湖相碳酸盐岩高精度层序地层学探析

目前湖相碳酸盐岩是国内外沉积学研究的薄弱环节。应用层序地层学方法,以济阳坳陷沾化凹陷埕东地区沙一段的湖相碳酸盐岩为例,详细探讨湖相碳酸盐岩的层序地层学发育模式、层序地层单元划分级次以及控制因素等问题,重点对湖相碳酸盐岩准层序的类型、识别标志、形成机理以及对比模式进行了研究。研究表明,湖相碳酸盐岩可总结为陡坡和缓坡2种层序地层学发育模式;其高精度层序地层单元可划分为层序、体系域、准层序组、准层序、微层序5级;准层序类型可划分为陡坡型、缓坡型和深洼型3大类和L-M型、滩坝型、滑塌型、深水蒸发型4小类,不同类型的准层序形成的主控因素各不相同;准层序的对比模式可总结为陡坡突变和缓坡第变2种模式,在不同模式中准层序发生有规律的变化。     

塔里木盆地北部古生代层序地层系统

层序地层系统，本质上就是以各种不同级次的海平面变化所控制的不同级次的沉积层序为单位，在年代地层学格架中所建立起来的地层系统。本文以露头剖面的层序地层研究为主要依据，结合生物地层和地震地层的研究成果，在进行详细层序划分的基础上，在塔里木盆地北部古生代地层中建立起了由不同周期叠加的海平面变化所控制的不同级次的层序所组成的层序地层系统。通过生物地层和层序地层相结合的方法，厘定并标定了一系列重要地质界线的     

测井数据小波变换用于准层序研究

层序界面的识别及其内部特征是层序地层学研究的关键问题。准层序地层单元的分界面上物理性质变化明显,测井曲线表现为突变,测井数据小波变换能够表征这种突变。以东营凹陷某井为例,选取高斯小波对SP测井数据进行小波变换,得到时频色谱图和不同尺度上的小波系数曲线。选定最佳分解尺度后,依据该尺度下小波系数模极值的位置能准确识别出准层序界面。并利用测井多尺度分析方法对不同井段GR测井曲线进行分析,得到不同尺度下的低频和高频信息能够识别出准层序内部的沉积旋回类型,建立了相应的频谱响应特征。这些探索为层序界面的定量划分及其内部特征研究提供了一种新的思路。     

层序成因动力学中的构造因素研究

本文以层序－盆地－构造为主线，对层序成因动力学中的构造控制进行了研究。结果表明，层序发育的构造控制主要表现为：1）构造控制盆地边界，进而控制层序充填轮廓；2）构造级次控制层序和层序级别；3)构造属性控制盆地性质，进而控制层序成因格架和界面成因类型；4)随着层序规模和界面级别的增大，构造控制的意义和痕迹越明显；5)同沉积断裂活动控制层序的内部构型；6)构造基底活动形式控制着层序容纳空间和结构型式；7)构造演化控制着盆地演化及性质，进而控制着层序充填样式和组合类型。     

塔里木盆地志留系层序地层特征

通过对塔里木盆地西缘露头、盆内钻井、测井和地震资料以及大量室内分析化验资料的层序地层综合分析，可将志留系划分成五个三级层序，志留系沉积层序厚度40--155m。层序界面多为分布范围较广的区域性或局部不整合。层序叠置样式可用具陆棚坡折的I型层序地层样式来描述。每个沉积层序可由完整的低位、海侵和高位体系域组成或由其中的一个、两个体系域组成。体系域边界主要依据滨岸上超点位置、岩性组合及准层序叠置样式变化来确定。低位体系域由向上粒度变细、砂岩厚度向上减薄的准层序组成；海侵体系域表现为向上泥岩厚度加大、砂岩厚度减薄的叠置特点；高位体系域表现为加积--进积沉积特征。志留纪，研究区接受了滨外陆棚及滨岸、海湾潮坪沉积，发育典型的海相沉积构造，表现出明显的旋回特征。     

川滇黔桂地区二叠纪不同成因盆地层序地层模型

通过不同类型沉积盆地层序界面性质、层序类型、结构、组成、完整性、对称性以及层序发育特征和控制因素研究表明,不同成因沉积盆地,其层序内部构型及成因格架各异.克拉通盆地层序发育主要受全球海平面变化及碳酸盐自旋回控制,LST以陆上暴露不整合面及其上风化残积相为特征,TST以海侵上超不整合面上相对薄的超覆型退积准层序组为特色,HST表现为厚层加-进积丘礁滩组合;对于被动陆缘裂谷盆地,主控因素包括全球海平面变化和同沉积断裂活动,LST期,孤台以陆上暴露不整合面及残积相为标志,台盆表现为水下间断不整合面及上覆混屑浊积岩,TST以台盆硅灰岩-硅岩退积准层序组不断向斜坡和孤台上超为特征,HST期,孤台以加积-进积丘礁滩组合为主,台盆为加积型钙屑重力流沉积,弧后裂谷盆地层序特征与被动陆缘裂谷盆地相似,但其台盆加深加宽,层序以硅质岩及火山碎屑浊积岩为主,揭示层序发育主要受同沉积断裂活动、全球海平面变化及火山活动控制;被动陆缘走滑盆地层序发育主要受控于不同沉积断裂活动及全球海平面变化,层序组成以放射虫硅质岩和深水泥岩为主;前陆盆地LST以造山侵蚀不整合面及盆底扇沉积为特征,TST表现为巨厚层浊积扇-扇三角洲弱进积-弱退积充填型准?     

塔里木盆地北部石炭一二叠纪高分辨率层序年代地层体制

层序年代地层体制，本质上就是以各种不同级次的海平面变化所控制的不同级次的沉积层序为单位，在年代地层学格架中所建立起来的地层系统。本文以露头剖面的层序地层研究为主要依据，结合生物地层和地震地层的研究成果，在进行详细层序划分的基础上，通过生物地层和层序地层相结合的方法，重新厘定并标定了塔里木盆地北部石炭－二叠系中一系列重要地质界面和层序界面的年龄。首次在该区石炭－二叠纪地层中建立起了由不同周期叠加的海     

层序地层级次对生物碎屑灰岩沉积演化的控制作用——以中东X油田Mishrif组中下段为例

以中东X油田Mishrif组中下段为例,综合利用地震、测井、岩心、铸体薄片及常规物性等资料,开展层序地层级次识别及层序地层级次对沉积演化的控制作用研究。结果表明：(1)Mishrif组发育5个三级层序和10个四级层序,中下段MB2—MC1层段对应三级层序SQ2—SQ3,包括4个四级层序,其内部发育11个五级层序和多个六级层序。(2)研究区发育次盆地碳酸盐开阔台地-弱镶边台地沉积,储层主要发育于台内滩和台缘滩中,按照生物碎屑类型可将滩相进一步细分为5种类型。(3)六级层序控制单滩体的沉积序列,五级层序控制多滩体的组合特征,四级层序决定沉积微相演化特征,三级层序决定沉积体系的演化特征。(4)SQ2层序的PSS3、PSS4四级层序早期为斜坡环境,发育透镜状滑塌粗粒沉积,后期发育台地边缘滩间→中能滩相沉积序列;SQ3层序的PSS5、PSS6四级层序发育台地边缘滩间→中能滩相→高能滩相沉积序列。SQ3沉积结束后形成了特殊的下切谷充填沉积。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系层序地层学研究

本文依据地质、测井、地震及地球化学资料对吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系的层序地层学特征进行了研究。把侏罗系划分为3个三级层序。每个层序发育LsT，TsT和HsT 3个体系域。据测井和岩心资料，将3个层序进一步划分为准层序组和准层序。准层序组和准层序分别有3种类型。通过对体系域演化模式的分析，确定出两套有利的生储盖组合。     

二连盆地白垩系非海相沉积层序地层特征

辩证地将层序地层学的基本原理应用于二连非海相沉积盆地中，利用高分辨率反射地震资料和钻井资料将白垩系划分为２个超层序和８个层序，每个层序含８－２０个准层序；分析了层序界面特征及高振幅反射波与密集段的关系；总结了沉积体和体系域特征；绘制了基准面升降曲线。     

准噶尔盆地中部2区块高分辨层序地层研究

根据沉积相序变化、准层序叠加样式、测井曲线特征,运用关键坡折带知识,通过伴生的低水位域底界面的识别及附近的超失、削截特征分析,仔细追踪和查明了准噶尔盆地腹部地区中部2区块9条关键界面.进行了侏罗系的高分辨层序地层的划分。研究表明C1井区J_1b_2-J_2t沉积时期可划分出8个三级层序,均具有完整的三分结构:LST、TST和HST;共划分出27个体系域,共识别出准层序组56个,准层序118个。单个层序的厚度105.6～176.8 m,平均140.7 m;单个准层序组平均24.9 m;单个准层序平均11.8 m。     

北部湾盆地层序地层格架及其内部构成

本文根据地震剖面、测井曲线及钻孔岩心等资料，运用层序地层学工作方法对北部湾盆地进行了层序地层划分，并在此基础上作了沉积体系分析和相分析。     

东胜煤田含煤岩系层序地层特征与聚煤规律分析——以东胜煤田阿不亥煤炭勘查区为例

研究区含煤岩系主要为侏罗系中统延安组,通过煤岩层研究和对比,认为延安组本身为一个完整的层序,可分为三个体系域、五个小层序组和18个小层序;体系域、小层序组和小层序之间的转换面是聚煤的主要层位。含煤地层可编号18层煤,其中可采煤层15层,根据层序地层分析和含煤岩系沉积特点,将含煤地层分为三个岩性段,5个煤组,相对应三个聚煤期和5个成因单元。该区的聚煤作用主要受到沉积环境、古地形和古构造的控制。     

冀东柳赞油田古近系沙河街组层序地层及岩相古地理?

柳赞油田位于河北省滦南县与唐海县交界处,是冀东油田的主力油田之一。构造上处于燕山褶皱带前缘，渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的东部。受柏各庄断层活动及古斜坡地形的影响，该区古近系沙三段地层属于近源快速堆积沉积，分选差，成熟度低，岩相复杂，为典型的扇三角洲沉积。通过对沉积特征和沉积相带展布的分析，建立了工区扇三角洲的沉积模式。以层序地层学原理和方法为手段，应用测井和三维地震资料，通过不整合面、湖泛面等层序界面和沉积旋回的识别，将柳赞油田沙河街组地层划分为4个准层序组，12个准层序，建立了高分辨率的层序地层格架，分析了准层序在垂向上的叠置样式，把准层序组归纳为进积式和退积式两种类型，确定了优质储层在准层序和准层序组中出现的位置及分布规律。论文在分析沙河街组沉积时期古地形、古气候与古生态特征的基础上，应用砂岩厚度等值线图，恢复了柳赞油田古近系沙河街组岩相古地理面貌。研究表明，工区内发育扇三角洲前缘亚相，分支水道是主要的砂体微相，砂体沿北东－南西向延伸，与古物源方向基本一致。     

内陆表海聚煤盆地的曾想到处分析

在华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地，海侵的突发性和事件性，泥炭沼泽化的广泛性和等时性，是划分其层序内部构成单元的良好界面。研究表明，华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地的层序结构为“二元结构型”，即“海侵－高位”，缺少低位体系域。海侵体系域由１～２个小层序构成，而高位体系域由小层序构成。体系域恰与小层序组对应，海侵小层序组表现为弱退积－加积型，而高位体系域则表现为弱进积－加积型。小层序为高精度的岩相古地理编图单位，它为解析层序格架和煤聚积规律提供了最可靠的依据。     

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the Early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The Quilalar Formation and correlative Mary Kathleen Group in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia, conformably overlie rift-related volcanics and sediments and non-conformably overlie basement rocks. They represent a thermal-relaxation phase of sedimentation between 1780 and 1740 Ma. Facies analysis of the lower siliciclastic member of the Quilalar Formation and the coeval Ballara Quartzite permits discrimination of depositional systems that were restricted areally to either N-S-trending marginal platform or central trough palaeogeographic settings. Four depositional systems, each consisting of several facies, are represented in the lower Quilalar Formation-Ballara Quartzite; these are categorized broadly as storm-dominated shelf (SDS), continental (C), tide-dominated shelf (TDS) and wave-dominated shoreline (WDS). SDS facies consist either of black pyritic mudstone intervals up to 10 m thick, or mudstone and sandstone associated in 6–12-m-thick, coarsening-upward parasequences. Black mudstones are interpreted as condensed sections that developed as a result of slow sedimentation in an outer-shelf setting starved of siliciclastic influx. Vertical transition of facies in parasequences reflects flooding followed by shoaling of different shelf subenvironments; the shoreface contains evidence of subaerial exposure. Continental facies consist of fining-upward parasequences of fluvial origin and tabular, 0·4–4-m-thick, aeolian parasequences. TDS facies are represented by stacked, tabular parasequences between 0·5 and 5 m thick. Vertical arrangement of facies in parasequences reflects flooding and establishment of a tidal shelf followed by shoaling to intertidal conditions. WDS facies are preserved in 0·5–3-m-thick, stacked, tabular parasequences. Vertical transition of facies reflects initial flooding with wave reworking of underlying arenites along a ravinement surface, followed by shoaling from lower shoreface to foreshore conditions. Parasequences are stacked in retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets. Retrogradational sets consist of thin SDS parasequences in the trough, and C, TDS and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms. Thick SDS parasequences in the trough, and TDS, subordinate C and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms make up progradational parasequence sets. Depositional systems are associated in systems tracts that make up 40–140-m-thick sequences bounded by type-2 sequence boundaries that are disconformities. Transgressive systems tracts consist of C, TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and the SDS depositional system and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough. The transgressive systems tract is characterized by retrogradational parasequence sets and developed in response to accelerating rates of sea-level rise following lowstand. Condensed-section deposits in the trough, and the thickest TDS parasequences on the platforms reflect maximum rates of sea-level rise and define maximum flooding surfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are progradational. Early highstand systems tracts are represented by TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough and reflect decreasing rates of sea-level rise. Later highstand systems tracts consist of the progradational SDS depositional system in the trough and, possibly, thin continental facies on the platforms. This stage of sequence development is related to slow rates of sea-level rise, stillstand and slow rates of fall. Lowstand deposits of shelf-margin systems tracts are not recognized but may be represented by shoreface deposits at the top of progradational SDS parasequence sets.     

江西贵溪盆地罗塘群层序地层分析

贵溪盆地罗塘群层序地层特征的研究表明,罗塘群由低水位体系域、水进体系域、高水位体系域组成,是一个完整的三级层序,自下到上可以划分为35个准层序,9个准层序组,准层序的形成是由于短期内的湖水深度的变化,这种短期内的湖水深度变化可以发生在水进期,也可以发生在高水位期,控制罗塘群三级层序形成的主要因素是构造活动和气候变化.在对罗塘群层序地层分析的基础之上,建立了贵溪盆地的层序地层模式.     

煤相参数在煤层层序划分中的应用——以新疆准东煤田帐南西矿区为例

运用层序地层学原理和方法,利用钻探和测井资料以及煤的显微组分和煤相参数分析,对新疆准东煤田西山窑组的层序单元进行了划分,特别对煤层中的准层序进行了确定。研究结果表明:西山窑组为 1个三级层序,并由低位、湖扩和高位体系域构成;在煤层中确定了水进型、水退型 2种准层序类型以及缓慢水进型准层序组和相对快速水进型准层序组;湖扩体系域由水进型和水退型煤层构成,高位体系域由水退型煤层构成;煤层煤相总体为干燥森林沼泽。      

辽宁大连地区震旦系甘井子组层序地层研究

大连地区甘井子组是辽宁重要的新元古界层位,发育大量的碳酸盐岩.运用经典层序地层学理论,通过对野外实测剖面的综合分析,对大连地区新元古界震旦系甘井子组进行层序地层学研究,共识别出5个层序界面,划分了4个三级层序,15个准层序组和55个准层序.甘井子组碳酸盐岩沉积可划分为局限台地亚相和开阔台地亚相,进一步划分为潟湖、潮坪、潮下低能和浅滩微相.运用区域大地构造和天文旋回方法对甘井子组环境演化进行探讨,认为其经历了局限台地→开阔台地→局限台地的演化过程.受扬子旋回末期低幅度的构造升降作用影响,大连地区南关岭期末期—甘井子期出现了5次短暂暴露,形成了5个层序界面.同时受周期性天文旋回的影响形成了准层序、层对等高频旋回.通过对大连地区甘井子组进行层序地层和沉积演化研究,为探索辽东南地区的油气资源提供依据.     

Application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to the Upper Cretaceous Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale Formation,south-central Utah: Parasequence styles in shelfal mudstone strata

Although sequence stratigraphic concepts have been applied extensively to coarse-grained siliciclastic deposits in nearshore environments, high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis has not been widely applied to mudstone-dominated sedimentary successions deposited in more distal hemipelagic to pelagic settings. To examine how sequence stratigraphic frameworks can be derived from the facies variability of mudstone-dominated successions, the Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale Formation in south-central Utah (USA) was examined in detail through a combination of sedimentological, stratigraphic and petrographic methods. The Tununk Shale accumulated on a storm-dominated shelf during the second-order Greenhorn sea-level cycle. During this eustatic event, the depositional environment of the Tununk Shale shifted laterally from distal middle shelf to outer shelf, then from an outer shelf to an inner shelf environment. At least 49 parasequences can be identified within the Tununk Shale. Each parasequence shows a coarsening-upward trend via upward increases in silt and sand content, thickness and lateral continuity of laminae/beds, and abundance of storm-generated sedimentary structures. Variations in bioturbation styles within parasequences are complex, although abrupt changes in bioturbation intensity or diversity commonly occur across parasequence boundaries (i.e. flooding surfaces). Due to changes in depositional environments, dominant sediment supply and bioturbation characteristics, parasequence styles in the Tununk Shale show considerable variability. Based on parasequence stacking patterns, eleven system tracts, four depositional sequences and key sequence stratigraphic surfaces can be identified. The high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of the Tununk Shale reveals a hierarchy of stratal cyclicity. Application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to this thick mudstone-dominated succession provides important insights into the underlying causes of heterogeneity in these rocks over multiple thickness scales (millimetre-scale to metre-scale). The detailed sedimentological characterization of parasequences, system tracts and depositional sequences in the Tununk Shale provides conceptual approaches that can aid the development of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks in other ancient shelf mudstone successions.