二叠纪古板块再造与岩相古地理特征分析

依据古地磁方法,对二叠纪全球古板块进行再造,并在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,编制了二叠系全球古板块再造图、全球岩相及烃源岩分布图和全球古地理图。二叠纪板块格局以泛大陆和泛大洋为主,大陆内部裂谷系(如劳亚板块内部北海—北大西洋裂谷系和非洲大陆内部裂谷系)持续发育,最终导致了泛大陆的裂解。二叠纪冰期持续发育,又由于干旱带广泛发育的古气候条件,造成全球海平面在晚二叠世达到整个显生宙的最低值。浅海广泛发育的古地理环境造成古、新特提斯洋周缘和劳亚大陆整体以浅海碳酸盐岩和海相碎屑岩沉积为主。冈瓦纳大陆内部以河湖相碎屑岩沉积为主。二叠系烃源岩不发育,主要层系是下二叠统泥页岩,分布集中在劳亚大陆北缘、特提斯洋周缘以及冈瓦纳大陆内部和澳大利亚东部,以海陆过渡相沉积环境为主。泛大陆形成过程中,洋壳消减与不同陆块之间的拼合,最终造成了二叠纪末气候的剧变,形成了晚古生代末超大规模的冰期。板块运动所产生的壳幔物质循环造成二叠纪全球二氧化碳含量剧烈升高,最终导致了二叠纪生物灭绝程度最大。     

志留纪全球古板块再造及岩相古地理*

依据古地磁方法,对志留纪全球古板块进行再造,并在此基础上叠加了更新的志留纪全球大地构造背景、洋流系统、气候带分布以及岩相古地理、烃源岩分布等要素,编制了志留纪全球古板块再造图、全球古地理图、全球岩相古地理及烃源岩分布图。志留纪全球板块构造格局最重要的特点是劳俄大陆的形成以及冈瓦纳大陆北缘的持续裂解事件。早—中志留世全球性的海侵事件导致各大板块周缘普遍发育陆表海,碳酸盐岩台地广泛分布于冈瓦纳大陆的周缘以及西伯利亚板块和劳俄大陆的大部分。志留纪较高的温度以及广阔的陆表海促进了海洋生物的进一步繁盛,为烃源岩的发育提供了丰富的母质;同时,上升流作用以及冈瓦纳大陆内部大型河流的搬运作用,导致在冈瓦纳大陆的西缘(北非和阿拉伯地区)发育有厚层的黑色页岩,其为志留系重要的烃源岩。     

特提斯域的演化和油气分布

特提斯域可划分为北、中、南三个带。①北带介于原始特提斯缝合带至古特提斯缝合带之间,它是劳亚大陆在古生代时的拼合增生部分;②中带介于古特提斯缝合带和新特提斯缝合带之间,它是中生代时海槽洋盆与大陆碎块或海台交替并最终拼合的地带,现今则构成阿尔卑斯—喜马拉雅褶皱系;③南带则是新特提斯发育过程中冈瓦纳大陆北缘的大陆架区。认为中带是严格意义上的特提斯域,北带和南带则可分别视为劳亚大陆和冈瓦纳大陆的大陆架被海侵的部分。将特提斯域在东半球的部分自西向东划分为欧洲—北非段、西亚段、中亚段和东南亚段四段。各带和各段的油气分布差别极大。所谓特提斯域油气特别丰富的说法是有条件的,其主要依据是南带中东油区占有世界1/3以上的油气探明储量,而一旦将中东和北非划归为南方的冈瓦纳域,则上述说法无法成立。如果再将北带的年轻地台区划归北方的劳亚大陆域,那么,剩下来的严格意义上的特提斯域则反而为一条贫油气带。中国地处劳亚、冈瓦纳、太平洋三大构造域的交汇处,地质演化相当复杂,不能以“特提斯域油气丰富”的笼统概念来评价我国的含油气潜力。各地质单元的盆地保持特性如何,特别是第三纪以来是否仍为盆地,才是对油气聚集的潜力起决定性作用的控制因素。     

特提斯域的演化和油气分布

特提斯域可划分为北、中、南三个带。①北带介于原始特提斯缝合带至古特提斯缝合带之间,它是劳亚大陆在古生代时的拼合增生部分;②中带介于古特提斯缝合带和新特提斯缝合带之间,它是中生代时海槽洋盆与大陆碎块或海台交替并最终拼合的地带,现今则构成阿尔卑斯一喜马拉雅褶皱系;③南带则是新特提斯发育过程中冈瓦纳大陆北缘的大陆架区。认为中带是严格意义上的特提斯域,北带和南带则可分别视为劳亚大陆和冈瓦纳大陆的大陆架被海侵的部分。将特提斯域在东半球的部分自西向东划分为欧洲一北非段、西亚段、中亚段和东南亚段四段。各带和各段的油气分布差别极大。所谓特提斯域油气特别丰富的说法是有条件的,其主要依据是南带中东油区占有世界1／3以上的油气探明储量。而一旦将中东和北非划归为南方的冈瓦纳域,则上述说法无法成立。如果再将北带的年轻地台区划归北方的劳亚大陆域,那么,剩下来的严格意义上的特提斯域则反而为一条贫油气带。中国地处劳亚、冈瓦纳、太平洋三大构造域的交汇处,地质演化相当复杂,不能以“特提斯域油气丰富”的笼统概念来评价我国的含油气潜力。各地质单元的盆地保持特性如何,特别是第三纪以来是否仍为盆地,才是对油气聚集的潜力起决定性作用的控制因素。     

新疆及周边古地磁研究与构造演化

新疆古地磁研究始于1979年,20年来通过对塔里木、准噶尔、昆仑山等地区的古地磁研究,获得了古生代—新生代塔里木板块、准噶尔板块和青藏板块古地磁极移曲线和古纬度资料。震旦纪以前塔里木板块尚未形成,晚震旦世在赤道附近各地块才联合成塔里木板块的主体部分。后经历了两次快速北移,一次快速南移。准噶尔板块早古生代为一个独立的微板块,在晚古生代与哈萨克斯坦板块联合成一体,组成了哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块;塔里木板块震旦纪时还属冈瓦纳大陆的一个组成部分,早古生代逐渐脱离了冈瓦纳大陆,快速向北漂移,晚古生代早期与准噶尔板块首次在东部碰撞,成为劳亚大陆南缘的一个增生体。将介于劳亚大陆和冈瓦纳大陆之间的古陆体,称之谓华夏古陆群。晚古生代末—中生代早期,华夏古陆群先后增生到劳亚大陆南缘;早古生代早期古特提斯洋尚未形成,诸地块处于冈瓦纳大陆范围内,位于南半球的赤道附近。在中-晚志留世,这些地(板)块才快速向北漂移,由于洋扩张,形成了古特提斯洋,构成了三大陆块群夹两个大洋的古地理格局;二叠纪是特提斯构造演化关键时期,晚侏罗-早白垩世昆仑地块与柴达木地块和塔里木地块发生碰撞,联合成一体。早侏罗世早期柴达木地块等与塔里木地块发生碰撞联合,造成了古特提斯洋消亡。早侏罗世中期,开     

北非盆地叠加演化及其对油气地质条件的控制作用

以板块学说为理论依据,利用IHS和Tellus能源信息库,在对北非不同盆地群原型盆地恢复的基础上,系统分析了北非主要地质时期的盆地演化过程,从古板块位置、盆地类型、古海平面变化、古温度和古气候等方面,指出了盆地演化特征对北非油气地质条件形成的控制作用。志留纪和白垩纪北非被动大陆边缘和裂谷盆地的发育以及当时的海侵环境,控制了北非地区两套主要烃源岩的形成。而三叠纪北非地区低纬度板块位置和当时较高的气温以及海退环境,控制了北非最为重要的蒸发盐岩盖层的形成。不同盆地区盆地演化特征的差异,造成了其生、储和盖层发育的差异,也形成了北非西部盆地以古生代油气系统为主,而中东部盆地以中、新生代油气系统为主的油气分布格局,对于认识北非地区盆地的形成与演化及油气分布特征和开发潜力,具有一定的理论意义和实际价值。     

寒武纪全球板块构造与古地理环境再造

基于古地磁数据对寒武纪全球古板块进行再造,并叠加更新的寒武纪全球大地构造背景和岩相古地理分布等要素,编制了寒武纪全球古板块再造图、古地理图、全球岩相及烃源岩分布图。寒武纪全球板块以冈瓦纳超大陆、劳伦古陆、西伯利亚板块和波罗的板块为主,多集中位于南半球,冈瓦纳超大陆快速向南漂移,其他板块主要向北漂移,并伴随逆时针旋转。寒武纪整体处于海平面及温度的上升时期,全球板块多为陆表海环境,有利于早寒武世的富有机质沉积,为寒武纪生命大爆发提供了良好条件。但此时气候带梯度不高,干旱气候带广泛分布,下—中寒武统多蒸发盐岩。冈瓦纳超大陆北部主要为碳酸盐岩沉积,南部多为砂岩沉积,东部边缘多火山活动,在中部的西侧边缘地区碳酸盐岩沉积和砂岩沉积物中一般有较好的油气和烃源岩。劳伦古陆沉积具有环带特征,其外侧为碳酸盐岩沉积。西伯利亚板块早—中寒武世主要以巨厚的膏盐岩沉积为主,晚期沉积仅为几百米厚的碳酸盐岩,整体处于被动陆缘沉积的构造背景,这促进了该板块中储层和盖层的发育。波罗的板块纬度相对偏高,主要为砂岩和页岩沉积。     

特提斯地球动力学

特提斯是地球显生宙期间位于北方劳亚大陆和南方冈瓦纳大陆之间的巨型海洋,它在新生代期间的闭合形成现今东西向展布的欧洲阿尔卑斯山、土耳其-伊朗高原、喜马拉雅山和青藏高原。根据演化历史,特提斯可划分为原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯三个阶段,分别代表早古生代、晚古生代和中生代期间的大洋。大约在500Ma左右,冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生张裂,裂解的块体向北漂移,并使其与塔里木-华北之间的原特提斯洋在420～440Ma左右关闭,产生原特提斯造山作用,与北美-西欧地区Avalonia地体与劳伦大陆之间的阿巴拉契亚-加里东造山作用基本相当。原特提斯造山带之南、早古生代即已存在的龙木错-双湖-昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋在380Ma向北俯冲,使早期闭合的康西瓦-阿尼玛卿洋重新张开,并由于弧后扩张形成金沙江-哀牢山洋。330～360Ma左右,特提斯西部大洋由于南侧非洲板块和北侧欧洲板块的碰撞而关闭,形成欧洲华力西造山带。而特提斯东段的上述三条古特提斯洋在250Ma左右基本同时关闭,华北、华南、印支等块体聚合形成华夏大陆。该大陆与冈瓦纳大陆、劳亚大陆和华力西造山带一起围限形成封闭的古特提斯残留洋,并一直到晚三叠世-早侏罗世海水才全部退出。此后,南侧冈瓦纳大陆在三叠纪晚期重新裂解形成新特提斯洋,该洋盆在新生代初期由于印度和亚洲的碰撞而关闭。原、古、新特提斯三次造山作用基本代表了中国大陆显生宙期间的地质演化历史,并在此过程中形成了特色的特提斯域金属成矿作用。广布的被动陆缘和赤道附近的古地理位置,以及后期的造山作用同时也成就了特提斯域内巨量油气资源的形成;塑就的地貌与海陆分布格局,也对当时的古气候与古环境产生了重要影响。特别是,与原、古、新特提斯洋消亡相关的三次弧岩浆活动与显生宙地球历史上三次温室地球向冰室地球的转变,在时间上高度吻合。上述演化历史同时还表明,特提斯地质演化以南侧冈瓦纳大陆不断裂解、块体向北漂移并与劳亚大陆持续聚合为特征,其动力机制主要来自俯冲板片的拖拽力,而地幔柱是否对大陆的裂解与漂移有所贡献,则有待进一步评价。     

特提斯域的演化和油气分布

特提斯域可划分为北,中,南三个带,（1）北带介于原始特提斯缝合带至古特斯缝合带之间,它是劳亚大陆在古生代时的拼合增生部分,（2）中带介于古特提斯缝合带和新特提斯缝合带之间,这旨中生代时海槽洋盆与大陆碎块或海台交替并最终拼合的地带,现今则构成阿尔插斯－喜马拉雅褶皱系,（3）南带则是新特提斯发育过程中风瓦纳大陆北缘的大陆架区,认为中带严格意义上的特提斯域,北带和带带则可分别视为劳亚大陆和冈瓦纳大陆的大陆架被海侵的部分,将特提斯域在东半球的部分自西向东划分为欧洲－北非段,西亚段,中亚段和东南亚段上段,各带和各段的敢分布差异别极大,所谓特提斯域油撖持别丰富的说法是有条件的,其主要依据是南带中东油区占有世界1／3以上的油 探明储量,而一旦将中东和北非划归为南方的冈瓦纳域,则上述说法无法成立。如果再将北带的年轻地台区划归北方的劳亚大陆域,那么,剩下来的严格意义上的特提斯域则反而为一条贫油气带,中国地处劳严,冈瓦纳,太平洋大构造域的交汇处,地质深化相当复杂,不能以“特提斯域油气丰富”的笼统概念来评价我国的含油气潜力,各地质单元的盆地保持特性如何,特别是第三纪以来是否仍为盆地,才是对油气聚集的潜力起决定性作用的控制因素。     

古生代与三叠纪中国各陆块在全球古大陆再造中的位置与运动学特征

在尊重比较可靠的、测试精度较高的地块古地磁数据,重视生物古地理与地质构造演化史的相似性和协调性等原则的基础上,笔者编制了中国大陆及邻区各陆块古生代和三叠纪的古地磁数据表,并采用类似的比例尺,将中国各陆块放到相应的全球古大陆复原图上去。由此可以清晰地看出,在古生代早期全球各大陆的主要部分都位于赤道附近及南半球,大致表现为沿纬度、呈东西向排列的特征,中国及邻区的小陆块群在古生代始终都处在劳伦大陆、西伯利亚与冈瓦纳大陆之间;随着西伯利亚大陆的快速北移,在劳伦大陆与冈瓦纳大陆的西部地区发生南北向拼合,亚皮特斯洋和里克洋的消亡,到古生代晚期形成统一的泛大陆;而冈瓦纳大陆的东部(澳大利亚和印度等）则逐渐向南移动、离散,地壳张开,构成古特提斯洋;中国及邻区的小陆块群则一直处在古特提斯洋中,保持离散状态,总体上缓慢地向北运移,并逐渐转为近南北向的排列方式,石炭纪到三叠纪才在天山-兴安岭、昆仑山、秦岭-大别、金沙江和绍兴-十万大山等地段发生一系列局部性的陆陆碰撞,使中国大陆地块的大部分逐渐并入欧亚大陆。     

Apparent polar wandering for the Atlantic-bordering continents: Late Carboniferous to Eocene

We present a compilation of reliable paleomagnetic pole positions from five continental plates (North America, Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, Africa, and South America) for ten time intervals ranging from Late Carboniferous to Eocene. Only well-dated results obtained by demagnetization techniques have been used. Paleomagnetic poles are plotted with respect to the paleo-positions of the continents, as reconstructed from correlations of marine magnetic anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean by Pitman and Talwani and from the fit by Bullard et al. The poles from North America, Europe and the younger poles from Africa show a very good grouping for most of the ten intervals considered, and a continuous apparent polar wandering path is obtained. These data have been used to construct paleolatitude maps for most intervals; thus the relative positions of the continents were established from sea-floor spreading data and their absolute positions on the globe were determined from paleomagnetic data. The older data from South America and the other Gondwana continents show a systematic deviation from those of the northern continents for Late Paleozoic and Early Triassic time periods. An explanation is offered in a different continental reconstruction between Laurasia and Gondwanaland before Middle Triassic times.     

Neoproterozoic—Early Paleozoic evolution of peri-Gondwanan terranes: implications for Laurentia-Gondwana connections

Neoproterozoic tectonics is dominated by the amalgamation of the supercontinent Rodinia at ca. 1.0 Ga, its breakup at ca. 0.75 Ga, and the collision between East and West Gondwana between 0.6 and 0.5 Ga. The principal stages in this evolution are recorded by terranes along the northern margin of West Gondwana (Amazonia and West Africa), which continuously faced open oceans during the Neoproterozoic. Two types of these so-called peri-Gondwanan terranes were distributed along this margin in the late Neoproterozoic: (1) Avalonian-type terranes (e.g. West Avalonia, East Avalonia, Carolina, Moravia-Silesia, Oaxaquia, Chortis block that originated from ca. 1.3 to 1.0 Ga juvenile crust within the Panthalassa-type ocean surrounding Rodinia and were accreted to the northern Gondwanan margin by 650 Ma, and (2) Cadomian-type terranes (North Armorica, Saxo-Thuringia, Moldanubia, and fringing terranes South Armorica, Ossa Morena and Tepla-Barrandian) formed along the West African margin by recycling ancient (2–3 Ga) West African crust. Subsequently detached from Gondwana, these terranes are now located within the Appalachian, Caledonide and Variscan orogens of North America and western Europe. Inferred relationships between these peri-Gondwanan terranes and the northern Gondwanan margin can be compared with paleomagnetically constrained movements interpreted for the Amazonian and West African cratons for the interval ca. 800–500 Ma. Since Amazonia is paleomagnetically unconstrained during this interval, in most tectonic syntheses its location is inferred from an interpreted connection with Laurentia. Hence, such an analysis has implications for Laurentia-Gondwana connections and for high latitude versus low latitude models for Laurentia in the interval ca. 615–570 Ma. In the high latitude model, Laurentia-Amazonia would have drifted rapidly south during this interval, and subduction along its leading edge would provide a geodynamic explanation for the voluminous magmatism evident in Neoproterozoic terranes, in a manner analogous to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic westward drift of North America and South America and subduction-related magmatism along the eastern margin of the Pacific ocean. On the other hand, if Laurentia-Amazonia remained at low latitudes during this interval, the most likely explanation for late Neoproterozoic peri-Gondwanan magmatism is the re-establishment of subduction zones following terrane accretion at ca. 650 Ma. Available paleomagnetic data for both West and East Avalonia show systematically lower paleolatitudes than predicted by these analyses, implying that more paleomagnetic data are required to document the movement histories of Laurentia, West Gondwana and the peri-Gondwanan terranes, and test the connections between them.     

Les continents péri-atlantiques au crétacé supérieur: Migrations des faunes continentales et problèmes paléogéographiques

Terrestrial vertebrates offer possibilities of reconstructing the migrations by land-routes followed during the late Cretaceous on the peri-Atlantic continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa). South America and Africa were not separated before the Aptian. Later, migrations could still have occurred between Africa and South America during the late Cretaceous by a land-route (probably discontinuous) situated on the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge barrier; it is not impossible that some amphibia used this route. In Laurasia, two provinces were largely separated during the early part of the late Cretaceous: Euramerica and Asiamerica in the terminology of Cox (1974), (that is, Europe plus eastern North America and Asia plus western North America). During the latest Cretaceous, western North America became connected with Euramerica, but probably separated from Asia. During the latest Cretaceous, a route, probably terrestrial, permitted important faunal exchanges between South America and Laurasia; this connection was situated in the Caribbean region, perhaps where Central America is today. Limited faunal exchange occurred between Euramerica and North Africa.     

An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco,North Africa

During the latest Cretaceous, distinct dinosaur faunas were found in Laurasia and Gondwana. Tyrannosaurids, hadrosaurids, and ceratopsians dominated in North America and Asia, while abelisaurids and titanosaurians dominated in South America, India, and Madagascar. Little is known about dinosaur faunas from the latest Cretaceous of Africa, however. Here, a new abelisaurid theropod, Chenanisaurus barbaricus, is described from the upper Maastrichtian phosphates of the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco, North Africa on the basis of a partial dentary and isolated teeth. Chenanisaurus is both one of the largest abelisaurids, and one of the youngest known African dinosaurs. Along with previously reported titanosaurian remains, Chenanisaurus documents the persistence of a classic Gondwanan abelisaurid-titanosaurian fauna in mainland Africa until just prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The animal is unusual both in terms of its large size and the unusually short and robust jaw. Although it resembles South American carnotaurines in having a deep, bowed mandible, phylogenetic analysis suggests that Chenanisaurus may represent a lineage of abelisaurids that is distinct from those previously described from the latest Cretaceous of South America, Indo-Madagascar, and Europe, consistent with the hypothesis that the fragmentation of Gondwana led to the evolution of endemic dinosaur faunas during the Late Cretaceous.     

Discovery of the Jiawengmen Stromatolite Assemblage in the Southern Belt of Eastern Kunlun, NW China and Its Significance

1 Introduction The stromatolites of the Jiawengmen area in the southern belt of the Eastern Kunlun orogen were initially interpreted as vortex structures by the Regional Geological Survey Team, Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1973; these samples were then identified as algal fossils of Sinian age by the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1973). In 1994, Chen and Luo (1998) discovered some stromatolites, i…     

A Middle Ordovician Drowning Unconformity on the Northeastern Flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt, South Korea

The Maggol Limestone of Ordovician age was deposited in the Taebaeksan (Taebacksan) Basin which occupies the northeastern flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt of South Korea. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates in the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Elsewhere this subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most in notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second- or third-order eustatic sea level fall during the early Middle Ordovician. The Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary in South Korea, however, appears to be a discrete marine-flooding surface in the upper Maggol Limestone. Strata beneath this surface represent by a thinning-upward stack of exposure-capped tidal flat-dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst-related solution-collapse breccias. This marine-flooding surface is onlapped by a thick succession of thin-bedded micritic limestone that is eventually overlain by a Middle Ordovician condensed section. This physical stratigraphic relationship suggest that second- and third-order eustatic sea level fall may have been significantly tempered by regional tectonic subsidence near the end of Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off-platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e., the Yemi Breccia) in the basin. With continued tectonic subsidence, a subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of the carbonate platform, forming a discrete marine-flooding surface that may be referred to as a drowning unconformity. This tectonic interpretation contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously suggested. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebaeksan Basin in the northeastern flank on the Okcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician.     

A Middle Ordovician Drowning Unconformity on the Northeastern Flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt,South Korea

The Maggol Limestone of Ordovician age was deposited in the Taebaeksan (Taebacksan) Basin which occupies the northeastern flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt of South Korea. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates in the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Elsewhere this subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most in notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second- or third-order eustatic sea level fall during the early Middle Ordovician. The Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary in South Korea, however, appears to be a discrete marine-flooding surface in the upper Maggol Limestone. Strata beneath this surface represent by a thinning-upward stack of exposure-capped tidal flat-dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst-related solution-collapse breccias. This marine-flooding surface is onlapped by a thick succession of thin-bedded micritic limestone that is eventually overlain by a Middle Ordovician condensed section. This physical stratigraphic relationship suggest that second- and third-order eustatic sea level fall may have been significantly tempered by regional tectonic subsidence near the end of Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off-platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e., the Yemi Breccia) in the basin. With continued tectonic subsidence, a subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of the carbonate platform, forming a discrete marine-flooding surface that may be referred to as a drowning unconformity. This tectonic interpretation contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously suggested. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebaeksan Basin in the northeastern flank on the Okcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician.     

全球成矿域和成矿区带

作者在编制1:2 500万世界大型超大型矿床成矿图的基础上,根据全球地质构造背景与成矿特征,划分出劳亚、冈瓦纳、特提斯、环太平洋4大成矿域和北美、格陵兰、欧洲、乌拉尔-蒙古、西伯利亚、中朝、南美、非洲-阿拉伯、印度、澳大利亚、加勒比、地中海、西亚、喜马拉雅、中南半岛、北科迪勒拉、安第斯、楚科奇-鄂霍茨克、东亚、伊里安-新丙兰、南极等21个巨型成矿区带,简要论述了各成矿域和成矿区带的成矿特征,首次构建了全球成矿体系.     

板块构造学说的过去和现在以及我国地质学家做出的贡献

<正> 科学领域中的任何一门学科在其发展的历史中,往往存在着以具有重大突破为标志的迅速发展阶段。板块构造学说就是现代地球科学取得最新进展的代表。所以,有人将其称为地球科学的一场革命。板块构造理论创建于六十年代后期,但与其有关的一些思想、概念则源远流长。