河南西峡金红石矿床成矿特征

西峡金红石矿床位于秦岭造山带东段南缘，古生代陆缘断陷带内，是一个大型角闪质片岩型金红石矿床．矿体赋存于古生界信阳群龟山组第三段，含矿层为合金红石角闪质片岩与大理岩互层．通过对该矿床的成矿地质条件、成矿母岩特征、钛的分布规律，变质成矿作用及后期热液改造等方面的研究，认为陆缘断陷深海槽及控制其形成的深断裂、富钛基性火山岩、区域变质及热液改造等综合因素叠加部位是寻找该类型金红石矿床的最佳方位。     

河南西峡金红石矿床地质特征及成矿机制

西峡金红石矿床位于秦岭造山带东段南缘，是一个大型角闪质片岩型金红石矿床。矿体赋存于古生界信阳群龟山组第三段，含矿岩石为含金红石角闪质片岩。通过对矿区地质、矿体和矿石特征、钛的赋存状态及分布规律、热液蚀变及变质成矿作用等方面的研究，认为该矿床属变质热液改造的火山－沉积变质金红石矿床     

河南西峡金红石矿床地质特征

西峡金红石矿床位于秦岭造山带东段南缘，是一个大型角闪质片岩型金红石矿床。矿体赋存于古生界信阳群龟山组第三段，含矿岩石为含金红石角闪质片岩。本文阐述了矿区地质、矿体和矿石特征、钛的赋存状态及分布规律、热液蚀变等，认为该矿床属变质热液改热门造的火山─沉积变质型金红石矿床。     

苏鲁榴辉岩型金红石矿床研究进展

文章对苏鲁榴辉岩型金红石矿床的研究进展进行了简单综述。苏鲁超高压变质带金红石矿床的勘探可追溯到20世纪50年代末，近年来找矿工作取得重要进展，已查明金红石矿床总储量达数千万吨。矿床属典型的榴辉岩型金红石矿床，与超高压变质作用关系密切。金红石在榴辉岩中最主要也最具工业价值的赋存方式是呈粒间颗粒充填于主矿物绿辉石和石榴石之间，金红石中的微量元素与其寄主榴辉岩的类型和产状有明显的相关性，并且可反映其形成温度，因此在苏鲁超高压变质榴辉岩和金红石矿床的研究中具有重要价值。富钛基性原岩是榴辉岩型金红石矿床形成的物质基础，高压区域变质作用是这类矿床形成的必要条件。     

金红石矿床的类型、分布及其主要地质特征

金红石及其同质多象(锐钛矿)是钛的氧化物中最具经济意义的矿产资源,也是中国当前短缺和重要的急需矿种之一。金红石矿床产出的大地构造背景主要是古老地盾区及其边缘或褶皱带中的变质地体。全球范围内,主要的金红石矿床可分为4个大类,即:变质的、与侵入岩有关的、沉积的和风化的,它们又可以分为12个类型,其中,第四纪海滨沉积砂矿是最重要的类型,榴辉岩型、碱性岩风化型和河流沉积砂矿型次之;碱性辉石岩中的钙钛矿、角闪岩型和斑岩铜(钼)矿伴生的金红石矿床经济潜力很大。大多数金红石富矿床来自榴辉岩型、与侵入岩有关的热液交代型和深度风化的碱性岩型,但在变质(粉)砂岩型和古沉积砂矿型中也有富矿床产出。     

中国金红石矿床地质及成因类型

根据矿床成因、成矿时代、成矿岩系及其变化特点、矿体及矿石特征等因素,将中国已知金红石矿床分为区域变质型(包括元古宙及古生代)、榴辉岩型、热液蚀变型、变质蚀变型及风化-沉积型5类。除形成于第四纪的风化-沉积型矿床之外,含矿层位多在泥盆系--新太古界之间,与变质作用及岩浆活动密切相关。不同类型矿床又各具特色。     

双龙厂-金锁桥金红石矿地质特征及成因探讨

金红石矿床含矿岩系为前震旦系会理群淌塘组一套凝灰质千枚岩,原岩为以沉凝灰岩为主的基-酸火山-沉积碎屑岩,经历了成岩变质作用和区域低温动力变质作用。火山-沉积碎屑岩是钛的主要来源,变质作用是主要的成矿作用。其成因类型为中低压区域变质型金红石矿床。     

大阜山金红石矿床含矿岩体的岩石学特征及其地质意义

大阜山以赋存金红石矿床而闻名,主体为基性变质岩体,以榴闪岩为主。主要矿物石榴子石、角闪石、斜长石、金红石等主要经历了3个发育期次,不同期次具有不同的产状特征。根据野外地质、岩石学、元素地球化学研究分析,结合区域地质背景资料,认为含矿岩体原岩为辉长岩,具正铕异常,低温中高压环境下变质而成。受扬子板块向华北板块俯冲后快速折返的影响,含矿岩体经历了退变质过程,金红石矿床形成。因此,金红石矿床是变质原岩(辉长岩)在区域变质作用下,经构造演化等综合作用的结果。     

江苏省新沂市小焦榴辉岩型金红石矿床的特征及成因初探

江苏小焦榴辉岩型金红石矿床是苏鲁超高压变质带中发现的品位最富、连续宽度最大的大型矿床,它与超高压变质榴辉岩密切相关。矿体主要赋存在含金红石的块状榴辉岩中,呈似层状、长条状和透镜状产出。地球化学特征表明榴辉岩的原岩为来自上地幔或壳幔过渡区的基性至超基性岩。金红石在矿石中主要呈包裹体、粒间充填、蚀变残余、热液充填4种赋存形式,分别代表了4个不同的形成及演化阶段。电子探针分析结果显示,在高压、超高压变质作用期间,富含Na的深部流体对金红石的成矿可能起了重要的作用。研究表明该矿床属典型的榴辉岩型金红石矿床,在成因上与超高压变质作用有关,类似于挪威的Engebfjellet、俄罗斯的Shubino矿床和意大利的PianPaludo矿床,而不同于中国已知的主要金红石矿床。此外,通过本次研究以及对普查和勘探资料的总结,提出了该类矿床的主要找矿标志。     

苏北超高压变质带榴辉岩的对比性研究及成矿作用

苏北超高压变质带是秦岭—大别造山带的东延部分,所产出的榴辉岩有三种类型,分别为产于片麻岩中的G类榴辉岩、产于大理岩中的M类榴辉岩和产于蛇纹岩中P类榴辉岩。地球化学研究表明,三类榴辉岩的原岩复杂多样,源岩为下地壳或上地幔的基性-超基性岩,兼具大陆和大洋玄武岩的特征,富含TiO2等有用组分,是金红石矿床的成矿母岩。金红石矿床的形成是华北、扬子两大板块俯冲碰撞的结果,金红石成矿作用的强弱与岩性、构造、变质变形作用等密切相关。榴辉岩中含有金红石、钛铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、绿辉石等多种有用矿物,具有较高的综合利用价值。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.