镜附加CCD (Charge-Coupled Device)相机,观测得到了这个双星系统的V、Rc双色光变曲线,结果表明该系统食外存在明显的测光畸变.借助云南天文台丽江2.4 m望远镜附加云南暗弱天体光谱成像仪(Yunnan Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera, YFOSC)对该双星系统的分光观测,测定了该双星系统主星的视向速度曲线并发现该系统的主星表面存在着强烈的色球活动,从而证明系统的光变曲线畸变源自主星的黑子活动.使用W-D (Wilson-Devinney)程序分析上述观测得到的光变曲线和视向速度曲线,得到了该双星系统的轨道参数以及黑子参数.最后,对该系统的特性进行了讨论并对未来的工作进行了展望.     

云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪长缝光谱研究

云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪(Yunnan Faint-Object Spectrograph and Camera,YFOSC)是一台能够快速切换工作模式,进行天文成像及光谱观测的仪器。其中长缝光谱作为该仪器的主要光谱观测模式广泛应用于点源以及面源的分光测量研究。通过测量该模式下YFOSC系统的波长响应曲线,各块光栅的波长范围,并对定标灯谱进行波长证认,同时在考虑大气吸收以及望远镜效率的情况下给出了曝光时间曲线,为观测者更好地使用该仪器提供参考。最后以近期拍摄的一条超新星光谱为例,介绍长缝光谱模式的实际观测能力。     

近地小行星Apophis的天体测量试验观测

Apophis是一颗对地球具有高潜在威胁的小行星（Potentially Hazardous Asteroid,PHA）．对其开展高精度定位观测可为精确计算其轨道提供基本数据。2013年2月4～7日,使用云南天文台2．4m望远镜云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪（YunnanFaint-Obiect Spectrograph and Cainera．YFOSC）对Apophis进行观测,采用天体测量软件Astrometrica处理原始CCD图像,获得了一批定位结果,并与JPL历表和IMCCE历表进行了外部比较,结果表明,当与JPL历表比较时,赤经、赤纬两个方向的观测位置减去计算位置（0一C）不大于O．1arcsec,每个方向单次测量精度约为0．1arcsec。     

CCD光度定标对星像精确测量的影响

近年来,在用CCD器件进行恒星星像的位置和光度的精确测量中,有些研究者考虑了器件的光度定标(或称平场)的改正,有些人却不加说明地忽略之。在今后对恒星或行星星像的精确测量中是否需要考虑这种定标影响呢?为回答这一问题,我们利用在云南天文台1m望远镜上配备的CCD拍摄的实际图像进行了分析处理。当假定CCD每一像素光度的响应与输入光度具有线性关系的模型时,试验表明:对于暗星(约16mag),由光度定标引起的光度影响和位置影响分别约为0.2mag和0.02pixel,而对于亮星(约10mag),相应的改正在光度和位置方面分别约为0.02mag和0.002pixel。明显地,我们应该重视暗星星像的光度改正效应,而星像位置方面的效应则可以忽略不计。     

关于地平式反射望远镜的CCD平场(英文)

现有标准设计的反光望远镜在拍摄CCD平场时,绝大多数都受残留散射光的影响.但是赤道式与地平式反光镜所受影响是不同的.在赤道式上做时间序列较差测光时,只要待测星永远位于CCD的固定像元上,不太准确的CCD平场也能得到高精度的测光结果.当需要0.1%～0.3%精度的平场时,则可以采用夜天平场.地平式的特点是,它的CCD相机必须置于旋转器上,在跟踪天体时不停地旋转,以抵消地球自转的影响.上述用于赤道式的方法失效,因此,在CCD平场时,消除散射光的影响比赤道式更为重要.一个典型的地平式反光镜的例子是NAOC兴隆天文台的EOS 1米镜.虽然该台已附加了防散射光的装置,但是对所有B、V、R、I滤光片,在不同旋转器位置拍摄的CCD平场,仍然有2%～3%的差别(主要是梯度).该文给出了改进的建议,必须满足下面两个条件:Cij=C(r);旋转器的中心与反光镜的光学中心重合.此问题的解决对所有地平式反光望远镜都有普遍意义.     

高精度恒星孔径测光注释

详细介绍了利用孔径测光方法得到CCD图像中恒星仪器星等的全过程,以及使用自己设计的程序对云南天文台1m望远镜观测的CCD图像进行实际测量的实验。测量结果表明:对亮星(约10mag)的内部测量精度能达到0.003mag,而对暗星(约17mag)达到0.2mag。同时,对相关问题进行深入讨论,总结了一些实验所得的经验,并与测光软件IRAF进行了内部精度的比较。     

A Performance Study of the CCD Cameras of the Joint Laboratory of Optical Astronomy

A performance study of several CCD cameras of the Chinese Joint Laboratory of Optical Astronomy (CJLOA) is presented. The main results are: 1) We propose a modified classical method to analyse the linearity of CCD cameras. This method is more sensitive and accurate as well as more intuitive, especially in measuring around the 0.1%-0.2% range of nonlinearity. 2) To illustrate the advantage of the method, the linearity performance of the CCD cameras at CJLOA has been measured and analysed. 3) For the CCD systems tested, there is no unique formula to represent the correlation over the entire CCD frame between the deviation from linearity and the pixel value, i.e., different pixel has different correction even though their pixel values are the same. 4) For the BFOSC (BAO Faint Object Spectrograph Camera) Loral CCD camera and the Tek CCD camera at the 1.56-m reflector, blooming (bleeding) happens long before saturation, and we suspect whether it could have resulted from the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) n     

BFOSC长缝光谱自动处理软件

在天文观测中,长缝光谱仪是一种常用的光谱观测设备。国家天文台兴隆观测基地2.16 m望远镜搭载的北京暗天体摄谱仪(Beijing Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera, BFOSC)的长缝光谱模式应用广泛,但没有配备专用的数据处理软件,通常用户观测后采用IRAF(Image Reduction and Analysis Facility)软件利用交互方式处理。介绍了一款针对BFOSC长缝光谱的自动化数据处理软件,数据处理过程包括本底(bias)和平场(flat)改正、背景改正、抽取光谱和波长定标等,展示了对实测数据进行处理的结果,并与IRAF软件处理的结果进行了对比。该软件在完成所有光谱处理必需步骤的基础上实现了自动化运行,并采用优化抽谱方法,能够自动扣除大部分宇宙线,保证了高精度的输出结果。     

Perspectives on the interior of the Sun

The interior of the Sun is not directly accessible to observations. Nonetheless, it is possible to infer the physical conditions inside the Sun with the help of structure equations governing its equilibrium and with the powerful observational tools provided by the neutrino fluxes and oscillation frequencies. The helioseismic data show that the internal constitution of the Sun can be adequately represented by a standard solar model. It turns out that a cooler solar core is not a viable solution for the measured deficit of neutrino fluxes, and the resolution of the solar neutrino puzzle should be sought in the realm of particle physics.     

Researches in China on the Effects of Tides on the Earth Rotation

In this paper the tidal phenomena on the Earth are concisely specified, including solid tides, ocean tides and atmospheric tides due to the luni-solar tide-generating force, and the Earth pole tide due to the motion of the Earth's rotation axis (polar motion); as well as their effects on the Earth rotation. The outcomes of scientific researches of Chinese astronomers on these topics are described in some detail. These researches deal with the mechanisms responsible for tidal effects on the earth rotation, and on the measurements of the Earth rotation parameters. Finally, the effects discovered by Chinese researchers on the measurements of the period and change in period of pulsars are discussed. These effects are very small in magnitude but not negligible.     

Thoughts on monitoring the effects of climate change on the surface elevation of the Greenland ice sheet

The effect of mass balance variations on changes in surface elevation of the Greenland ice sheet is examined in connection with the rise in sea level that will be caused by increased melting. Changes in surface elevation of several metres (of either sign) can occur in the ablation area of the ice sheet over a period of a few years as a result of random ablation forcing without being evidence of change in mean climate. Similar, but smaller, changes can occur in the accumulation area due to accumulation forcing. The ablation area of the ice sheet probably thickened from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s as a result of lower ablation in that period but thinned again in the late 1980s as a result of higher ablation then. There is no evidence of any present trend of increased melting. Future climate warming will involve an accelerated thinning of the ablation area that could be detected in 1–2 decades against the background of natural fluctuations in surface elevation.     

Hypothesis on the origin of the spiral structure of the galaxies

The spiral waves in a model galaxy consisting of differentially rotating and non-rotating subsystems are considered on the basis of participating phenomena. The subsystems involved represent the Populations I and II of normal spirals, respectively. The spiral waves in such a systems are unstable in the Landau sense. Due to this instability they grow up to attain finite amplitude. This growth is stopped by a non-linear effect (the quasilinear effect), the steady state with waves of finite amplitude being established. The hypothesis is proposed that these waves should be identified with the spiral structure of the galaxies.     

蓝回绕特性的研究

研究了可以影响蓝回绕(blue loops)的各种主要因素，发现蓝回绕的形状和中心氦燃烧阶段的总产能率的变化相关联，而总产能率的变化主要来源于壳层氢燃烧和中心氦燃烧产能率的变化，所以蓝回绕主要与壳层氢燃烧和中心氦燃烧产能率的变化相联系，壳层氢产能率的变化主要与氢丰度变化区(μ-梯度区)的氢丰度分布轮廓(X-proflle)，μ-梯度区的温度，以及外对流区的深入程度密切相关，氦核的大小和温度会影响中心氦燃烧产能率的变化，中心氦燃烧产能率的变化不仅对总产能率的变化有贡献，而且也会影响壳层氢燃烧产能率的变化。     

Limits on the bulk composition of the Moon

Recent hypotheses of lunar evolution hold that the Moon was extensively or completely melted and differentiated about 4.6 b.y. ago, resulting in formation of the plagioclase-rich lunar highlands underlain by a great thickness of complementary ferromagnesian cumulates. Mare basalts are interpreted as being formed by subsequent remelting of these cumulates. These hypotheses are tested experimentally in the cases of several bulk compositions which have been proposed for the Moon—those of Taylor and Jakes, Ganapathy and Anders, Wänke and co-workers, and Anderson. An extensive experimental investigation of melting equilibria displayed by the Taylor-Jakes model at high pressures and temperatures is presented. This permits a quantitative evaluation of the manner in which a model Moon with this composition would crystallize and differentiate under conditions of (i) total melting throughout, and (ii) total melting only of an outer shell a few hundred kilometers thick. A detailed study is made of the capacity of the cumulates underlying the crust in these models to produce mare basalts by a second stage of partial melting. A wide range of experimentally based arguments is presented, showing that for both cases, partial melting of such cumulates would produce magmas with compositions quite unlike those of mare basalts. In order to minimize these difficulties, bulk lunar compositions containing substantially smaller abundances of involatile components (e.g. CaO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂) relative to major components of intermediate volatility (e.g. MgO, SiO₂, FeO) than are specified in the Taylor-Jakes model, appear to be required. Other bulk lunar composition models proposed by Ganapathy and Anders, Wänke and co-workers and Anderson, were similarly tested in the light of experimental data. All of these are far too rich in (Ca and Al) relative to (Mg + Si + Fe) to yield, after melting and differentiation, cumulates capable of being parental to mare basalts. Moreover these compositions, whdn melted and differentiated, appear incapable of matching the composition of the pyroxene component of the lunar highland crust.A brief discussion of the petrogenesis of mare basakts is presented. The most promising model is one in which only the outer few hundred kilometers of the Moon were melted and differentiated around 4.6 b.y. ago. Continued radioactive heating of the deep undifferentiated lunar interior provided a second generation of primitive magmas up to 1.5 b.y. after the early melting and differentiation. These primitive magmas participated in assimilative interactions with late-stage differentiates formed near the crust-mantle boundary during the 4.6 b.y. differentiation. These interactions might explain some trace element and isotopic characteristics of mare basalts. The model possesses some attractive characteristics relating to the thermal evolution of the Moon.     

Planetary perturbations on the Libration of the Moon

A theory of the libration of the Moon, completely analytical with respect to the harmonic coefficients of the lunar gravity field, was recently built (Moons, 1982). The Lie transforms method was used to reduce the Hamiltonian of the main problem of the libration of the Moon and to produce the usual libration series p₁, p₂ and . This main problem takes into account the perturbations due to the Sun and the Earth on the rotation of a rigid Moon about its center of mass. In complement to this theory, we have now computed the planetary effects on the libration, the planetary terms being added to the mean Hamiltonian of the main problem before a last elimination of the angles. For the main problem, as well as for the planetary perturbations, the motion of the center of mass of the Moon is described by the ELP 2000 solution (Chapront and Chapront-Touze, 1983).