基于洗牌蛙跳算法的瑞雷波非线性反演（英文）

目前,各种主、被动源瑞雷波勘探方法在近地表探测中扮演着日益重要的角色,利用瑞雷波频散曲线反演可以得到近地表横波速度信息,但是瑞雷波频散曲线反演问题是高度非线性的全局优化问题。为了缓解陷入局部最优解的风险,本文将一种新的全局优化方法一洗牌蛙跳算法引入到瑞雷波频散曲线反演中。洗牌蛙跳算法是一种群智能优化算法,通过模拟青蛙种群的觅食行为来实现最优化问题的求解,具有计算速度快,需要调整的参数少,全局寻优能力强的优点。为了检验洗牌蛙跳算法的可靠性和计算能力,首先对不含噪声和含噪声的四层理论模型进行了反演试算。然后,利用不含噪声数据对洗牌蛙跳算法与粒子群优化算法进行比较分析。最后,对实际数据进行反演,以检验洗牌蛙跳算法的实用性。理论地层模型和实际数据的测试结果表明:洗牌蛙跳算法可以有效地定量解释瑞雷波频散曲线,收敛速度、反演精确总体优于经典粒子群优化算法与改进粒子群优化算法,具有很大的发展潜力。     

改进蜂群算法及其在面波频散曲线反演中的应用

应用改进蜂群算法反演面波频散曲线以获得近地表横波速度剖面.蜂群算法属于群智能算法中的一种,灵感来源于蜜蜂群体特定的觅食行为,在该算法的基础上结合粒子群算法中的全局最优解引导思想,同时引入遗传算法中交叉运算操作,即采用基于交叉操作的全局人工蜂群算法对面波频散曲线进行反演研究.改进蜂群算法在继承传统算法精于探索特性的同时,针对其疏于开发的缺陷着重加强了算法对全局的探索能力.使用理论和实测瑞雷波数据,本文研究了改进蜂群算法在推导近地表横波速度分布的有效性和适用性.在反演中,目标函数的收敛性好,改进算法在迭代的过程中能够快速收敛到全局最优;模型参数的概率分布高,即在寻找到全局最优解的同时,能够确保解中每个参数同时达到最优,保证了反演的结果可靠度,使其能有效地应用于瑞雷波频散曲线的反演和解释中.     

基于粒子群算法的瑞雷波频散曲线反演研究

瑞雷波频散曲线反演的本质是对目标函数求极值的过程.传统的线性局部反演算法容易陷入局部极小值,增加了反演结果的不确定性.粒子群算法作为一种全局非线性优化手段,能够保证各搜索空间内局部寻优的同时,逼近全局最优,保证迭代反演的收敛性.建立含软夹层型地层模型,正演计算得到理论频散曲线,采用粒子群算法反演得到的横波速度与模型高度吻合.同时,在理论频散曲线中加入10%的高斯白噪声,粒子群算法的反演结果仍然具有很好的可靠程度.通过对实测频散曲线的反演表明:粒子群算法在含软夹层型地层的横波速度探测中相对于最小二乘法优势明显,具有很高的应用价值.     

微动中多模式面波频散曲线的映射式提取方法

为了避免微动勘探技术中因忽略高阶模式瑞雷波而影响反演精度的不足,提出从微动面波中提取多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的映射式方法.该方法从微动信号入手,首先通过相关法提取多半径台阵的相关系数曲线,然后建立从多条相关系数曲线到多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的映射模型,最后采用分区拟合准则优化实现模型结构,达到提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的目的.为验证方法的有效性,通过有限差分方法数值计算实际近表面应用中三种常见典型地质结构中的微动信号,采用映射式方法提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线,将提取结果和理论值进行对比分析.结果表明,映射式方法提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线可以满足反演地质结构的要求.     

多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的粒子群反演方法研究

通常情况下对于瑞雷波频散特性的讨论和分析主要针对其基阶模式.实际上,对于某一给定频率,可能会有多个不同相速度满足频散方程,即存在高阶模式.为了获得更精确的横波速度信息,应适当地在反演过程中加入高阶模式的频散曲线.本文从简单的三层层状介质模型出发,利用频散函数的正演计算得到多模式的频散曲线,并采用改进的粒子群算法分别对基阶模式和多模式频散曲线进行反演.研究结果表明:多模式频散曲线的反演结果相对于基阶模式而言,可靠性和分辨率在一定程度上得到了很大的提高.     

基于萤火虫和蝙蝠群智能算法的瑞雷波频散曲线反演

反演瑞雷波频散曲线能有效获取地层横波速度和厚度.但由于其高度的非线性、多参数、多极值等特点,传统的全局搜索方法易出现收敛速度慢、早熟收敛及搜索精度低的问题.鉴于此,本文提出并测试了基于萤火虫优化算法（FA）和带惯性权重的蝙蝠优化算法（WBA）的新的瑞雷波频散曲线反演策略.在瑞雷波频散曲线反演中,FA全局搜索能力强,但后期搜索精度低,而WBA局部搜索能力强,搜索精度高,但易出现早熟收敛.故本文将二者结合,提出了一种新的优化策略,称其为WFBA,即在反演前期使用FA,后期使用WBA,很好地解决了FA后期搜索精度低及WBA早熟收敛的问题.本文首先反演了三个典型理论模型的无噪声、含噪声的数据,验证了WFBA对瑞雷波数据反演的有效性与稳定性.然后将WFBA与WBA、FA单独反演以及不含惯性权重的FBA和粒子群优化算法（PSO）反演的结果进行了对比,说明了WFBA相对于WBA、FA、FBA和PSO具有更稳定、收敛速度更快、求解精度更高等优点.最后,反演了来自美国怀俄明地区的实测资料,检验了WFBA对瑞雷波数据反演的实用性.理论模型试算和实测资料分析表明,WFBA很适用于瑞雷波频散曲线的定量解释,具有很高的实用性价值.     

基于人工蜂群算法的瑞雷波多阶模式非线性联合反演研究

由于瑞雷波存在多个导波模式,仅用基阶模式波频散数据反演而忽略高模式波,会影响反演精度.本文利用高阶模式瑞雷波频散数据与基阶模式频散数据互相独立的特性,构建瑞雷波基阶波、一阶高模式波和二阶高模式波的联合反演目标函数.通过增加反演变量,利用权系数调节各变量对反演结果的影响,实现同步联合反演,从而保证反演稳定性.使用人工蜂群智能算法求解目标函数,有效解决了传统反演方法将非线性问题线性化处理产生的细节信息丢失问题,提高了反演精度.经过对较为复杂的四层含低速夹层和四层含高速夹层理论模型和实例数据的反演验证,表明基于人工蜂群算法的瑞雷波多阶模式波非线性联合反演能够提高反演的稳定性和精度.     

面波频散曲线提取方法对比分析

高频面波方法是以瑞雷波和勒夫波为研究对象,在水文、工程和环境研究中具有广泛的应用,其主要思想是利用面波的频散特性来反映浅层地质问题,提取高质量的频散曲线成了面波勘探中的一个重要步骤.本文通过对理论模型研究说明,利用τ-p变换与F-K变换两种方法均能有效地进行频散能量成像,其效果在高频范围差别不大,在低频范围F-K变换提取频散曲线更为精确;与瑞雷波记录相比,勒夫波记录信噪比较高,通过对同一地区采集的瑞雷波和勒夫波进行频散分析可知,瑞雷波记录频散能量成像效果差,频散能量出现间断、跳跃的现象,而勒夫波记录频散能量连续、集中,相速度分辨率较高,提取频散曲线简单清晰,可为反演地表横波精细速度结构提供更好的频散曲线数据.     

基于改进蚁群算法在面波频散曲线反演中的应用

为快速准确的反演得到近地表地层结构,将一种新颖而强大的非线性算法——蚁群算法引入到瑞雷波频散曲线领域,并对其进行相应的改进,改进蚁群算法的优点是运算效率快、精度高、算法简单、灵活易于实现,需要调节控制参数也较少。文中分别在无噪声\,含噪声以及实测数据进行反演测试,通过模型数据和实测数据表明,应用于瑞雷波反演中的改进蚁群算法在收敛速度与收敛精度之间能达到良好的平衡,所得解具有较高可信度。而且算法为促进所得解快速收敛到全局最优,在搜索中分全局搜索与局部搜索两个方式进行,能够有效地避免局部最优解产生。借助人工合成的瑞雷波数据以及真实观测数据,验证了改进蚁群算法在反演近地表剪切波速度时的有效性和通用性。此外,文中与遗传算法进行比较,得出改进蚁群算法具有高效性和高精度性的优点。     

用面波估计浅土层的品质因子

根据一个55 m测线记录到的瑞雷波,利用多通道记录处理方法得到5～40 Hz内的相、群速度频散,并由速度频散反演得到深度35 m以上土层的剪切波速度结构;同时,计算出基阶瑞雷波振幅谱的空间分布,以线性回归方法得衰减系数频散曲线;最后,反演得到各土层的Q结构．结果表明: 在软沉积层里Q＜10;而在风化基岩里Q为30左右．      

Rayleigh-Wave Dispersive Energy Imaging Using a High-Resolution Linear Radon Transform

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) analysis is an efficient tool to obtain the vertical shear-wave profile. One of the key steps in the MASW method is to generate an image of dispersive energy in the frequency-velocity domain, so dispersion curves can be determined by picking peaks of dispersion energy. In this paper, we propose to image Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy by high-resolution linear Radon transform (LRT). The shot gather is first transformed along the time direction to the frequency domain and then the Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy can be imaged by high-resolution LRT using a weighted preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. Synthetic data with a set of linear events are presented to show the process of generating dispersive energy. Results of synthetic and real-world examples demonstrate that, compared with the slant stacking algorithm, high-resolution LRT can improve the resolution of images of dispersion energy by more than 50%.     

横向非均匀介质多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演

作为近地表横波速度结构成像的主要手段之一,面波多道分析法的正问题研究对现场观测系统设计及后续反演计算具有重要意义.目前面波频散曲线的正演主要分为两类:一是对水平层状介质中面波的本征值问题进行求解,该类方法计算效率高但较难考虑地下介质在横向上的不均匀性;二是基于波动方程的全波场模拟,该类方法在理论上可考虑任意复杂的地质模型但计算成本相对较高.本文基于振幅归一化加权的聚束分析,提出了一种适用于横向非均匀介质模型的多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演方法.首先,基于聚束分析的计算公式推导得到了经振幅归一化加权后输出功率谱中相速度与局部相速度之间的关系,然后通过黄金分割极值搜索算法计算得到了多道瑞雷波数据的理论频散曲线.数值分析结果表明,该算法能够快速地实现横向非均匀介质中多道瑞雷波频散曲线的正演计算,所求取的频散曲线与采用二维弹性波时间域有限差分模拟分析得到的结果误差较小,这在一定程度上说明了该计算方法的可靠性,从而可为面波多道分析法中的观测系统快速优化设计以及横向非均匀介质中频散曲线的反演解释提供理论支撑.     

Laterally constrained inversion of surface wave data at Najaf city (Iraq)

A case history is reported to outline a possible strategy for the construction of a pseudo-2D model of shear-wave velocity for seismic site response studies. Experimental data have been collected using the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave technique (MASW) at six sites in the city of Najaf (Southern Iraq). The sites are aligned along the route of a proposed subway. The dataset has been processed to extract the dispersion curves of each site and then it has been inverted by using a Laterally Constrained Inversion (LCI) algorithm. The initial model for the local search algorithm has been obtained with a preliminary Monte Carlo Inversion (MCI). A priori information from borehole logs and lateral constraints between neighbors 1D models are used to mitigate the non-uniqueness of the solution. The result is a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity model of the area which is in good agreement with sediment lithology and thicknesses obtained from borehole logs.     

高频面波方法的若干新进展

面波多道分析方法(MASW)通过分析高频瑞雷波确定浅地表剪切波速度.在过去的20年中,由于该方法具有非侵入性、无损、高效及价格低的特点,越来越受到浅地表地球物理和地质工程学界的重视,视为未来最有希望的技术之一.这篇综述论文将介绍中国地质大学(武汉)浅地表地球物理团队近年来在研究高频面波的传播理论和应用中取得的部分成果.非几何波是一种仅存在于浅地表介质,尤其是未固结的沉积物中的独特的地震波.它的存在对快速而准确地获得表层S波速度有一定价值.我们的研究表明非几何波是一种具有频散特性的泄漏波.泄漏波的存在可能导致将其误认为瑞雷波的基阶或高阶能量,从而造成模式误判.这种模式误判会导致错误的反演结果.我们通过求取高基阶分离后的瑞雷波格林函数证明虚震源法瑞雷波勘探的可行性.这个结果将极大地降低野外瑞雷波勘探成本.勒夫波多道分析方法(MALW)中未知参数比瑞雷波的少,这使得勒夫波的频散曲线比瑞雷波的简单.因此,勒夫波反演更稳定,非唯一性更低.勒夫波数据生成的能量图像通常比瑞雷波的清晰,并具有更高的分辨率,从而可以更容易地拾取精确的勒夫波的相速度.利用雅克比矩阵分析波长与探测深度的关系表明对相同波长的基阶模式而言,瑞雷波的探测深度是勒夫波的1.3~1.4倍;而两种波的相同波长的高阶模式波的探测深度相同.我们也尝试了时间域勒夫波反演.按照勒夫波分辨率将地球模型剖分成了不同尺寸的块体,利用反卷积消除了地震子波对勒夫波波形的影响,通过更新每个块体的S波速度来拟合勒夫波波形,从而获得地下S波速度模型.该方法不基于水平层状模型假设,适用于任意二维介质模型.     

Imaging shallow structure with active-source surface wave signal recorded by distributed acoustic sensing arrays

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is one recently developed seismic acquisition technique that is based on fiber-optic sensing. DAS provides dense spatial spacing that is useful to image shallow structure with surface waves. To test the feasibility of DAS in shallow structure imaging, the PoroTomo team conducted a DAS experiment with the vibroseis truck T-Rex in Brady’s Hot Springs, Nevada, USA. The Rayleigh waves excited by the vertical mode of the vibroseis truck were analyzed with the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method. Phase velocities between 5 and 20 Hz were successfully extracted for one segment of cable and were employed to build a shear-wave velocity model for the top 50 meters. The dispersion curves obtained with DAS agree well with the ones extracted from co-located geophones data and from the passive source Noise Correlation Functions (NCF). Comparing to the co-located geophone array, the higher sensor density that DAS arrays provides help reducing aliasing in dispersion analysis, and separating different surface wave modes. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantage of DAS in imaging shallow structure with surface waves.     

Characterization of the sedimentary cover at the Himalayan foothills using active and passive seismic techniques

The characterization of the sediments, down to bedrock, is very important from the seismological point of view in order to study the possible earthquake effects (site effects). Resonance frequency and shear-wave velocity profile are the main features used to estimate the thickness and stiffness of the sedimentary cover. To map these characteristics different geotechnical, geophysical and seismological methods have been developed and applied over a last few years. In this work, different soil investigation methods have been applied around the Himalayan foothills, focusing on three sites with different soil characteristics that span from the Doon valley to the Ganga foreland basin. Active and passive array experiments were carried out: Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (active MASW), Passive Remote MASW and f–k technique. A dispersion curve was estimated for every site covering a wider frequency band rather than if only one method would have been used. Moreover, ambient noise measurements were also recorded in order to apply the H/V method and to estimate the resonance frequencies. Combining the information provided from all methods and using the neighbourhood algorithm, the best suitable shear (S) wave velocity profiles were estimated for each area. In this way, soil sediments were characterized by the resonance frequency, the soil thickness and the mean S-wave velocity. It has been demonstrated that the use of different methods give coherent and more robust results than when only one method is applied. This greatly contributes to the credibility of the results.     

埋入源多道面波分析(MASW)中最小偏移距的估计方法

多道面波分析（MASW）法是一种被广泛使用的浅层地震勘探方法.为解决埋入源近场效应对MASW法应用的影响,本文分析了埋入源产生的Rayleigh波传播机制,探讨了MASW法的排列参数对地震记录的影响,提出了确定最小偏移距的经验公式.通过对实际地质模型的有限元模拟,验证了经验公式的合理性.在以经验公式为指导的野外实测中,利用多种方法提取了相对可靠的频散曲线,采用基阶和高阶面波联合反演,所得的一维速度结构与钻孔资料具有很强的相关性,表明本文发展的最小偏移距估计方法具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Pseudospectral modeling and dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves in viscoelastic media

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is one of the most widely used techniques in environmental and engineering geophysics to determine shear-wave velocities and dynamic properties, which is based on the elastic layered system theory. Wave propagation in the Earth, however, has been recognized as viscoelastic and the propagation of Rayleigh waves presents substantial differences in viscoelastic media as compared with elastic media. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out numerical simulation and dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves in viscoelastic media to better understand Rayleigh-wave behaviors in the real world. We apply a pseudospectral method to the calculation of the spatial derivatives using a Chebyshev difference operator in the vertical direction and a Fourier difference operator in the horizontal direction based on the velocity–stress elastodynamic equations and relations of linear viscoelastic solids. This approach stretches the spatial discrete grid to have a minimum grid size near the free surface so that high accuracy and resolution are achieved at the free surface, which allows an effective incorporation of the free surface boundary conditions since the Chebyshev method is nonperiodic. We first use an elastic homogeneous half-space model to demonstrate the accuracy of the pseudospectral method comparing with the analytical solution, and verify the correctness of the numerical modeling results for a viscoelastic half-space comparing the phase velocities of Rayleigh wave between the theoretical values and the dispersive image generated by high-resolution linear Radon transform. We then simulate three types of two-layer models to analyze dispersive-energy characteristics for near-surface applications. Results demonstrate that the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves in viscoelastic media is relatively higher than in elastic media and the fundamental mode increases by 10–16% when the frequency is above 10 Hz due to the velocity dispersion of P and S waves.     

基于矢量波数变换法(VWTM)的多道Rayleigh波分析方法

在近二十年来,多道面波分析法(MASW)由于其便捷、高效等特性在浅层地震勘探领域得到了广泛的应用.本文基于多道面波勘探的采集方式,提出了一种新的面波多道分析方法——矢量波数变换法(VWTM).该方法通过对震源的近似,基于水平层状模型得到台站与震源间近似格林函数,然后进行矢量波数变换得到含有高阶模态Rayleigh波(频率-相速度)频散能量图.本研究首先利用合成地震数据到频散能量图与理论频散曲线进行叠加分析该方法的有效性和正确性;然后与相移法进行对比分析,我们发现在频散能量图中VWTM法对基阶、高阶模态成像均具有更高的分辨率和成像质量;最后我们将其应用于实际多道瞬态面波探测中,通过与相移法进行对比分析,发现VWTM法是一种方便、实用、有效的Rayleigh波频散提取方法.VWTM法提取多模态的Rayleigh波频散特征具有巨大潜力,可为基阶、高阶面波频散联合反演提供丰富的高阶模态频散信息.     

Research on the middle-of-receiver-spread assumption of the MASW method

The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method has been effectively used to determine near-surface shear- (S-) wave velocity. Estimating the S-wave velocity profile from Rayleigh-wave measurements is straightforward. A three-step process is required to obtain S-wave velocity profiles: acquisition of a multiple number of multichannel records along a linear survey line by use of the roll-along mode, extraction of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves, and inversion of dispersion curves for an S-wave velocity profile for each shot gather. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section can be generated by aligning 1D S-wave velocity models. In this process, it is very important to understand where the inverted 1D S-wave velocity profile should be located: the midpoint of each spread (a middle-of-receiver-spread assumption) or somewhere between the source and the last receiver. In other words, the extracted dispersion curve is determined by the geophysical structure within the geophone spread or strongly affected by the source geophysical structure. In this paper, dispersion curves of synthetic datasets and a real-world example are calculated by fixing the receiver spread and changing the source location. Results demonstrate that the dispersion curves are mainly determined by structures within a receiver spread.