导管遥测雨量器(计)

雨情,对于国计民生和国防,尤其对农业生产和水利建设的关系甚为密切。为了适应气象哨、雨量点随时观测或记录降雨量及其变化,迫切需要研制能在雨季连续使用并适用于大暴雨的结构简单、牢固可靠、性能准确、使用方便和价格便宜的室内遥测雨量器(计)。 河北省气象局于1977年研制了导管遥测雨量器(计)等简易的室内观测或记录的雨量仪器。现将导管遥测雨量器(计)的研制情况概述如下。     

用计数器解决双翻斗雨量计超差故障

利用自动站雨量传感器工作原理和计数器计数累加功能,当仪器测雨精度超过仪器技术指标（即与雨量筒相比,10mm以下为±0．3mm,10mm以上为±0．4mm）时均为超差。通过故障判断,逐步调整,达到解决自动站雨量器超差的故障问题。     

引起降水量观测误差因素分析及对策

我国目前气象台(站)在观测场设置的测量降水仪器有雨量器、蒸发用的雨量器、虹吸(遥测)雨量计.它们的下垫面、场地相同,且仪器之间仅差几米,但有时量得的降水确有差异.排除仪器故障和观测有误等原因外,还有一些导致降水量差异的原因.     

3种测雨仪器降水观测差值的原因分析

利用本站气象资料特例及部分实验数据和观测工作中遇到的实际问题为理论依据,对虹吸式雨量计、自动站遥测雨量计和雨量器观测差值形成的原因进行分析,以期对降水量观测提供参考。     

引起降水量观测误差因素分析及对策

我国目前气象台 (站 )在观测场设置的测量降水仪器有雨量器、蒸发用的雨量器、虹吸 (遥测 )雨量计。它们的下垫面、场地相同 ,且仪器之间仅差几米 ,但有时量得的降水确有差异。排除仪器故障和观测有误等原因外 ,还有一些导致降水量差异的原因。1　仪器本身变形造成的误差《地面气象观测规范》规定 ,承水器的刀刃口必须保持正圆。因为当承雨器口受到碰撞、挤压或使用过久以致变形时 ,假如器口由正圆形变为椭圆形时 ,它的长半径为 1 0 .50cm ,短半径为 9.40cm ,那么这个椭圆形面积为π× 1 0 .50× 9.40 =31 0cm2 ,显然与圆形的面积π×1 0 2 …     

自动气象站雨量部分的故障分析及排除方法

上海气象仪器厂生产的SL3型遥测雨量器(单翻斗雨量器更简单 )是由集雨器 (承水器 ) ,上翻斗 ,汇集漏斗 ,计量翻斗 ,计数翻斗等部件组成。广东目前已有超过 5 0 0个遥测翻斗雨量器配套自动气象站在实际中使用 ,因此 ,发现问题 ,及时修理、调整 ,汛期前进行这项工作十分必要。1　采集器故障分析和解决办法遇到雨量部分出现故障时 ,首先要判断故障是否来自自动站采集器 :把雨量器电缆插头从采集器拔开 ,用短路线对插座两线进行短路 30次 ,若采集器 (或其终端 )显示 3mm的降雨量 ,则采集器正常。如经数番短路测试后示值仍不正常 ,则是采集器故…     

影响降水量测定的一些因素

降水量较其他气象要素具有更大的易变性,在很大程度上是一个随机变量。它的分布极不均匀,地形地势、地理位置对其都有较大影响。有时就在同一地区也迥然不同,俗话说“雨下一方”就是这个道理。现在台站在观测场内设有雨量器、蒸发用雨量器、虹吸(遥测)雨量计,它们在同一下垫面、同一场地,且仪器之间仅差几米的情况下,     

不同雨量计测值误差分析

目前气象部门使用的雨量计,基本上为自动气象站遥测雨量传感器、双翻斗遥测雨量计、虹吸式雨量计和雨量器等几种类型。根据北京朝阳气象站近几年的雨量测量数据,分析了各种雨量计在不同降水情况下所产生误差的原因,分析发现相同工作原理的仪器由于仪器本身的性能差异和不可预见的故障会造成较大测量误差,由于降雨强度突然变化的影响,雨量计产生的测量误差是不可避免的。并提出增加备份仪器、随时仔细观察每一种仪器的变化从而减小误差的建议,为以后降水测量数据的分析提供参考和帮助。     

美国丹佛气象站常规地面气象观测项目及仪器简介

我们参观了美国科罗拉多州丹佛天气服务预报台下设的天气观测站的常规地面气象观测。据介绍,这种观测站的观测项目及仪器配备是有代表性的,其他天气观测站(WSMO)都与之类似。从参观中见到,美国基本站网的天气观测以遥测为主,辅以目测。遥测项目有温度(传感器是双金属片,从遥测指示器上读取)、露点温度(也从指示器上读取),利用温度露点差查表求出各种湿度值(如绝对湿度、相对湿度等)。气压用空盒气压表(高度表)读数,再加各种订正。风向、速有直接读数及自记两种方式,互相校核。在观测台上还设有遥测阵风自记记录器,只读风速,并按出现时间从综合遥测计上读出风向。还设有微压计以测定气压细微的变化或波动。此外还有两条跑道上的能见度遥测自记仪器,利用透射计测定结果推出能见度值。云幕仪也是所配备遥测仪器之一,利用可以府仰(0—90°仰角)的转动激光     

雨量器(计)安装不水平造成的测量误差分析及对策

降水量是气象台站重要观测项目之一。目前，大部分基层台站用于降水量观测的仪器主要靠雨量器、翻斗式遥测雨量计和虹吸式雨量计３种。《地面气象观测规范》规定：雨量器在安装和使用过程中都必须水平，以保证所测降水数据的准确性。但在实际工作中，由于各种原因往往会使器口倾斜。尤其是雨量器结构粗糙且每次观测都要取下承水器，稍不注意就会发生倾斜。那么雨量仪器安装不水平对测量水有何影响呢？大部分观测员都认为会比实际雨量偏小，其实不尽然。本文试图通过对不同降水情况下的误差进行分析，同时提供一些消除误差的方法供参考。为了…     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...