面向iOS的移动端全景地图构建方法

随着移动互联网和街景地图的发展,基于360°全景影像的街景地图服务将成为移动互联网时代位置服务的主流趋势。该文提出了一种面向iOS移动端的全景地图应用构建方法。首先,提出基于球面模型的移动端全景场景构建、纹理贴图和渲染优化的技术方法;其次,针对移动终端应用模式,设计了面向移动终端的全景地图数据服务的技术框架;最后,采用移动端全景地图模型和数据服务框架,实现了iOS下移动端全景地图的开发。实验结果表明移动端全景浏览流畅,可以广泛应用在增强现实位置服务,具有很好的应用前景。     

支持地图自适应可视化的用户模型设计及试验研究

对网络电子地图的自适应可视化机制进行了研究,建立了自适应地图可视化系统的自适应用户模型、自适应的数据组织和自适应结构.试验系统主要根据"用图目的"对用户进行划分,建立用户模型;利用地图瓦片技术和背景与热点集成技术,实现了地图瓦片的自适应数据组织以及用户模型支持下的地图自适应可视化等基本功能.     

多维动态地图中时态信息可视化

讨论了当前有代表性的时态信息数据模型,例如快照模型和更新模型、三维/四维模型、基于事件的时空数据模型等;总结和归纳了地理要素和现象的时空变化形式,如出现和消失、周期性或渐变性的变化、空间上的移动,以及上述几种情况的组合形式等;在此基础上提出了时态信息的地图表达方法,包括基于栅格图像的地图动画、点状要素分布的变化、线状要素的变迁、线状路径自动生成、面状要素随时间推移、面状要素分布的连续变化等,并在"国家自然地图集电子版"中予以实践.此外,还设计了与时态变化相适应的动态用户交互工具和动态符号.     

我国近期移动地图与互联网地图发展综述

我国移动地图与互联网地图逐渐成为地理信息与电子地图应用的主流趋势.该文从地图数据的组织与传输机制、可视化技术、在线地图服务以及导航各行业拓展应用等方面,总结了我国近期移动与互联网地图的研究进展,点评了目前发展中存在的若干问题,结合我国实际情况展望了其发展前景.     

地图多要素协同综合的知识规则研究

针对地图制图综合逐步向多要素乃至全要素综合发展,而地图综合知识规则仍停留在单要素知识规则这一问题,该文结合地图协同综合提出地图多要素协同综合知识规则,对协同综合中知识规则进行详细分类,提出协同综合过程控制模型,为多要素协同综合中知识规则的建立提供一种可行的处理方法。     

数字地图要素样式结构化存储表达研究与实现

研究数字地图要素样式结构化存储问题,分析目前国内外最新研究进展和各种实现方式的优缺点。从地图要素样式共享的目的入手,探索遵循国际标准的样式实现方案;设计并使用XML的结构化可扩展特性,借助元编程的最新理念和Java编程语言实现兼容SLD标准的地图样式表达和存储机制。实验中定义了点、线、填充、字体等各种地图符号的XML表达形式,并与SLD主题样式相对应,与其他地图样式的转换操作表明,该模式可以实现地图要素样式的自定义设计和共享传播。     

中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题

制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。     

空间认知对等导航电子地图的简化探讨

基于地图功能的改变和移动服务独特的用图环境,提出采用“空间认知对等地图”以满足导航用户的认知需求;介绍“空间认知对等地图”的概念和地图中应表现的认知信息、地图的简化过程和简化过程中的拓扑关系维护,给出地图的简化效果。这种地图不仅能满足空间认知需要,而且能缓解目前在LBS应用中存在的地图数据与屏幕大小的矛盾,适应移动环境下用户的多行为状态和终端硬件特点。     

社会地图研究综述与展望

用地图方法研究社会空间已有较长历史,在不同的研究背景下形成了多种研究模式。近年来,大数据的出现和空间信息可视化技术的发展,不仅为社会地图的广泛应用提供了更多数据和方法支撑,也为社会空间的再认识提供了新的契机和可能。本文在对面向社会空间研究的国内外社会地图运用成果进行系统梳理的基础上, 将社会地图的研究应用归纳为要素呈现、问题解释和理论验证3个阶段,并对其具体应用内容、方法和数据形式进行了综述,总结为统计图、点值图、网格图、密度图等四种类型,并就社会地图在中国社会空间研究中的应用可能性及其方向进行了讨论和展望。     

数字环境下地图综合结果自动评价模型的研究与应用

在对数字环境下地图综合的新含义和新任务进行分析的基础上,讨论了地图自动综合的评价标准和综合指标,指出了一种大比例尺地图综合结果自动评价模型,并利用该模型开发了一个评价模块内置到深圳市规划国土局开发研制的地图综合软件AutoMap中。此模块可对地图各种要素     

Personalizing map content to improve task completion efficiency

Significant interaction challenges arise in both developing and using interactive map applications. Users encounter problems of information overload in using interactive maps to complete tasks. This is further exacerbated by device limitations and interaction constraints in increasingly popular mobile platforms. Application developers must then address restrictions related to screen size and limited bandwidth in order to effectively display maps on mobile devices. In order to address issues of user information overload and application efficiency in interactive map applications, we have developed a novel approach for delivering personalized vector maps. Ongoing task interactions between users and maps are monitored and captured implicitly in order to infer individual and group preferences related to specific map feature content. Personalized interactive maps that contain spatial feature content tailored specifically to users' individual preferences are then generated. Our approach addresses spatial information overload by providing only the map information necessary and sufficient to suit user interaction preferences, thus simplifying the completion of tasks performed with interactive maps. In turn, tailoring map content to specific user preferences considerably reduces the size of vector data sets necessary to transmit and render maps on mobile devices. We have developed a geographic information system prototype, MAPPER (MAP PERsonalization), that implements our approach. Experimental evaluations show that the use of personalized maps helps users complete their tasks more efficiently and can reduce information overload.     

Big Data from the Ground Up: Mobile Maps and Geographic Knowledge

Consumer users of maps on mobile devices are producing noteworthy geographic knowledges in the contexts of their own lives that are distinct from those of professional data scientists. By leveraging the streaming nature of big data in mobile maps and zooming multiscalar views, consumer users' mobile map practices produce a popular, multiscalar form of visual geographic knowledge that is both enabled and limited by its big data assemblage and associated technologies. The first half of this article outlines the role of consumer user practices amidst spatial big data assemblages, not for volunteered geographic information or aggregate analysis but for contextual, everyday use. Consumer users and their knowledges are coconstituted through mobile map viewing and as materially limited technological practices. This article focuses specifically on the consumer users' concept of scale in this context, for Web-based maps' multiscalar views differentiate them from older maps. The second half analyzes mobile map consumer users' concepts of scale in a series of focus groups that involved both questions and observing participants' actions with maps on their own phones. Instead of passively accepting maps at predetermined optimized scales from the map application, consumer users actively viewed the map across scales while searching but not while navigating.     

A new pseudocylindrical equal-area projection for adaptive composite map projections

The recently introduced adaptive composite map projection technique changes the projection to the geographic area shown on a map. It is meant as a replacement for the commonly used web Mercator projection, which grossly distorts areas when representing the entire world. The original equal-area version of the adaptive composite map projection technique uses the Lambert azimuthal projection for regional maps and three alternative projections for world maps. Adaptive composite map projections can include a variety of other equal-area projections when the transformation between the Lambert azimuthal and the world projections uses Wagner’s method. To select the most suitable pseudocylindrical projection, the distortion characteristics of a pseudocylindrical projection family are analyzed, and a user study among experts in the area of map projections is carried out. Based on the results of the distortion analysis and the user study, a new pseudocylindrical projection is recommended for extending adaptive composite map projections. The new projection is equal-area throughout the transformation to the Lambert azimuthal projection and has better distortion characteristics then small-scale projections currently included in the adaptive composite map projection technique.     

The Spatial Knowledge of Indigenous People in Mountainous Environments: A Case Study of Three Taiwanese Indigenous Tribes

This article recounts information gleaned from a case study of three indigenous tribes in Taiwan regarding the origin and nature of their spatial knowledge. Sketched mental maps and GIS 3D virtual environment (VE) are used by indigenous elders and hunters to delineate their traditional territories. Spatial components representing the predominant spatial elements are identified. Spatial structures used for locational positioning are analyzed, as are spatial reference systems for orientation and movement. The results show that spatial components are used for daily activities, as well as having historical and cultural meaning; a quadrant structure is used for spatial positioning; and instead of using the directional reference system of east, south, west, and north, these indigenous people rely on the orientation analogies of uphill, downhill, upstream, and downstream for direction.     

北京市电子地图集的设计与技术实现

在电子地图设计的研究中,“用户界面设计”、“三维景观表达”、“多媒体的使用”、“动态注记”、“图形冲突”和“屏幕地图的交互功能”等都是至关重要的问题。然而在电子地图日益普及的今天,对这些问题的认识还需进一步的研究。本文结合《北京市电子地图集》的创作实践,详细讨论了电子图集的功能设计和界面设计,对以上问题提出了切实可行的的解决方案,并给出了较为理想的试验结果     

A less‐is‐more approach to geovisualization – enhancing knowledge construction across multidisciplinary teams

The ‘less‐is‐more’ concept in interface design for computer applications has recently gained ground. In this article, the concept is adopted for a user‐centered design of geovisualization application. The premise is that using simple and clear design can lead to successful applications with improved ease of use. Over the last three decades, the development of GIS and geovisualization has seen a marked increase in the levels of interaction between the user, the system and the information. However, these enthusiastic advances in technology have not resulted in a significant increase in the number of users.

This article suggests that types of user interaction should not simply emphasize traditional GIS functions such as zooming and panning but move towards interaction based on facilitating the knowledge construction process. Considerations are made for the complexity of the system, the task at hand and the skills and limitations of the users. These elements are particularly important when maps act as the mediators in collaboration with users across disciplinary backgrounds. In such cases, the emphasis on simplicity and usability becomes as important as functionality. In these situations a geovisualization application designed for specific uses can maximize effective development of geographic knowledge.

In this article, a minimalistic design approach to geovisualization is adopted by creating a geographic profiling tool which shifts the emphasis from technological advances or interaction with the map to the interaction elements key to building the spatial knowledge of GIS experts and non‐experts alike. To evaluate this notion of ‘less‐is‐more geovisualization’ the profiling tool is evaluated according to usability matrices: efficiency, effectiveness and learnability. How well the Suburban Profiler contributes to these elements is assessed by conducting a video analysis of the types and forms of user interaction available. The video analysis demonstrates the usefulness and usability of the Suburban Profiler, providing proof of concept for ‘less‐is‐more geovisualization’.     

Automation and evaluation of graduated dot maps

Dot mapping is a traditional method for visualizing quantitative data, but current automated dot mapping techniques are limited. The most common automated method places dots pseudo-randomly within enumeration areas, which can result in overlapping dots and very dense dot clusters for areas with large values. These issues affect users’ ability to estimate values. Graduated dot maps use dots with different sizes that represent different values. With graduated dot maps the number of dots on a map is smaller, reducing the likelihood of overlapping dots. This research introduces an automated method of generating graduated dot maps that arranges dots with blue-noise patterns to avoid overlap and uses clustering algorithms to replace densely packed dots with those of larger sizes. A user study comparing graduated dot maps, pseudo-random dot maps, blue-noise dot maps and proportional circle maps with almost 300 participants was conducted. Results indicate that map users can more accurately extract values from graduated dot maps than from the other map types. This is likely due to the smaller number of dots per enumeration area in graduated dot maps. Map users also appear to prefer graduated dot maps over other map types.     

中国电子地图发展中的可视化问题

1IntroductionSpatial data can be visualized and explored in various ways. Developments in hardware and software have led to and will surely continue to stimulate novel methods for visualizing spatial data and creation of electronic atlas information syste…