不同电极阵列联合反演在古墓探测中的应用

电阻率层析成像是一种广泛应用在水文、考古和地质等浅地表勘探领域的地球物理方法。为了增强电阻率层析成像的分辨率、应对复杂的地质问题,本文提出基于雅可比矩阵的不同电极阵列直流电阻率数据的加权联合反演算法,并以温纳和偶极-偶极电极阵列数据为例,在理论模型和古墓探测的野外实例中测试该算法的有效性。结果表明,加权联合反演结果的横向和纵向分辨率都优于单一电极阵列的反演结果,并在实例中缓解“U形”电极阵列的固有缺陷、减少反演模糊性、更好地约束墓室宽度的反演结果。      

基于物性参数梯度累加约束的电阻率法和重力勘探数据二维联合反演

对不同地球物理方法的数据进行联合反演,通过模型参数的相互约束可以减小反演的多解性.本文对电阻率法和重力勘探数据开展了基于电阻率和剩余密度梯度累加约束的二维联合反演研究.电阻率法采用数据空间Occam反演,重力勘探采用基于对数障碍法的正则化反演.通过在电阻率法和重力勘探反演的目标函数中引入电阻率和剩余密度梯度累加约束项,利用交替迭代方式实现了电阻率法和重力勘探数据的二维联合反演.对理论模型合成数据进行了单方法反演和联合反演,对比了反演效果.结果表明：联合反演结果优于单方法反演结果,联合反演结果对异常体的物性值恢复和形态刻画效果更好.     

可控源音频大地电磁法多通道观测的电容耦合效应与电容去耦研究（英文）

可控源音频大地电磁法通常采用多通道模式进行数据采集,而多通道的多条接收导线和接收电极与大地之间经常形成一种电容耦合效应,导致观测的视电阻率和相位曲线出现畸变。本文用等效电路模型对观测模式的电容耦合进行正演模拟,通过几个典型模型的正演模拟,分析了接收导线长度、电极接地电阻对电容耦合效应的影响特征。研究了可控源音频大地电磁法观测装置的电容去耦方法,并应用于辽宁省红透山矿区的实测数据处理,有效地削弱了电容耦合效应,提高了观测质量,反演结果与已知地质信息吻合较好。本文通过试验验证了电容去耦方法的可操作性,为规范可控源音频大地电磁法数据采集技术提供了科学依据。     

不同观测方式下基于伴随矩阵的2.5D全通道电阻率反演研究

全通道电阻率层析成像是采用除去2个供电电极其余接地电极全部采集数据并参与反演计算的一种电阻率成像方法.相比较传统的对称四极测深、斯伦贝谢、偶极-偶极、单极-偶极、单极-单极等勘探方式来说,全通道采集得到的数据可以更好地覆盖目标地质体因此可以更准确地确定介质的电阻率.本文基于有限差分方法求解二维静电场方程和基于伴随方法计算非线性灵敏度矩阵,并利用牛顿共轭梯度反演方法实现全通道电阻率层析成像.理论模型的正演和反演表明了算法的可靠性.与常规四极电阻率法采集方式相比,全通道电阻率法具有更好的分辨率及更灵活的布极方式.在此基础上,着重分析了各种观测装置的有效勘探范围和成像分辨率.本文的研究可以有效指导电阻率法勘探观测装置形式的设计与选取,更好的解决实际工程地质问题.     

高密度电阻率法逐级反演与实践——以湖南省常德市鼎城区某地质剖面为例

为提高高密度电阻率法的探测精度和效果,在常德市鼎城开发区开展了基于比照印证已有地质钻孔数据进行约束模型的一维到二维的逐级反演试验.文中首先阐述了一维层状模型的正反演解析解的计算方法,并完成了高密度电阻率法二维模型的正演响应公式和基于高斯牛顿法的反演理论推导;其次设计层状模型利用有限单元法进行了正演模拟,从其响应数据中抽取了单点测深数据进行层状反演,并利用一维反演结果结合已有地层电阻率信息构建了二维初始模型进行反演,实现了高密度电阻率法逐级反演的理论研究;最后,选取常德市鼎城区跨越常德—益阳区域构造的高密度电法剖面进行试验,并根据地质情况和钻孔信息对野外采集的连续剖面的每个测点的数据进行了层状划分,构建二维模型对其进行反演,完成了高密度电阻率法逐级反演的应用研究.结果表明:在城市开发区利用逐级反演的思想对高密度电阻率法探测数据进行处理,有助于提高反演精度和地质解释的准确度.     

三维电阻率测深数据Zohdy近似反演方法

Zohdy方法近似反演三维电阻率测深数据。正演计算采用有限单元法。反演初始模型由测量视电阻率数据给出。通过比较实测视电阻率值和预测模型计算的视电阻率值对数差来修改模型网格电阻率．为了解决任意电极距测深数据的反演,采用大、小双网格剖分。大网格反映地下电性分布情况。小网格用于实际有限元正演计算．在电阻率调整公式中加入一个迭代系数,能够加快收敛速度．并对加5％随机噪声的模型理论视电阻率测深断面数据进行反演,得到的电阻率分布与模型电阻率基本一致．     

基于共轭梯度的全通道3D井地井电阻率成像研究

随着城市工程勘探及煤矿采矿区勘探要求的不断提高,二维地面及孔间电阻率成像无法确定电性异常沿垂直剖面方向延伸范围,三维地面电阻率成像面临着纵向分辨率小、空间覆盖不均匀等问题.本文提出井地井三维全通道电阻率成像方法,该方法计算时采用除去2个供电电极外其余全部接地电极所采集数据进行反演计算.在成像时首先采用有限差分方法求解3D静电场方程,并基于伴随矩阵方法计算非线性灵敏度矩阵,最后利用牛顿共轭梯度反演方法实现全通道电阻率层析成像.通过理论数据测试表明:全通道3D井地井联合观测方式能有效的对孔间电性结构三维成像,具有较好的纵横向分辨率,可以较好的解决实际工程地质问题及采空区在空间的分布形态难题.     

电磁法中电容电极测量技术

本文提出在电磁法勘探中利用电容电极代替接地电极进行测量的方法技术(简称CIE).通过实例验证,CIE结果与在地面上通过布设电极测量电场的传统电磁法相比,CIE具有效率高、减少距离测量等引起的随机误差、横向分辨率高等特点.CIE可以测量三个方向空中的电场强度,得到地表电磁矢量之间完整的视电阻率张量.     

高密度电阻率法在城市活断层调查中的应用

目的 在城市活断层调查中应用高密度电阻率层析成像测量方法。资料和方法 利用电阻率层析成像测量方法，在北京某地的活断层、郑州老鸦陈断层、安阳南断裂等处理进行了地震活断层调查，采用正、反演处理软件进行资料处理和解释。结果 取得了较理想的勘探效果。结论 在城市活断层调查中，电阻率层析成像测量方法是一种十分有效的勘探方法。     

ZTEM三维数据空间OCCAM反演研究

Z轴倾子电磁法(ZTEM)是一种极具前景的新型天然源频率域航空电磁法,具有勘探深度较大,工作效率高的特点.本文基于大地电磁法(MT)三维数据空间OCCAM反演算法,实现了三维ZTEM倾子资料的数据空间反演算法.将该算法应用到理论合成算例中进行反演,反映出ZTEM倾子反演对模型横向边界的约束优于垂向的特性,并且与MT阻抗反演结果进行对比,验证了所实现的倾子资料三维数据空间反演算法的有效性,表明ZTEM倾子反演在约束电阻率模型横向位置能力上更具优越性.该反演算法可用于ZTEM所整理得到的倾子数据进行三维定量反演,实现大区域的地质构造三维成像,获得地下地质模型的电阻率结构信息.     

An application of three-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging for the detection of an underground waste-water system

A 3D electrical resistivity imaging survey is presented in this paper. The objective was to investigate an underground wastewater system at the University of Malaya, Malaysia. Apparent resistivity data were collected along ten parallel lines using a Wenner-Schlumberger configuration; electrode cables were oriented in the x-direction with 3 m spacing. Roll-along measurements using a line spacing of 3 m were carried out covering a grid of 20 × 10 electrodes. All data sets were merged into a single data file in order to perform a 3D inversion. Two different 3D least squares algorithms, based on the robust inversion method and the smoothness-constrained technique, were used for the inversion of the apparent resistivity data. Both the horizontal and vertical extents of the anomalous zones found by inversion are displayed. The results indicate the superiority of the robust inversion method over the smoothness-constrained technique at this site. The results are in sufficient accordance with previously known information about the investigation area. The results show that 3D electrical resistivity imaging surveys, in combination with an appropriate 3D inversion method, can be highly useful for engineering and archaeological investigations as well as for environmental applications.     

Sensitivity and inversion of marine electromagnetic data in a vertically anisotropic stratified earth

The controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) and magnetotelluric method (MT) are two techniques that can be jointly used to explore the resistivity structure of the earth. Such methods have, in recent years, been applied in marine environments to the exploration and appraisal of hydrocarbons. In many situations the electric properties of the earth are anisotropic, with differences between resistivity in the vertical direction typically much higher than those in the horizontal direction. In cases such as this, the two modes of the time‐harmonic electromagnetic field are altered in different ways, implying that the sensitivity to the earth resistivity may vary significantly from one particular resistivity component (scalar, horizontal or vertical) to another, depending on the measurement configuration (range, azimuth, frequency or water depth). In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of the electromagnetic field to a vertically anisotropic earth for a typical set of configurations, compare inversion results of synthetic data characterizing a vertically anisotropic earth obtained using the isotropic and anisotropic assumptions and show that correctly accounting for anisotropy can prevent artefacts in inversion results.     

Geophysical investigation of tumuli by means of surface 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Tumuli are artificially erected small hills that cover monumental tombs or graves. In this work, the surface three-dimensional (3D) Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method, composed of dense parallel two-dimensional (2D) tomographies, was used to investigate the properties of the tumuli filling material and to resolve buried archaeological structures inside the tumuli.The effectiveness of the method was investigated by numerical modeling and through 3D inversion of synthetic apparent resistivity data. A resistivity model that simulates the inhomogeneous tumulus material and the tombs that are buried inside the tumulus was assumed. The Dipole–Dipole (DD), Pole–Dipole (PD), Pole–Pole (PP), Gradient (GRAD), Midpoint-Potential-Referred (MPR) and Schlumberger Reciprocal (SCR) arrays, which are suitable for multichannel resistivity instruments, were tested. The tumulus topography (pyramid or capsized cup) was incorporated into the inversion procedure through a distorted finite element mesh. The inversion procedure was based on a smoothness constrained Gauss–Newton algorithm in which the Active Constraint Balancing (ACB) method was also applied in order to enhance the least-squares resolving power and stability.Synthetic modeling showed that the different tumulus layers and the horizontal contact of the artificial tumulus material with the natural background soil were reconstructed by all of the tested electrode arrays. Generally, PD and the GRAD arrays comprise the optimum choices to investigate the subsurface properties of a tumulus and locate buried tombs. The MPR model was inferior to the GRAD model, while the DD, PP and SCR models had the poorest resolution. It was also shown that the inversion models are practically independent from the survey direction and the topography shape of the tumulus.The real field data collected employing the PD array along a small tumulus from the archaeological site of Vergina in northern Greece enhanced the synthetic modeling results. The inversion model outlined a number of archaeological structures that exhibit a high possibility to correlate with graves. Overall, this work signifies that the surface 3D ERT method can provide a valuable tool in the non-destructive archaeological exploration of tumuli.     

Three-dimensional imaging of subsurface structures using resistivity data

We have developed a three-dimensional inverse scheme for carrying out DC resistivity surveys, incorporating complicated topography as well as arbitrary electrode arrays. The algorithm is based on the finite-element approximation to the forward problem, so that the effect of topographic variation on the resistivity data is effectively evaluated and incorporated in the inversion. Furthermore, we have enhanced the resolving power of the inversion using the active constraint balancing method. Numerical verifications show that a correct earth image can be derived even when complicated topographic variation exists. By inverting the real field data acquired at a site for an underground sewage disposal plant, we obtained a reasonable image of the subsurface structures, which correlates well with the surface geology and drill log data.     

An algorithm for fast 3D inversion of surface electrical resistivity tomography data: application on imaging buried antiquities

In this work a new algorithm for the fast and efficient 3D inversion of conventional 2D surface electrical resistivity tomography lines is presented. The proposed approach lies on the assumption that for every surface measurement there is a large number of 3D parameters with very small absolute Jacobian matrix values, which can be excluded in advance from the Jacobian matrix calculation, as they do not contribute significant information in the inversion procedure. A sensitivity analysis for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous earth models showed that each measurement has a specific region of influence, which can be limited to parameters in a critical rectangular prism volume. Application of the proposed algorithm accelerated almost three times the Jacobian (sensitivity) matrix calculation for the data sets tested in this work. Moreover, application of the least squares regression iterative inversion technique, resulted in a new 3D resistivity inversion algorithm more than 2.7 times faster and with computer memory requirements less than half compared to the original algorithm. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm was verified using synthetic models representing typical archaeological structures, as well as field data collected from two archaeological sites in Greece, employing different electrode configurations. The applicability of the presented approach is demonstrated for archaeological investigations and the basic idea of the proposed algorithm can be easily extended for the inversion of other geophysical data.     

ELRIS2D: A MATLAB Package for the 2D Inversion of DC Resistivity/IP Data

ELRIS2D is an open source code written in MATLAB for the two-dimensional inversion of direct current resistivity (DCR) and time domain induced polarization (IP) data. The user interface of the program is designed for functionality and ease of use. All available settings of the program can be reached from the main window. The subsurface is discre-tized using a hybrid mesh generated by the combination of structured and unstructured meshes, which reduces the computational cost of the whole inversion procedure. The inversion routine is based on the smoothness constrained least squares method. In order to verify the program, responses of two test models and field data sets were inverted. The models inverted from the synthetic data sets are consistent with the original test models in both DC resistivity and IP cases. A field data set acquired in an archaeological site is also used for the verification of outcomes of the program in comparison with the excavation results.     

地面磁共振与瞬变电磁横向约束联合反演方法研究

大地电阻率分布信息是影响磁共振地下水探测反演结果准确性的重要因素.在众多电磁法勘探技术中,瞬变电磁法具有高分辨率、高效率和大探测深度等优势,能准确探测地下几百米范围内的电阻率分布信息.因此磁共振与瞬变电磁联合解释方法具有重要意义.然而,利用单一测点拼接的磁共振与瞬变电磁联合解释方法进行模拟二维反演时存在解释结果不唯一,容易出现错误异常体等问题,尤其在复杂地质情况下,同一测线上相邻测点探测结果连续性差,解释结果偏离实际.基于此,本文提出磁共振与瞬变电磁横向约束联合反演方法（Laterally Constrained Inversion,简称LCI）,重点引入外推积分法（quadrature with extrapolation,简称QWE）,解决了传统正演过程中基于直接数值积分方法引起的求解效率低的问题,保证了联合反演方法的顺利实施,进而以相邻测点地下结构应具备连续性为依据,引入横向约束反演思想,通过在联合反演目标函数中加入相邻测点间各模型参数约束矩阵,提高磁共振解释结果准确性,加强探测剖面地质结构和含水模型连续性.经过理论模型证实,本文提出的LCI方法能有效提高传统一维反演结果的稳定性和唯一性.最后,对安徽黄山野外实际探测数据进行横向约束联合反演,验证了磁共振与瞬变电磁LCI联合反演方法的实用性.本文的研究成果将为磁共振与瞬变电磁空间约束联合反演奠定基础.     

Pitfalls of 1D inversion of small-loop electromagnetic data for detecting man-made objects

In order to interpret field data from small-loop electromagnetic (EM) instruments with fixed source–receiver separation, 1D inversion method is commonly used due to its efficiency with regard to computation costs. This application of 1D inversion is based on the assumption that small-offset broadband EM signals are insensitive to lateral resistivity variation. However, this assumption can be false when isolated conductive bodies such as man-made objects are embedded in the earth. Thus, we need to clarify the applicability of the 1D inversion method for small-loop EM data. In order to systematically analyze this conventional inversion approach, we developed a 2D EM inversion algorithm and verified this algorithm with a synthetic EM data set. 1D and 2D inversions were applied to synthetic and field EM data sets. The comparison of these inversion results shows that the resistivity distribution of the subsurface constructed by the 1D inversion approach can be distorted when the earth contains man-made objects, because they induce drastic variation of the resistivity distribution. By analyzing the integrated sensitivity of the small-loop EM method, we found that this pitfall of 1D inversion may be caused by the considerable sensitivity of the small-loop EM responses to lateral resistivity variation. However, the application of our 2D inversion algorithm to synthetic and field EM data sets demonstrate that the pitfall of 1D inversion due to man-made objects can be successfully alleviated. Thus, 2D EM inversion is strongly recommended for detecting conductive isolated bodies, such as man-made objects, whereas this approach may not always be essential for interpreting the EM field data.     

High resolution 3D ERT to help GPR data interpretation for researching archaeological items in a geologically complex subsurface

Muro Leccese (Lecce) contains one the most important Messapian archaeological sites in southern Italy.The archaeological interest of the site arises from the discovery of the remains of Messapian walls, tombs, roads, etc. (4th–2nd centuries BC) in the neighbourhood. The archaeological remains were found at about 0.3 m depth.At present the site belongs to the municipality, which intends to build a new sewer network through it. The risk of destroying potentially interesting ancient archaeological structures during the works prompted an archaeological survey of the area. The relatively large dimensions of the area (almost 10,000 m²), together with time and cost constraints, made it necessary to use geophysical investigations as a faster means to ascertain the presence of archaeological items. Since the most important targets were expected to be located at a soil depth of about 0.3 m, a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was carried out in an area located near the archaeological excavations. Unfortunately the geological complexity did not allow an easy interpretation of the GPR data.Therefore a 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) scan was conducted in order to resolve these interpretation problems.A three-way comparison of the results of the dense ERT measurements parallel to the x axis, the results of the measurements parallel to the y axis and the combined results was performed.Subsequently the synthetic model approach was used to provide a better characterization of the resistivity anomalies visible on the ERT field data.The 3D inversion results clearly illustrate the capability to resolve in view of quality 3D structures of archaeological interest. According to the presented data the inversion models along one direction (x or y) seems to be adequate in reconstructing the subsurface structures.Naturally field data produce good quality reconstructions of the archaeological features only if the x-line and y-line measurements are considered together. Despite the increased computational time required by the 3D acquisition and 3D inversion schemes, good quality results can be produced.     

Mapping deep targets based on integrated 3D MT-gravity interpretation: a case study

Mapping deep geological hydrocarbon targets is of significant importance in basin exploration. In areas lacking reliable seismic data, magnetotelluric (MT) and gravity explorations are helpful to delineate the distribution of potential deep geological hydrocarbon targets. Here we investigate the effectiveness of the integrated 3D MT and gravity explorations for mapping the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks. The result based on the data from the W Basin (part of the Ordes Basin) of China demonstrates that the method is efficient and economical for basin exploration. The method is particularly useful in target areas which are of great interest for oil and gas exploration but lack high quality seismic data. In our method, we first use the high-precision 3D small-bin MT data acquisition to improve the data accuracy. Then we perform datum static correction method and apply 3D inversion to obtain the3D resistivity distribution. We also develop a layered resistivity model based on resistivity logging to assist the interpretation of the inverted 3D resistivity data so as to derive an initial 3D geological model. Starting from the initial model, we use 2D gravity data to update the model via 2D inversion line by line, and then pass the updated model for the next round of the 3D MT inversion. The integrated inversion is implemented iteratively so the model converges to satisfy the need of final geological analysis. The application to the W Basin shows that we could successfully delineate the geological distribution of the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin and map the thickness of the upper Paleozoic.