利用地震相分析方法圈定煤层变焦区

三维地震数据体中,地震波形的总体变化源于地质体构造、岩性的综合反映,因此地震波形的总体变化是一个很重要的地震属性。然而,传统的岩性解释手段(例如波阻抗反演和地震属性技术等)忽略了地震波形的整体变化及其分布规律。利用地震波形的变化来建立地震相,在一定程度上能够弥补这一缺陷。利用地震波形划分地震相就是通过神经网络分析将地震信号按照波形进行分类,不同的类反映不同的岩性地质体。基于波形划分地震相原理,介绍了利用Stratimagic地震地层解释系统进行地震相划分的一般流程和关键参数的设置,并以淄博矿业集团葛亭煤矿某采区为例,对其3煤层变焦区进行了圈定。     

全球5.0级以上地震活动与地球自转变化的Granger因果关系检验

采用国际地球自转服务中心(IERS)发布的日长变化(Length of the Day,LOD)数据和美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)公布的地震目录中的震级在5.0级(含5.0级)以上的地震数据,对1973年以来的每日地球自转变化时间序列与地震时间序列之间的Granger因果关系进行检验,结果表明:地球自转变化与地震之间存在着双向Granger因果关系,即地球自转变化可能导致地震发生,地震也会对地球自转变化产生影响,检验结果暗示了两者之间可能存在着复杂的动力机制。     

鲁豫交界地区尾波Q_c值分析研究

该文对濮阳台记录的21次地震进行了地震波衰减研究,讨论了地球介质品质因子随频率变化的关系;利用不同地震采用不同流逝时间的尾波品质因子测定方法,有效去除了由于不同地震或同一地震的地震散射波在纵向介质中穿透深度的不同而导致对品质因子测量结果的影响,从而有利于扑捉到品质因子的异常变化特征与地震孕育过程的关系。利用改进后的模型,对鲁豫交界地区尾波值进行了计算,得到了该地区品质因子随频率的变化关系和区域介质衰减的时间变化特征。     

波形分类技术在黄骅坳陷孔店组沉积体系研究中的应用——以孔二段为例

地震波波形2实际上是地震波振幅、频率、相位的集中体现,地震信号的任何物理参数的变化总是反应在地震波形态的变化上.地质体的厚度、分布范围、内部结构、物性、含油气性等变化会影响到地震波的变化,也必将在地震波的波形特征上有反映.[1]地震波形分类技术充分利用了地震资料信息丰富的特点,采用神经网络算法把地震波形特征定量地刻画出来[2].在stratimagic软件环境下,通过对大港孔南地区三维地震数据逐道进行对比分类,细致地刻画了地震信号的横向变化,从而得到与地质层位对应的地震相图,应用于对孔店组沉积体系的研究.     

2010年新西兰M7.1地震前的长波辐射变化特征

以2001—2011年美国NOAA长波辐射数据为背景数据,利用涡度背景场法研究2010年9月3日新西兰南岛M7.1级地震前后卫星长波辐射数据变化特征。结果表明,地震当月在震中西南侧出现显著的长波辐射异常变化,这种变化在全年各月及2001—2011年11年历年同月变化中都是最为显著的,认为其是本次地震的1次映震表现。用同样方法对区内2001—2011年11年间发生6次7.0级以上地震的长波辐射数据进行分析,结果在3次陆地地震发震前都检测到了长波辐射异常变化,而海域地震前则未发现这种现象。检索前人的相关研究结果,发现仅有2次海域地震(2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊西北海域8.7级地震和2010年1月12日海地7.0级地震)前有长波辐射异常变化的报道,而根据全球云量分布资料显示,这2个地震所发生的区域是全球洋面云量分布最少的2个区域,而新西兰地震发生的区域位于全球洋面云量分布最多的区域。因此,认为由于水汽和云层对地表红外辐射的强吸收作用,长波辐射捕捉陆地地震红外辐射异常变化更加灵敏,对陆地地震的映震效能要强于海洋地震。     

泰安台日本6.8级地震前体应变变化观测报告

2007年7月16日日本发生ML 6.8地震。此次地震前的7月6日,山东泰安台钻孔应变仪观测到异常变化。本文报告了变化情况,同时给出了水位和气压的变化。     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区近期地震活动性与汶川地震应力触发作用的关系

采用β统计对汶川地震前后鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区的地震活动率进行了空间扫描分析,并采用JiChen的震源破裂模型计算了汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化,以研究鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区近期地震活动性与汶川地震应力触发作用的关系。结果发现,鄂尔多斯块体西南缘弧形断裂束的南东段与南缘渭河盆地的地震活动率在汶川地震后提高显著,其他区域的地震活动率没有明显提高,库仑破裂应力计算得到两个区域的应力变化范围分别为0.005～0.02 MPa和0.001～0.01 MPa,表明汶川地震有可能触发了这两个区域的地震活动。鄂尔多斯块体东缘的山西断陷带处于库仑破裂应力计算的应力增加区,应力变化范围为0～0.012 MPa,2009年3月以来发生的4次ML4.5～5.2级强有感至微破坏地震有可能被汶川地震所延迟触发。b值、地震能量释放率与空间相关距离SCL等地震活动性参数随时间变化扫描结果显示,该区域可能处于不断趋近高应力累积的状态,其未来大震有可能提前发生。西缘地区为应力减小区,其目前的地震活动处于正常水平状态。     

锦州台文安5.1级地震前体应变变化观测报告

2006年7月4日河北文安发生MS5.1地震。此次地震前,6月28日开始,辽宁锦州台钻孔应变仪观测到异常变化,持续4天。本文报告了变化情况,同时给出了水位和气压变化。     

地球低阶重力场系数J2异常变化与地震活动的关系研究

1992-2011年地球低阶重力场系数J2先后发生了两次异常变化,时间段约为1997-2000年、2007-2010年;根据中国地震台网（CSN）公布的地震目录,收集1990-2012年间发生在中国大陆MS≥3.0的所有地震资料,初步分析了J2异常变化与地震活动的关系。文中分别对浅源（深度范围0≤h≤70 km）MS≥5.0、MS≥6.0和中源（深度范围70≤h≤300 km）MS≥3.0、MS≥3.5、MS≥4.0地震总数进行了统计分析,建立了地震活动频次随时间变化的时间序列。文中将地震频次时间序列与地球低阶重力场系数J2长期变化作对比分析,结果显示：（1）浅源地震活动存在3个明显的峰值,第一个峰值和第二个峰值出现的时间段分别和“98异常”、“07异常”时间段吻合,第三峰值时间段和地球自转速率转变时刻吻合;（2）中源地震活动与浅源地震活动存在差异,前者仅存在两个明显的峰值,第一峰值出现的时间段和“98异常”吻合,第二峰值相对于“07异常”出现后移现象,然而小波多分辨率分析显示地震频次时间序列的小波细节系数发生显著变化的时段和“07异常”非常吻合;（3）中国大陆发生的7级以上的地震,62.5％位于J2异常变化期间、纬度集中分布于J2节点线35.3°附近。这些结果表明：J2异常变化可能会对中国大陆地震活动产生较显著的影响;地球自转速率转变的时刻对浅源地震活动产生较显著影响,而对中源地震活动影响不明显。最后从地球重力学以及J2变化与地球自转的关系方面分析J2异常变化与地震活动的关系。研究显示：1992-2011年间J2发生的两次异常变化的时间间隔大致为10 a,这和地球自转“10 a起伏”变化相吻合,这些结果对中国大陆地震孕育过程规律的认识以及地震预测研究具有一定的价值。     

盐间页岩油韵律层地震响应模拟及页岩薄储层厚度预测

江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层的地质结构为韵律背景下的页岩薄层,由于地震分辨率的限制,常规地震勘探方法难以精确描述盐间页岩油薄储层厚度的空间展布。因此,应用现有地震资料,探索适用于韵律结构中页岩薄层的地震预测方法具有重要意义。本文通过地震传播矩阵方法计算并分析研究区目标韵律层的地震响应特征,系统模拟并分析非均匀薄互层结构中页岩薄层的厚度、纵波速度等变化时地震波的反射动力学特征,发现地震反射波形的振幅和相位随非均匀页岩薄层的纵波速度和厚度的变化产生明显的变化,这些变化是本文页岩薄层厚度预测的基础。结合测井分析构建韵律层地质地球物理模型,模型空间考虑了页岩薄层纵波速度和厚度共99种组合变化的情况。通过求取目标层实际地震反射波形与构建的模型空间中地震波形的最佳匹配,提出基于反射波形的页岩薄储层厚度的地震预测方法,预测研究区页岩薄层厚度变化范围为5~20 m,并且由西南向东北呈增加趋势。预测页岩薄层厚度与测井解释具有较高的一致性,验证了本文地震预测方法的有效性。     

The Timing of Crustal Extension,Diking, and Eruption of the Deccan Flood Basalts

A randomly oriented dike swarm in the Western Ghats region has been postulated to be the feeder dike swarm of the ～2 km thick sequence exposed in that region of the Deccan province, and interpreted as evidence for the lack of crustal extension before this major flood basalt event. An enormous, central shield volcano has also been postulated in the same region based on flow stratigraphic studies and the randomly oriented dikes. These interpretations are subject to numerous objections and the lack of crustal extension before Deccan volcanism is not supported by presently available data. Rift zones of the province and the western Indian continental margin remain highly probable source areas for large volumes of the Deccan lavas.     

柯坪断裂东段现今微动态运动监测与研究

1997年1月2日~1998年12月31日新疆伽师地震群的发生,使柯坪断裂的滑动速率和运动方向发生了改变。利用MD系列断层仪对柯坪断裂东段的运动特征进行了观测与研究。结果表明,柯坪断裂带东段在伽师地震群前后,垂直滑动速率由0.037 mm/a提高到0.069 mm/a,水平错动速度由左旋0.033 mm/a改变为右旋0.016 mm/a;水平运动方向发生了改变,垂直运动强度提高了近一倍;伽师震群发生前后,柯坪断裂东段附近的应力场发生了改变,最大和最小水平应变率的大小虽未变化,但主应变率轴绕顺时针方向旋转了16.7°。     

2.5 Ga gabbro-anorthosites in the Belomorian Province,Fennoscandian Shield: Petrology and tectonic setting

The Vorochistoozersky, Nizhnepopovsky, and Severo-Pezhostrovsky gabbro-anorthosite massifs have been studied in the central part of the Belomorian Province, Fennoscandian Shield. The similarity of geological setting and rock composition of these massifs suggests their affiliation to a single complex. The age of the gabbro-anorthosites was determined by U-Pb (SHRIMP II) zircon dating of gabbro-pegmatites from the Vorochistoozersky massif at 2505 ± 8 Ma. The studied massifs were overprinted by the high-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism. Relicts of magmatic layering and primary magmatic assemblages preserved in the largest bodies. The massifs consist mainly of leucocratic gabbros but also contain rocks of the layered series varying in composition from olivinite to anorthosite. The presence of troctolites in the layered series indicates the stability of the olivine–plagioclase liquidus assemblage and, respectively, shallow depths of melt crystallization. Despite the composition differences between gabbro-anorthosites of the Belomorian and peridotite–gabbronorite intrusions Kola provinces, these simultaneously formed massifs presumably mark a single great igneous event. It also includes the gabbronorite dikes in the Vodlozero terrane of the Karelian province, the Mistassini swarm in the Superior province, and the Kaminak swarm in the Hearne Craton, Canadian Shield. The large igneous province of age ~2500 Ma reflects the oldest stage of within-plate magmatism after a consolidation of the Neoarchean crust of the Kenorland Supercontinent (Superia supercraton).     

An earthquake swarm in the northern part of the Aso caldera and migration of their foci

A seismicity gap was observed in the early stage of the activity of the earthquake swarm which has been taken place in the northern part of the Aso caldera during January 1975. In the following stage, small earthquakes began to occur, until at last the largest earthquake occured within the seismicity gap. The b-value appreciably increased after the largest earthquake. The above-mentioned characteristics of this earthquake swarm may be a typical example of the fracturing phenomena in relatively heterogeneous rocks. From the estimation of the ultimate strain energy that can be stored up in the seismicity gap, it may be concluded that the above-mentioned largest earthquake took place by the release of ultimate strain energy stored within the seismicity gap.     

Induced earthquakes in the Izu peninsula by the Izu-Hanto-Oki earthquake of 1974, Japan

Recently small earthquakes in the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, occurred in a region where differential strain, or shear strain on the nodal planes, may have been enhanced by the Izu-Hanto-oki earthquake of 1974 (M = 6.9 after JMA). It is suggested that the seismic ctivity was induced by the redistribution of strain accompanying the Izu-Hanto-oki earthquake. The activity from August, 1975, may have also been affected by an abnormal uplift in the northeastern part of the peninsula. Based on plausible models, the uplift caused the accumulation of differential strain in the focal region of the subsequent earthquakes. Quantitatively, this change of crustal strain was of the order of 10⁻⁶; it is ten times as much as the average annual accumulation. Consequently, the sudden or rapid change of strain was likely to have played an essential role in the subsequent seismic activity. This effect could be one of the factors which trigger a shallow intra-plate earthquake.     

Geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of four Palaeoproterozoic mafic dike swarms and associated large igneous provinces from the eastern Dharwar craton,India

Palaeoproterozoic mafic dike swarms of different ages are well exposed in the eastern Dharwar craton of India. Available U-Pb mineral ages on these dikes indicate four discrete episodes, viz. (1) ~2.37 Ga Bangalore swarm, (2) ~2.21 Ga Kunigal swarm, (3) ~2.18 Ga Mahbubnagar swarm, and (4) ~1.89 Ga Bastar-Dharwar swarm. These are mostly sub-alkaline tholeiitic suites, with ~1.89 Ga samples having a slightly higher concentration of high-field strength elements than other swarms with a similar MgO contents. Mg number (Mg#) in the four swarms suggest that the two older swarms were derived from primary mantle melts, whereas the two younger swarms were derived from slightly evolved mantle melt. Trace element petrogenetic models suggest that magmas of the ~2.37 Ga swarm were generated within the spinel stability field by ~15–20% melting of a depleted mantle source, whereas magmas of the other three swarms may have been generated within the garnet stability field with percentage of melting lowering from the ~2.21 Ga swarm (~25%), ~2.18 Ga swarm (~15–20%), to ~1.89 Ga swarm (~10–12%). These observations indicate that the melting depth increased with time for mafic dike magmas. Large igneous province (LIP) records of the eastern Dharwar craton are compared to those of similar mafic events observed from other shield areas. The Dharwar and the North Atlantic cratons were probably together at ~2.37 Ga, although such an episode is not found in any other craton. The ~2.21 Ga mafic magmatic event is reported from the Dharwar, Superior, North Atlantic, and Slave cratons, suggesting the presence of a supercontinent, ‘Superia’. It is difficult to find any match for the ~2.18 Ga mafic dikes of the eastern Dharwar craton, except in the Superior Province. The ~1.88–1.90 Ga mafic magmatic event is reported from many different blocks, and therefore may not be very useful for supercontinent reconstructions.     

乌鸦嘴泉水氡异常判识

本文通过对比分析及统计分析指出,乌鸦咀泉水氡存在年畸变异常,并进一步对可能引起异常的各种因素进行排除分析,排除其它因素,认为该异常主要是水点内在原因所致,应结合全省其它水点其它测项作进一步分析,并结合以往的震例做出一定程度的预报。     

三轴压缩围压与峰值应力、应变关系的改进粒子群神经网络研究

岩石三轴压缩试验中,峰值应力和应变是应力-应变曲线重要的控制数据,通常情况下,随着围压的增大,峰值应力和应变也会相应增大。试验结果表明,围压与峰值应力、应变之间并非简单的线性关系。使用模拟退火技术对粒子群神经网络进行了改进,提出采用改进粒子群神经网络建立围压与峰值应力、应变非线性关系的方法。通过实例,说明所提方法是可行的。