拓宽方式对软土路基工程特性影响的离心模型试验

如何保持新旧路基间的变形协调是拓宽工程中普遍关注的问题,目前尚缺乏对于拓宽方式对软土路基工程特性影响的直接对比分析。本文开展离心模型试验,采用普通填料或气泡轻质土进行放坡或挡墙拓宽,分析了新旧路基变形、地基土中孔压和土压力在路基拓宽后的变化规律。试验结果表明,气泡轻质土显著减小拓宽过程中产生的孔隙水压力增量和附加应力增量。相较于边坡拓宽,挡墙拓宽方式对地基影响更小。轻质土路堤采用挡墙拓宽方式引起的挡墙倾角和墙背土压力均较小。采用Boussinesq公式计算得到的拓宽路堤引起的地基中附加应力分布与实测值基本吻合,且偏于保守。本文的研究成果对指导路基拓宽工程具有借鉴意义。     

高速公路扩建工程软基拓宽的沉降监测与分析

高速公路拓宽建设中新老路基特别是软土路基的固结沉降与力学性质的差异将引起严重的路面开裂,因而控制其差异沉降、防止拼接处路面开裂成为扩建工程软基处理中的技术关键。针对采用薄壁管桩和粉喷桩处理的软基路段,选取具有典型地质条件及较高填方的断面,通过埋设地面沉降板,对拓宽路基及新老路堤结合部进行了为期9个月的沉降动态监测。监测结果表明,拓宽路基的累计沉降及差异沉降均很小,后期沉降速率小于控制标准,为新老路基差异沉降的评价提供了依据;薄壁管桩用于处理埋深大、层厚大的拓宽软基及粉喷桩用于处理埋深浅、层厚较小的拓宽软基具有各自的适用性,拓宽后的新老路基已形成整体性强的复合地基,达到了路基拓宽的理想效果。     

静载作用下土工格栅加筋拓宽路堤土中应力特征试验研究

为探究荷载作用下软土地基直接拼接拓宽路堤受力和变形特征,利用自行设计制造的模型试验系统,通过改变软土地基差异沉降、土工格栅加铺层数对软土地基高速公路直接拼接路堤进行一系列模型试验,研究各种工况下旧路与新拓宽路堤土中应力变化。试验结果表明,拓宽路堤在荷载作用下新旧路各断面土中竖向应力随着荷载的增大而增大,受路堤填土边坡与下伏地基侧向约束条件的影响,荷载作用下土中竖向应力在填土路堤与地基内沿深度方向呈现先减小、后增大、再减小的分布特征;软土地基拓宽路堤差异沉降对新旧路结合部位土中竖向应力影响较大,土中竖向应力随着差异沉降增大而增大;旧路范围内土中竖向应力受差异沉降的影响不大;在拓宽路堤填土的顶部和底部各布设一层土工格栅加筋层时可明显减小路堤土中竖向应力和路堤沉降：相同荷载作用下对比无加筋路堤,铺设2层土工格栅加筋路堤的顶面沉降最大可以减少62%,土工格栅加筋对软土地基拓宽路堤沉降有较好的控制作用。     

Performance of reinforced,DMM column-supported embankment considering reinforcement viscosity and subsoil’s decreasing hydraulic conductivity

It has been widely accepted that reinforcement made of polyethylene and polypropylene is susceptible to creep and soil’s hydraulic conductivity varies with its void ratio. However, unfortunately there is no available sensitivity analysis on time-dependent embankment behaviour taking either reinforcement viscosity or time varying hydraulic conductivity of subsoil into consideration. The influence of geosynthetic reinforcement viscosity and decreasing hydraulic conductivity with consolidation on the time-dependent performance of embankments with floating columns is investigated using a fully 3D coupled model. For an embankment at the working height corresponding to a post-consolidation polypropylene geotextile strain of about 5%, it is shown that the assumption of constant hydraulic conductivity and the failure to consider the viscous behaviour of geosynthetic reinforcement can underestimate time-dependent embankment deformations (including differential crest settlement and horizontal toe movement). The effects of factors including the foundation soil, reinforcement stiffness, column stiffness, column spacing, column type (floating and fully penetrating), and construction rate, on the time-dependent behaviour of column supported embankments are explored.     

水泥土搅拌桩施工扰动评价的一种方法

水泥土搅拌桩广泛应用于高速公路软土处理工程中,但是在工程实践中发现水泥土搅拌桩施工会对桩周土产生扰动使地基土强度降低从而导致路基路面产生开裂。水泥土搅拌桩这类非挤土桩其施工扰动方面研究比较少,为此展开水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动研究。围绕水泥土搅拌桩施工性状,采用圆孔扩张理论分析了施工过程中桩周土受力,采用Sekiguchi和Ohta（关口-太田）模型计算了桩周土体积应变,根据Hong和Onitsuka扰动度的定义得到了搅拌桩施工桩周土的扰动度变化。结果表明水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动随深度的增大和距桩边距离增大而减小,该分析结果与静力触探现场测试得到的锥尖阻力变化规律一致。     

桩承土工合成材料加筋垫层复合地基作用原理及应用

桩承土工合成材料加筋垫层法是近些年发展起来的一种有效的软土地基加固方法。简要地介绍了桩承土工合成材料加筋垫层法的设计和使用情况,主要包括其作用机理、设计方法和工程应用。桩承土工合成材料加筋垫层法主要适用于软土地基下有承载力较大的坚硬土层或岩层,上部有一定的填土高度,工期紧张,对总沉降和不均匀沉降有要求比较严格的情况。目前该方法已经被广泛应用于公路、铁路、桥台后过渡段、分段挡土墙、旧路加宽和房屋建筑的一些实际工程中。     

山区公路拓宽路基与衡重式挡土墙动态相互作用的数值模拟

针对山区公路路基拓宽改建的特殊性,运用非线性有限元法,开展衡重式挡土墙修建、新路基逐层分步填筑的动态施工力学行为数值模拟。针对新路基是否加筋、加筋层位以及衡重台上下方新路基填土压实状况的差异性,对新旧路基稳定安全性、滑动面形态、沉降、挡土墙变位等力学响应的影响开展参数敏感性分析。结合室内模拟墙体不同主动位移模式下拓宽路基土工离心模型试验成果,考察新旧路基顶面沉降与挡土墙变位的动态耦合关系。在山区公路路基拓宽改建动态施工中,挡土墙的变位和新旧路基顶面沉降、差异沉降相互耦合,呈正相关关系。衡重台下方新路基填土压实不足会导致新旧路基顶面差异沉降增大。挡土墙主动外倾诱发新旧路基顶面产生较大附加（差异）沉降,宜对新路基自重压密作用造成的差异沉降予以适当修正放大后进行上承路面结构设计。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形裂缝发生机理及其防治

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程的修建,改变了路基基底多年冻土的热量平衡状态.通过对青藏铁路多年冻土区试验工程和已经施工的路基工程所发生的变形裂缝的调查和分析,认为多年冻土区路基几何尺寸不对称和路基边坡坡向不同导致的路基人为上限形态不同,是造成多年冻土区路基温度场不对称以及基底土体冻结融化过程不同步的主要原因,也是造成路基变形裂缝的主要原因.文章在此基础上提出了减少或消除路基温度场不对称,从而减少或消除这类变形裂缝的主要工程结构形式和工程措施,作者的看法和结论已经在2003年青藏铁路冻土区路基工程设计和成形路基补强工程措施设计中得到广泛应用.     

Performance and prediction of long-term settlement in road embankments constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste

The settlement of highway embankments can directly affect the structural safety of road pavement. Comprehensive assessment of the long-term settlement characteristics of highway embankments is important in highway safety management. The present study conducted long-term settlement monitoring in an embankment of the Xi’an-Xianyang Highway in Shaanxi Province, China, that was constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste. Variations in sectional settlement, cumulative settlement, differential settlement, and settlement rates were made in a barricade section and an arc-shaped protective slope section. The maximum settlement observed in the barricade section was 51.75 mm, with the embankment exhibiting “basin-shaped” settlement. The maximum settlement in the arc-shaped protective slope section was 42.22 mm, and the embankment exhibited “W-shaped” settlement. Furthermore, there were two stages of great increase in the settlement rate. Based on the results, control standards for the sectional settlement of embankments constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste are proposed. Finally, a model for predicting the long-term settlement in road embankments constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste is established based on a Weibull distribution probability density function.

     

Finite Element Analysis of Geogrid Encased Stone Columns

Stone columns in soft soil improve bearing capacity because they are stiffer than the material which they replace, and compacted stone columns produce shearing resistances which provide vertical support for overlying structures or embankments. Also stone columns accelerate the consolidation in the native surrounding soil and improve the load settlement characteristics of foundation. In this paper, the finite element method is utilized as a tool for carrying out analyses of stone column–soil systems under different conditions. A trial is made to improve the behaviour of stone column by encasing the stone column with geogrid as reinforcement material. The program CRISP-2D is used in the analysis of problems. The program allows prediction to be made of soil deformations considering Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for elastic–plastic soil behaviour. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the behaviour of standard and encased floating stone columns in different conditions. Different parameters were studied to show their effect on the bearing improvement and settlement reduction of the stone column. These include the length to diameter ratio (L/d), shear strength of the surrounding soil and, the area replacement ratio (a_s) and others. It was found that the maximum effective length to diameter (L/d) ratio is between (7–8) for Cu, between (20–40) kPa and between (10–11) for Cu?=?10?kPa for ordinary floating stone columns while the effective (L/d) ratio is between (7–8) for encased floating stone columns. The increase in the area replacement ratio increases the bearing improvement ratio for encased floating stone columns especially when the area replacement ratio is greater than (0.25). The geogrid encasement of stone column greatly decreases the lateral displacement compared with ordinary stone column.     

海滩地区软土路基瞬时沉降分析

软基瞬时沉降目前还没有很完善的计算方法,而海滩地区软土路基所处环境又较复杂,由于长期受潮汐影响,两旁一般都筑有围堰。结合厦门一滨海路基变形监测资料,对瞬时沉降进行了分析,在考虑围堰及潮汐等影响因素的情况下,建立了该类地区软基瞬时沉降的计算公式。由于该方法各计算参数都是由厦门地区软基变形实测资料而得出,故能较好地计算该地区软基瞬时沉降,而对其他类似地区也有一定的参考作用。     

不同软基处理方式下高速公路加宽工程变形特性分析

交通量的迅速增长使越来越多早期建成的高速公路需要拓宽改建,而如何根据老路的地基处理方法合理选择新路基下软基的处理方法成为主要技术难题之一。以实体工程为依托,采用有限元方法分析了新老路软基采用不同处理方法对加宽工程道路变形的影响。结果表明,新路基采用塑料排水板对施工期老路扰动很大,而采用复合地基可有效降低工后沉降和施工期老路变形。同时,地基内水平位移分布为采用应力隔离墙降低新路荷载对老路的影响提供了理论依据,隔离墙深度可根据水平位移集中区的埋深确定。此外,当新路采用复合地基时,施工期老路沉降变形受老路固结状况的影响较小。     

软土路基沉降变权重组合S型曲线预测方法研究

通过对软土路基沉降发展规律及其沉降曲线特点进行深入研究,在S型单项预测模型基础上,基于5种S型增长曲线模型,引进组合预测的思想,重点探讨了软土路基沉降发展的预测方法与理论,并建立了软土路基沉降预测的变权重组合S型增长模型,通过数学规划方法求解,从而可根据有限的实测沉降观测数据预测软土路基沉降发展过程。工程实例分析表明,利用该模型与方法得到的预测曲线与实测曲线吻合良好,能够满足工程要求,此外,变权重组合预测模型比其它单项模型具有明显的优越性,为软土路基沉降发展预测提供了一种有效而实用的方法。     

高速拓宽软土路基差异沉降数值计算及监测分析

路基差异沉降控制是软土地区高速拓宽工程中的关键性技术问题之一,本文以北方某高速拓宽工程的试验段为例,运用ABAQUS软件进行了拓宽软土路基变形的有限元数值计算,并与路基现场变形监测数据进行对比分析,数值计算与实测结果基本吻合,结论一致地反映了路堤填筑初始阶段新路基的沉降速率较大,旧路基在填筑后期才产生较明显的附加沉降变形; 路基变形在拓宽侧呈现明显的"沉降盆"效应,新、旧路基的差异沉降是造成路基路面纵裂的主要因素; 桩端地基土呈现出较明显的侧向挤压效应,则表明采用带帽PTC桩复合地基中用于减沉时,桩端应置于具有较高承载力的有效持力层上。     

桩承式加筋路堤时效性数值模拟研究

利用有限元数值模拟方法研究了桩承式加筋路堤的时效性变化规律。通过无桩无筋、无桩加筋、竖向桩体及水平加筋联合使用3种情况对比研究,分析了路堤填土荷载作用下软土地基中超静孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律,探讨了路堤水平位移、沉降和工后沉降、筋材最大拉力及桩体荷载分担比随固结时间的变化规律。研究结论可为软土地基上路堤的设计和施工提供重要的参考。     

Tenfold cross validation artificial neural network modeling of the settlement behavior of a stone column under a highway embankment

Construction of embankments in engineering structures on soft clay soils normally encounters problems related to excessive settlement issues. The conventional methods are inadequate to analyze and predict the surface settlement when the necessary parameters are difficult to determine in the field and in the laboratory. In this study, artificial neural network systems (ANNs) were used to predict settlement under embankment load using soft soil properties together with various geometric parameters as input for each stone column (SC) arrangement and embankment condition. Data from a highway project called Lebuhraya Pantai Timur2 in Terengganu, Malaysia, were investigated. The FEM package of Plaxis v8 program analysis was utilized. The actual angle of internal friction, spacing between SC, diameter of SC, length of SC, and height of embankment were used as the input parameters, and the settlement was used as the main output. Non cross validation (NCV) and tenfold cross validation (TFCV) were used to build the ANN model. The results of the TFCV model were more accurate than those of the NCV model. Comparisons made with the predictions of the Priebe model showed that the proposed TFCV model could provide better predictions than conventional methods.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形特征及其来源

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区34个路基监测断面2005－2011年的变形与地温资料,分析路基的变形特征及其来源。监测结果表明：①监测期累计变形量大于100 mm的断面均为普通路基,其变形主要来自路基下部因冻土上限下降而引起的高含冰量冻土的融沉变形以及融土的压密变形,其次为路基下部多年冻土因地温升高而产生的高温冻土的压缩变形。②监测期累计变形量小于100 mm的普通路基与块石结构路基断面,其变形主要来自路基下部多年冻土的压缩变形。③总体而言,块石结构路基变形量明显小于普通路基,从而验证了主动冷却措施的长期有效性。其研究结果可为冻土区路基稳定性判断及病害预警提供数据支持。     

A combined method to predict the long-term settlements of roads on soft soil under cyclic traffic loadings

In order to investigate the mechanism of the long-term settlement of road on the soft soil, an in situ measurement of a highway in southeast China was conducted during both the construction and post-construction stage. In the theoretical analysis, the long-term settlement of the pavement on thick soft soils was divided into three main components: the consolidation settlement, the creep deformation and the traffic load-induced deformation. The equivalent time line model based on the viscous–elastic–plastic theory was adopted to simulate the road settlement caused by the consolidation and creep of the subsoil. A cyclic strain accumulation model, which was obtained from laboratory tests of soil elements, was adopted to consider the road settlement induced by cyclic traffic loadings. A pavement dynamic response model was used to calculate the dynamic stresses in the subsoil generated by moving traffic loads when the road was open to service. It was found that the equivalent time line model combined with the cyclic strain accumulation model could predict the road settlement accurately at both the construction and post-construction stage. Numerical results showed that the traffic speed had limited effect on the post-construction road settlements for the speed range considered. The post-construction settlement of the road, mainly composed of the traffic-induced settlement and soil creep deformation, could be reduced significantly by increasing the embankment surcharge during the construction stage. The creep component accounted for over 10% of the total post-construction settlement, while the percentage of the creep deformation in total post-construction settlement decreased rapidly as the embankment surcharge increased.     

Improvement of soft clay using installation of geosynthetic-encased stone columns: numerical study

The use of geosynthetic-encased stone columns as a method for soft soil treatment is extensively used to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of raft foundations and the foundation of structures like embankments. Pre-strain is an effect occurring in the encasement during stone column installation due to the compaction of the stone material. The present study uses the finite element program Plaxis to perform a numerical analysis of the soft clay bed reinforced by geosynthetic-encased stone columns. An idealization is proposed for simulation of installation of geosynthetic-encased stone columns in soft clay based on the unit-cell concept. In the analyses, initially, the validity of the analysis of the single column-reinforced soil in the unit-cell model was performed through comparison with the group columns. Then, by considering a unit-cell model, the finite element analyses were carried out to evaluate the stiffness of the reinforced ground to estimate the settlement. The results of the analyses show that the improved stiffness of the encased stone column is not only due to the confining pressure offered by the geosynthetic after loading, but the initial strain of the geosynthetic that occurred during installation also contributes to the enhancement of the stiffness of the stone column and the reduction of the settlement.