农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究

利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO₂ concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO₂ concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0.86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm:the average CO₂ concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO₂ fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon(1100 to 1300 BT(Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO₂ fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning(0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO₂ flux and the net radiation(R_n),available energy(H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and momentum flux(τ).     

关于棉田感热通量和潜热通量的几种计算方法

根据棉田的实测资料,选用四种常用的计算感染热通量的潜热通量的方法进行分析,发现空气动力学方法Ｉ和伯温比－能量平衡法的计算结果较一致,梯度扩散法略小,而布德科方法计算的潜热通量偏高、感热通量过低,因此得出结论：在计算棉花等作物的冠层通量时,选用空气动力学方法Ｉ最合适,其次是梯度扩散法。     

丘陵区土壤热通量遥感估算模型适应性分析

利用具有丘陵区典型特征的四川省乐至县气象站的土壤热通量和净辐射观测数据,分析了二者的变化特征,并验证了土壤热通量遥感估算模型的适用性。分析结果表明：晴空土壤热通量G与净辐射Rn存在明显日变化,最大值出现13时左右;其比值G／Rn受土壤湿润程度和地表覆盖的影响,地表湿润、覆盖率高,比值小。在干旱时,瞬时比值可高达0．7,而湿润情况,可低至0．05。对目前广泛使用的G／Rn卫星遥感模型估算结果与实测值的对比分析表明,不同的G／Rn卫星遥感估算模型估算结果存在明显的差异,仅依靠植被指数的模型不适合南方丘陵区。本研究认为Bastiaanssen等的模型较适合丘陵区的土壤热通量遥感估算模型。     

塔中地面加热场强度变化特征分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境综合观测试验站塔中西站10 m梯度自动气象站2009年1、4、7、10月观测数据,基于土壤的一维热扩散方程计算四季自然沙地下垫面的地表土壤热通量和地面加热场强度,从而分析沙漠下垫面的地面加热场强度变化特征。结果表明:(1)春季和夏季地表土壤热通量日总量为正值,热通量方向向下,沙层相对大气是热汇,秋季和冬季则相反;日较差最大值出现在秋季,最小值出现在冬季;除冬季以外土壤热通量只占净辐射通量的很小一部分;(2)1、4、7、10月地面加热场强度分别为-33.20～87.39 W/m~2、-36.92～274.16 W/m~2、-7.59～244.78W/m~2、-24.90～170.42 W/m~2,地面加热场强度日平均值均为正值,地面为热源,夏季最强,春季次之,冬季最弱;(3)与大气相较,白天地面为强热源,夜间为弱冷源,春季地面加热场强度峰值出现在12时(地方时),夏季、秋季、冬季均出现在13时(地方时)。因此,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地面加热场强度具有独特的日变化和季节变化特征。     

不同土壤类型的热通量变化特征

利用2004—2007年中国科学院中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)生态站实测土壤热通量、辐射等资料,分析了不同土壤类型表层热通量的日变化和季节变化,以及不同土壤类型的热通量与总辐射、净辐射的关系。结果表明,由于导热率越大,热量传输就越快;热容量越小,热量传输也越快,造成土壤热通量的日较差和年较差较大,所以黄绵土和紫色土的表层热通量日较差最大(220～280 W.m-2),高寒草甸土和水稻土最小(55W.m-2);季节变化中土壤表层热通量的年较差变化范围在12～28W.m-2之间,灰漠土最大,为28W.m-2,热通量年较差从大到小依次为灰漠土、黄绵土、盐碱潮土、红壤土、紫色土、沼泽土、水稻土和高寒潮土,高寒潮土最小,为12W.m-2。不同土壤类型的热通量与总辐射、净辐射呈正相关关系,但不同土壤类型的土壤热通量在12:00(地方时)所占净辐射的比例各不相同,高寒草甸土最小,约为8%;黄绵土最大,为38%,多数土壤的热通量占净辐射的比例在15%～20%之间,这充分表明不同土壤类型表层热通量的传输存在很大差异。     

估算地表热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法

提出一种反演地表感热通量、潜热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法,该方法把不同高度上的风速、位温以及湿度梯度的观测资料与Monin-Obukhov相似理论计算值的偏差、土壤水分蒸发参数化方案估算的蒸发潜热与由相似理论导出值的偏差在地表能量平衡的约束下融合到一个目标泛函数中,采用最优化算法寻求问题的解。利用2001年6月中国暴雨试验与研究项目在安徽肥西观测资料进行了数值验证,结果表明:该方法估算的通量值与Bowen比法具有很好的相关性且又能克服当Bowen比等于-1时计算通量出现的不稳定;同时能克服用廓线法求解热通量与地表能量平衡条件有较大出入的缺点。对观测误差的敏感性试验也表明变分方法是3类方法中最稳定的。反演的近地层土壤含水量对降水具有很好的响应并与观测的0—15 cm深度上平均土壤湿度的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,其绝对偏差小于0.03 m3/m3。     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

一种城市地表能量平衡模式在上海的模拟评估

利用一整年的上海城区常规气象和地表能量平衡观测资料,驱动和检验了局地城市地表能量(水分)平衡模式(SUEWS/LUMPS)在上海地区的模拟能力,并对模式输入参数进行了部分本地化。模拟结果表明,SUEWS模式较好地再现了各辐射通量的日变化形态,对净辐射通量(Q~*)中午日峰值低估约为25 W·m~(-2);模式对四个季节向下长波辐射通量(L_↓)的日变化幅度均被低估,对向上长波辐射通量(L_↑)的模拟明显优于L_↓。SUEWS/LUMPS模式对感热通量(Q_H)各季节(春季除外)日峰值出现时次均有准确模拟,而对Q_H量值各季节均为低估;SUEWS模式在夏、秋季对白天潜热通量(Q_E)的模拟均优于LUMPS模式,而在冬、春季的模拟情况两者接近;SUEWS模式成功再现了储热通量(△Q_S)冬、春、秋季早、晚正负值转换时间,而在夏季滞后了2 h,模拟的△Q_S量值季节差异性较大。对模式误差随气温、风速及风向变化进行分析表明,在较高气温和较大风速下,Q_H、Q_E均表现为低估误差增大,而△Q_S则相反,表现为更显著地高估;风向的影响主要表现为模式未考虑东面密集建筑群而使得Q_H较明显低估约为-50 W·m~(-2),而西侧公园绿地的存在使得Q_H高估约15 W·m~(-2)。     

长江三角洲地区水和热通量的时空变化特征及影响因子

文中利用改进的K B模式和牛顿扩散方法及 196 1年以来的长江三角洲 (2 8～ 33°N ,118～ 12 3°E)地区的 4 8个测站的常规气象资料 ,估计了该地区近 4 0a来的蒸散量和感热通量。结合该地区的气温、太阳辐射等气候资料和 196 0年以来该区域土地资源利用变化等有关信息对该地区的潜热通量和感热通量的时 空间变化特征及其可能成因进行了综合分析。结果认为该地区自 2 0世纪 70年代开始平均蒸散量有逐渐减小的趋势 ,与 1980年相比 ,1998年区域年平均蒸散量减小了 2 4mm。区域平均感热通量与蒸散量相比在此期间变化并不明显。通过对该地区的云量、太阳辐射及土地利用变化资料分析认为 ,造成该地区平均蒸散量减少趋势的的原因之一是用于蒸发的能量即太阳辐射的减少 ,而造成太阳辐射减少的可能原因为云量及大气透明度的变化所至 ;原因之二是该地区地表覆盖条件的改变。近 2 0a来 ,该地区的水田、旱地及水域面积占总面积的比率分别减少 1.35 3% ,4 .4 4 2 %和2 .5 97% ,而城镇建设、工矿及其它建设用地面积则增加 3.345 %。耕地及水面的减小和城镇及建设用地面积的增加从整体上使区域平均蒸发量减少。     

城市区域内建筑物墙体内外壁表面温度特征的比较研究

使用12月、4月、8月昆明城市区域内建筑物墙体内外壁表面温度的观测资料，分析了不同朝向墙体内外壁表面温度的特征、变化规律及差异。结果表明：4月和8月墙体内外壁表面温度较高，12月较低；不同朝向墙体之间的差异以天气晴朗的4月和12月较大，多云天8月最小；4月和8月E向墙体的内外壁表面温度均最大，S向次之，N向最小：而12月S向墙体的内外壁表面温度在一段时段内甚至超过了E向；内壁表面温度的日较差低于外壁表面，且其出现最高、最低温度的时间均较外壁表面有所延滞。     

Role of Solar Radiation and Water Vapour Pressure Deficit in Controlling Latent Heat Flux Density in a Scots Pine Forest

We assessed in absolute and relative terms how solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit control the latent heat flux density in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest growing under boreal conditions. The absolute and relative total control can be expressed as sums of the physical and biological forms of control. Physical control is based on the direct effects of solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit on latent heat flux density, and biological control on the effects of solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit on latent heat flux density through surface resistance. Measurements based on the eddy covariance method were used in the assessment, which defined the scale adopted in the study. Relative physical control over latent heat flux density was mainly exercised by water vapour pressure deficit, and the role of solar radiation was only marginal. The relative biological control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux density was higher in the morning and afternoon, unlike the control exercised by water vapour pressure deficit, which was strongest around noon. The values for the relative total control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux density were in general higher than those for relative total control exercised by water vapour pressure deficit. This is inconsistent with expectations based on Omega theory, where a decoupling coefficient () indicates the relative control exercised by surface resistance over latent heat flux density. Solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit do not necessarily act in opposite directions in the absolute or relative total control that they maintain over latent heat flux density.     

南极瑞穗站辐射平衡及湍流通量特征

本文利用南极瑞穗站１９７９—１９８０年近地面层微气象及辐射平衡等观测资料，分析了春、夏、秋和冬季辐射平衡分量的日、年变化特征，采用空气动力学方法和廓线梯度迭代法计算了不同季节的动量通量、感热通量和由能量平衡方程得到的潜热通量的日变化特征，并对计算结果进行了比较。文中还对湍流热量交换系数、湍流动量交换系数与理查孙数的日变化关系进行了讨论。     

Possible contribution of Arctic sea ice decline to intense warming over Siberia in June

西伯利亚地区异常的升温可能会给生态系统带来灾难性的影响.本文从气候角度分析西伯利亚地区初夏升温的特征以及北极海冰减小的可能贡献.观测和再分析资料表明,1979-2020年间西伯利亚地区6月地表气温有很强的升温趋势(0.9℃/10年),明显高于同纬度地区平均的升温趋势(0.46℃/10年).升温从地表延伸至300hPa左...     

梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度结构和边界层特征

对１９９０年两场梅雨锋暴雨的地面中尺度结构作了较详细的分析研究，并利用加密观测的铁塔和低探资料，揭示了梅雨锋暴雨各阶段边界层热通量和动量通量特征。     

温室内土壤热量垂直通量及其对土壤热状况的影响

根据日光温室内外土壤温度的实测资料，计算了温室内外土壤热量垂直通量的平均日变化；利用热量平衡方程探讨了温室内土壤的增温效应，为推广和应用温室蔬菜栽培技术提供科学依据。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) havebeen analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region. It is found that there exist maximum centers ofTMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as thewestern Pacific, SCS, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, and their locations and strengthschange significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset. A positive zonal deviation of TMLHoccurs first in the Indochina Peninsula, apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula. Theappearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with thesummer monsoon onset. Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas, the TMLH increases graduallywith a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon, and the rate of increase issignificantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean, TMLH decreasesbefore the monsoon onset, varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually afterthe ending of monsoon. Therefore, it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an importantrole in the maintenance of the summer monsoon, and its variation is an phenomenon accompanyingthe onset of summer monsoon.     

中国土壤热通量的气候计算及其分布特征

根据北京等6个热平衡站的资料，通过5种方案计算比较得出土壤热通量Qs动的气候计算方法Qs＝2．826·△θs-20＋0．486·△T－0．777这里△θs-20、△T分别为土中5与20厘米温差和地一气温差．该式相关比为0．897，平均拟合误差1．4wm-2。据此计算全国215站的土中热交换量，并分析其时空变化，得出一些有意义的结果。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that there exist maximum centers of TMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as the western Pacific,SCS,the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal,and their locations and strengths change significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset.A positive zonal deviation of TMLH occurs first in the Indochina Peninsula,apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula.The appearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with the summer monsoon onset.Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas,the TMLH increases gradually with a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon,and the rate of increase is significantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean,TMLH decreases before the monsoon onset,varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually after the ending of monsoon.Therefore,it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an important role in the maintenance of the summer monsoon,and its variation is an phenomenon accompanying the onset of summer monsoon.