变质矿床成因分类的讨论

变质矿床号称三大类矿床之一,但与内生和外生矿床相比,研究程度甚差,有待加强工作,成因分类即是其中之一。根据变质成矿作用发育阶段和其对应矿床产出状况的明显差异,将变质矿床划分为同生变质矿床和后生变质矿床两大类。再根据变质成矿作用的类型将同生变质矿床分为接触变质矿床、区域变质矿床和混合岩化交代重结晶矿床,将后生变质矿床分为变质热液矿床、混合岩化热液矿床和混合岩化伟晶岩矿床。     

应重视对热泉型金矿床的研究与勘查

热泉型金矿属浅成低温热液矿床,形成于近地表环境火山温泉或地热系中.这类矿床在世界上分布很广,智利、多米尼加、墨西哥、美国、加拿大、苏联、日本、菲律宾、裴济、澳大利亚、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚等国都产有这类矿床.矿床储量一般都很大,有不少大型和超大型矿床,如加拿大辛诺拉矿床100t;美国麦克劳林矿床100t,朗德山矿床261t;多米尼加老村庄矿床170t;日本菱刈矿床120t;菲律宾阿库潘-安塔英库矿床350t;巴布亚新几内亚波格拉矿床420t,利希尔矿床500t.     

矿床讲座 第六讲 内生矿床(三)

岩浆期后矿床一、岩浆期后矿床的一般概念在内生矿床中除了前几讲已经提到的岩浆矿床和伟晶岩矿床外,还包括了一大类在国民经济上占重要地位的矿床——岩浆期后矿床。这一类矿床包括的矿种异常繁多:绝大部分的有色金属(铜、铅、锌、锑)     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床分类与小岩体成矿作用

中国镍（铜、钴）、铂族等许多重要金属矿产都产出于岩浆硫化物矿床，这类矿床是矿床地质工作研究的热点之一。笔者综合构造背景、侵入方式、岩体规模、矿床模式、主成矿元素等因素对中国岩浆硫化物矿床提出了新的分类：①古大陆内的小侵入体矿床；②与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的侵入体矿床；③造山带内小侵入体矿床；④蛇绿岩型矿床。认为小侵入体（小岩体）岩浆矿床是中国主要的矿床类型，并在此基础上，从小岩体矿床的相关概念、三种地质背景、     

论矿床的自然分类——四论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列概念是一种研究区域成矿规律的学术思想,亦是一种新的矿床分类——矿床的自然分类。矿床的自然分类,是以成矿的时代、成矿的地质构造环境、地质成矿作用与所形成的矿床组合自然体这4个因素作为划分原则的。以矿床成矿系列为基本单元,具有5级序次体系:第一序次为矿床成矿系列组合、矿床成矿系列组和矿床成矿系列类型,第二序次为矿床成矿系列,第三序次为矿床成矿亚系列,第四序次为矿床式,第五序次为矿床。矿床的自然分类着重强调矿床在四维时-空域中形成的完整的自然地质过程,恢复矿床在一定时-空域中存在的客观自然面貌。矿床的自然分类是一个既科学又具有实用价值的分类方案。     

中国雄黄雌黄矿床类型、成矿机制与找矿方向

中国雄黄雌黄矿床,根据成矿作用、地质产状、成矿地质构造环境和地球化学特点分为三大类七种类型。即层控型（下关式单一雄黄矿床,水落式多金属雄黄矿床）、热水沉积型（界牌峪式雄黄雌黄矿床,松潘式金砷矿床）、热液型（石峡式辰砂、雌黄矿床,王庄式辉锑矿雄黄矿床和宁陕式金、钨、铊、雄黄矿床）。三大类矿床成矿机制各异。应在适宜的地层、大地构造区域,根据有利的矿物、地球化学等信息寻找该类矿床。     

中国玉石矿床类型

中国玉石种类多，分布广，质量优。主要矿床类型有：岩浆岩型的梅花玉，桃花玉，水草翟玉，羊肝石等矿床；伟晶岩型的丁香紫玉、芙蓉石等矿床；变质岩型又分为矽卡岩型的和田玉，京粉翠矿床；后期热液交代型的独山玉、岫玉矿床；火山期后热液交代型的叶蜡石类矿床、石英质玉矿床、虎晴石矿床；动力变质型的优溪玉矿床；区域变质型的砚石矿床；沉积型的菊花石、百鹤石、汉白玉、密蜡黄玉、墨玉等矿床；风化淋滤型的绿松石、孔雀石、玛     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床新分类与小岩体成矿作用

中国镍(铜、钴)、铂族等许多重要金属矿产都产出于岩浆硫化物矿床,该类矿床是矿床地质研究的热点之一。笔者综合构造背景、侵入方式、岩体规模、矿床模式、主成矿元素等因素,对中国岩浆硫化物矿床提出了新的分类:①古大陆内的小侵入体矿床;②与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的侵入体矿床;③造山带内小侵入体矿床;④蛇绿岩型矿床。认为小侵入体(小岩体)岩浆矿床是中国主要的矿床类型,并在此基础上,从小岩体矿床的相关概念、3种地质背景、3种火山岩_岩体_矿床组合形式以及成矿的主要因素等方面详细阐述了小岩体成矿作用。结合国内外勘查实践指出,小岩体岩浆矿床仍具有很大的找矿潜力,是中国应继续重点研究的主要矿床类型。最后,还讨论了小岩体矿床不仅在基性_超基性岩体中广泛发育,而且在中酸性岩体中也具有重要的经济价值和研究意义。     

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床的矿床模型

矿床模型是一组有成因联系矿床的高度总结,对找矿预测具有指导作用.位于川-滇-黔接壤区铅锌银多金属成矿区中南部的云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床是成矿区内很具代表性、研究程度较高的矿床.本文在总结了会泽铅锌矿床成矿背景、矿床地质特征、成矿时代和矿床地球化学基础上,分析了峨眉山玄武岩、构造和地层与成矿的关系,探讨了矿床类型,初步建立了该矿床的矿床模型.     

中国萤石矿床成矿规律

在萤石矿床类型划分的基础上,根据萤石矿床的大地构造背景、分布特征、成矿条件和控矿因素,文章划分了中国萤石矿床的成矿区带,并对每一个成矿区带的成矿特征做了简述;总结了中国萤石矿床成矿规律。中国萤石矿床集中分布于北部和东南部,断裂是各种矿床类型共有的必要成矿要素。沉积改造型萤石矿床的形成与灰岩和火山岩有关;与萤石矿床形成有关的侵入岩绝大部分为燕山期侵入岩;无论是沉积改造型、热液充填型还是伴生型萤石矿床,大型、特大型萤石矿床的形成多与灰岩有关。同时具备灰岩、燕山期侵入岩和断裂成矿三要素的矿床多为大型、特大型萤石矿床。中国萤石矿床的形成集中于燕山期。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.