汾河地堑湖盆第四纪地貌—沉积特征的构造控制

野外对临汾、太原盆地第四纪中晚期所发育的湖积地貌-沉积特征调查发现,湖盆在对应于S8、S5和S1古土壤开始发育时期(时代分别为0.77Ma BP、0.55Ma BP和0.13Ma BP)曾发生了三次强烈湖退,这三次湖退都是构造原因所致的;而在L11-S8、L8-S5、L5-S1黄土古土壤堆积发育期间(时代分别对应于0.96～0.77Ma BP、0.74～0.55Ma BP和0.47～0.13Ma BP)、以及S1古土壤发育以后的时期(时代为0.07Ma BP之后)出现的却是缓慢湖侵或盆地下沉。根据这些发现并结合地球物理学前期已获得的有关盆地深部上地幔结构及活动规律,本文提出了盆地湖侵-湖退过程的构造控制模式。在上地幔强烈上拱→减弱或渐趋稳定→再次强烈上拱的构造循环中,地表湖盆会以大幅快速湖退→缓慢湖侵→再大幅快速湖退这样的表现与之对应。盆地地表的地貌-沉积发育与地下的上地幔活动应具有因果关系。     

新疆主要尾闾湖演变的构造环境

亚洲中部大地构造格局及地貌轮廓均以山盆体系为特征，所有封闭性盆地中都发育有尾闾湖。晚第三纪以来印度大陆与欧亚大陆强烈碰撞和右旋挤压，将板内构造激活并以冲断、走滑方式将早第三纪晚期准平原化的大部分山地和相关地段再次抬升，形成了现代亚洲中部的山盆体系，同时导致了湖盆的形成演化和湖泊的变迁。湖盆演化包括湖盆联合、分解、迁移和变形等。湖泊不仅随湖盆的构造演化而变迁，而且构造对水系的调控也直接影响湖泊的物理、化学、水文和生态特性。亚洲中部尾闾湖在新构造作用下的演变具有区域同步性和地域差异性。许多尾闾湖，如艾丁湖、艾比湖、玛纳斯湖等都明显受活动构造的影响。     

河流阶地形成过程及其驱动机制再研究

河流阶地的形成是在内因(河流内部动力变化)和外因(低频和高频气候变化、构造运动、基准面变化)共同作用下的结果。受单一气候变化制约的河流阶地发育模式可以解释由于沉积物通量和径流量变化引起的河流堆积-侵蚀过程,但它难以解释形成多级阶地的逐步(或间歇性)下切过程。多级阶地的形成可能同时受到构造抬升和周期性气候变化的制约。由于下切过程的滞后效应,侵蚀和冰川均衡抬升、河谷的侧向侵蚀过程等影响,山地的构造抬升与河谷的下切之间并非一种简单的线性关系,应当慎用河谷的下切速率来代表山地的抬升速率。     

黄河源区鄂陵湖现代湖盆形态研究

鄂陵湖是黄河源区最大的淡水湖。通过基于GPS-RTK的技术定位以及测深仪的水下地形测量,结合相关历史资料和遥感数据分析,应用湖沼学理论,对鄂陵湖的湖盆形态进行定量化研究。结果发现鄂陵湖最大水深33.2 m,平均水深15.55 m,湖长37.49 km,湖面最大宽度32.3 km;平均宽度16.76 km,岸线长226.3 km,湖面面积628.47 km²,湖泊容积97.76×10⁸m³,湖盆形态为接近抛物线体形式的构造断陷湖,而不具备第四纪冰川侵蚀湖盆的地貌特征。研究结果可以对黄河源区的生态环境变化和黄河源区的水量管理提供基础信息。     

贵州高原北部河流阶地发育与喀斯特地貌演化

贵州高原北部发育平缓丘丛和深切峰丛2种喀斯特地貌组合,保存于喀斯特山间盆地的河流阶地对区域地貌演化具有指示意义。本文根据阶地发育特征和光释光（OSL）测年,分析阶地形成的时代和动力,结合区域地质背景,探讨构造抬升和河流侵蚀对黔北喀斯特地貌演化的驱动作用。结果显示,绥阳盆地T1阶地时代18.8~8.2 ka,T2时代144.4~104.1 ka;旺草盆地T1年龄为5.5 ka,T2年龄为45.1 ka。绥阳盆地阶地以漫滩相沉积物为主,旺草盆地阶地则多切割了白云岩基岩。分析认为,气候条件影响了阶地的沉积过程,但差异性构造抬升应为区域河流阶地差异发育的主要因素。阶地测年显示,旺草盆地的河流平均下切速率明显高于绥阳盆地,表明芙蓉江流域构造抬升和河流下切强度明显高于洋川河。在差异性构造抬升和河流侵蚀综合作用下,北部大娄山区形成了深切的喀斯特峰丛-峡谷地貌,南部乌江中游流域则发育以平坦盆地和宽缓丘丛为主的地貌组合。     

基于GIS技术研究贺兰山、罗山洪积扇特征与山脉抬升关系

西北是我国洪积扇发育的典型区域,特别是青藏高原东北缘,由于独特的气候条件,洪积扇保存良好,同时受高原隆起影响,此处构造多样,是研究洪积扇与构造运动关系的天然实验室。基于3S系统在地学应用中的发展,通过遥感图像解译。GIS空间分析等手段,探讨了青藏高原东北部地区典型山脉的洪积扇地貌特征:贺兰山山前洪积扇宽长比、扇顶角大,山麓弯曲明显,扇面坡度陡;罗山山麓平直,扇坡度陡,宽长比小。利用MATLAB、GRAPHER等统计分析了洪积扇细部特征与构造运动,特别是均衡抬升的响应发现:山前盆地沉降越剧烈,洪积扇扇面积与流域面积之比越小;构造活动年代越老,均衡抬升量越大,扇面宽长比越小,扇体横剖面越平直,洪积扇扇面积与扇高差之比越大,扇面积增长至75 km2,不再受控于流域情况;构造活动年代越新,山麓弯曲度、沟口间距越小,沟口与沟口高地高差越小,扇宽越大;就构造活动强度来说,山体构造抬升越剧烈,扇面坡度越大,扇面积越小。     

大别山东南缘河流裂点成因及其地貌演化意义

河流裂点形态特征蕴含了区域河流演化的历史信息，是认识区域地貌演化、构造运动、气候变化及人类活动潜在相互作用机制的切入点。以往裂点成因研究多选择在河流演化控制因素比较典型的地区，成因分析方法也相对单一。本文以河流演化环境复杂的大别山东南缘为研究区，基于标准陡峭指数、面积高程积分、坡度-面积双对数法和降水侵蚀力等探讨区域河流裂点形成原因。研究表明：(1)研究区5条河流干流纵剖面均处于不均衡状态，发育68个裂点。(2)研究区裂点发育受到构造活动、岩性、降水等多种因素影响。构造运动特别是郯庐断裂带等的断层活动是区域裂点发育的主导因素，共形成45个裂点，超过裂点总数量的65%。(3)研究区地貌演化受到构造运动影响，区域断层活动显著，并且构造运动活跃性存在差异，山地区域构造运动活跃性高于山前盆地，西南区域构造运动活跃性高于东北区域。本研究可为复杂区域河流演化研究提供借鉴，并从新的视角进一步了解大别山地区地貌演化过程。     

青藏高原何时隆升到现代的高度--以昆仑山垭口地区为例

根据昆仑山垭口地区的地层与沉积相,地貌特殊和构造特征等方面的分析,本区在早,中更新世之交发生一次剧烈的构造运动,正是这次构造难事我本区强烈抬升至与现代接近的高度而在此之前,本区的海拔不超过１５００ｍ。     

天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义

提取了天山北麓河流水系流域的常规地貌计量指标（盆地大小、面积和高差）以及面积高度积分,通过对流域面积高度积分曲线形态特征、面积高度积分值的分析,结合区域地质构造活动,探讨了面积高度积分对板内再生造山带新构造活动的指示意义以及天山北麓流域的地貌发育过程。研究表明,北天山流域的次集水盆地面积高度积分与次集水盆地的面积和高差都没有相关性,堆积作用和轻微构造抬升作用都会影响冲积扇区次集水盆地,使其面积高度积分值偏高。河流面积高度积分曲线形态和面积高度积分值在空间分布上的差异,反映了天山北麓3排逆断裂褶皱带的不同的构造活动特征。面积高度积分曲线的循环形态特征,揭示了强烈构造运动与河流剥蚀作用影响面积高度曲线形态发育的动态演绎过程。     

张家界风景区地貌的形成与演化

该文阐述张家界地貌形成了2.5MaBP以来年 第四纪，现正处于青壮年期的演化阶段。其形成基础是厚层，坚硬，产状平缓，垂直节理发育的石英砂岩夹薄层粘土岩，形成原因是地壳的新构造抬升与外力的侵蚀，剥蚀。形成机制是流水溯源侵蚀-岩石块体崩塌-谷坡后退，今后将会向低丘-残丘的方向演化，但这将是一个较长时期的地貌过程。     

Responses of landform development to tectonic movements and climate change during Quaternary in Fenhe drainage basin

Tectonic movements and climate changes are two main controllers on the development of landform. In order to reconstruct the history of the evolution of the landform in the Fenhe drainage basin during middle-late Quaternary comprehensively, this paper has provided a variety of geomorphological and geologic evidences to discuss how tectonic movements and climate changes worked together to influence the landform processes. According to the features of the lacustrine and alluvial terraces in this drainage basin, it is deduced that it was the three tectonic uplifts that resulted in the three great lake-regressions with an extent of about 40-60 m and the formation of the three lacustrine terraces. The times when the tectonic uplifts took place are 0.76 MaBP, 0.55 MaBP and 0.13 MaBP respectively, synchronous with the formation of paleosol units S8, S5 and S1 respectively. During the intervals between two tectonic uplifts when tectonic movement was very weak, climate changes played a major role in the evolution of the paleolakes and caused frequent fluctuations of lake levels. The changes of the features of lacustrine sediment in the grabens show the extent of such fluctuations of lake level is about 2-3 m.     

汾河流域地貌发育对构造运动和气候变化的响应

Tectonic movements and climate changes are two main controllers on the development of landfrorm.In order to reconstruct the history of the evolution of the landform in the Fenhe drainage basin during middle-late Quaternary comprehensively,this paper has provided a variety of geomorphological and geologic evidences to discuss how tetonic movements and climate changes worked together to influence the landform processes,According to the features of the lacustrine and alluvial terraces in this drainage basin,it is deduced that it was the three tectonic uplifts that resulted in the three great lake-regressions with an extent of about 40-60 m and the formation of the three lacustrine terraces.The times when the tectonic uplifts took place are 0.76 MaBP,0.55 MaBP and 0.13 MaBP respectively,synchronous with the formation of paleosol units S8,S5 and S1 respectively.During the intervals between two tectonic uplifts when tectonic movement was very weak ,climate changes played a major role in the evolution of the paleolakes and caused frequent fluctuations of lake levels.The changes of the features of lacustrine sediment in the grabens show the extent of such fluctuations of lake level is about 2-3m.     

兴化XH-1孔记录的苏北盆地晚新生代沉积体系及环境变化过程

通过对位于苏北盆地中部的兴化XH-1孔350.08 m连续岩芯的古地磁测年,确定了年代地层序列.在此基础上,对钻孔沉积物进行了以粒度特征为重点,包括矿物组成、结构、沉积构造和沉积组合在内的综合岩相古地理分析,划分出8个沉积相和19个沉积亚相.并根据沉积相的组合特征,将苏北盆地3.20Ma以来的沉积环境演化划分为沉降盆地...     

敦煌雅丹地貌区晚更新世以来的区域构造运动特征

河流阶地和活动断层是研究区域构造运动的良好证据。分析了敦煌雅丹地貌区的活动断层和河流阶地的特征与性质,并取样测定活动断层形成时间,进而通过区域对比确定研究区晚更新世以来的构造运动特征和性质。研究区晚更新世以来受区域构造运动影响强烈,特别是阿尔金构造系和北山构造系的次级构造对研究区影响明显。距今约10万年以来,研究区共发生过3次明显的间歇性构造抬升活动：Ⅰ期发生于距今约10万年前,强度最弱;Ⅱ期发生于距今约7万年前,最为强烈;Ⅲ期发生在距今4万年前。     

河流对0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的地貌响应研究

以兰州盆地0.8 Ma B.P.阶地为例证,运用古地磁测年方法,通过收集相关文献,分析讨论了0.8 Ma B.P.阶地与0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的联系。结果表明：① 0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件主要表现在气候转型、构造运动等方面,具有群发性和全球性特点;② 兰州盆地以及其他区域0.8 Ma B.P.阶地存在的证据,表明河流在0.8 Ma B.P. 前后普遍发生过一次下切事件;③ 0.8 Ma B.P.阶地是河流对0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的地貌响应,构造运动为提供了下切驱动力,而气候变化则控制了下切时间。     

The role of neotectonics and glaciation on terrace formation along the Nysa K odzka River in the Sudeten Mountains (southwestern Poland)

The Nysa K odzka river drainage basin in the Sudeten Mts., SW Poland, preserves a complex late Cainozoic succession that includes eight fluvial series or terraces and deposits from two glacial episodes as well as local volcanic rocks, slope deposits and loess. Fluvial sedimentation took place during the Late Pliocene and from the early Middle Pleistocene (Cromerian), with a long erosion phase (gap) during the Early Pleistocene. Fluvial series are dated to the Late Pliocene, Cromerian, Holsteinian, late Saalian/Eemian, Weichselian, and the Holocene. Glacial deposits represent the early Elsterian and early Saalian stages. Almost all these stratigraphic units have been observed in all geomorphic zones of the river: the mountainous K odzko Basin, the Bardo Mts. (Bardo gorge) and in the mountain foreland. The main phase of tectonic uplift and strong erosion was during the Early Pleistocene. Minor uplift is documented also during the post-early Saalian and probably the post-Elsterian. The post-early Saalian and post-Elstrian uplift phases are probably due to glacio-isostatic rebound. The Quaternary terrace sequence was formed due to base-level changes, epigenetic erosion after glaciations and neotectonic movements. The Cromerian fluvial deposits/terraces do not indicate tectonic influence at all. All other Quaternary terraces indicate clear divergence, and the post-early Saalian terraces also show fault scarps. The fluvial pattern remained stable, once formed during the Pliocene, with only minor changes along the uplifted block along the Bardo gorge, inferring an antecedent origin for the Bardo gorge. Only during the post-glacial times, have epigenetic incisions slightly modified the valley.     

金门地区海岸阶地研究

海岸阶地的形成通常是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．对于海阶的研究除了可印证推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,还可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义;小规模的海阶变动,时常与地震活动伴生,因此,研究海阶更可作为判读地震周期的依据之一．世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对海阶的形态与演育过程均作详细的调查及研究．距今2亿年前的三叠纪晚期的一系列构造运动,形成福建沿海地区的区域变质带和长乐一南澳断裂带,由于构造运动的影响,于断裂带东缘形成了一系列岛屿,金门列岛的形成,与中国东南沿海的造山运动有着密切关系,皆受到影响而产生变动．金门地区的海阶,共有11段阶地,海拔依序为0～10m、15～25m、30～45m、50—65m、70—80ITI、90～120in、130—154m、160～165m、190～208m、215～225m、230～250m,依据晚更新世海阶序列与隆升率关系对比基图迭合法的推估,各段阶地的年代分别为6kaBP、46kaBP、57kaBP、64kaBP、80kaBP、100kaBP、103kaBP、120kaBP、176kaBP、190kaBP、202kaBP,除了第一阶为全新世时期所形成,其余皆为更新世时期的产物,针对金门列岛海阶的高度与间距做对比,得知该区的平均隆升速率为1．3mm／a．     

A three‐dimensional stratigraphic model for the Messinian crisis in the Pannonian Basin,eastern Hungary

A three‐dimensional quantitative stratigraphic forward model is employed to investigate the controls leading to the Messinian events in the lacustrine Pannonian Basin of Central Paratethys, and the link between the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean and the late Miocene‐Pliocene stratigraphy of the Pannonian Basin. Subsurface geological data show that a prominent unconformity surface formed during Messinian time in the Pannonian Basin associated with a sudden forced regression, abrupt basinward shift of facies and a subsequent, prolonged lowstand normal regression. The lowstand prograding series filled up the shallow basin fast, while, at the same time, the marginal areas of the basin were subject to tectonic inversion. The Dionisos program used in this research is built on a nonlinear water‐driven sediment diffusion process, and it employs multiple sediment classes, basin flexure and compaction. Four different scenarios were built in the experiments to test possible basin histories with different rates and timing of tectonic inversion. Each scenario was modelled in two versions: including and not including a lake‐level fall in the Messinian. The results confirm that the Pannonian Basin in the study area has undergone a tectonic inversion since the Messinian, although the exact rates of uplift at different locations remain uncertain. The unconformity and the observed stratigraphic architecture and facies pattern could be modelled adequately only in the versions that applied a Messinian lake‐level fall. Our research concludes that the Messinian unconformity in the Pannonian Basin was caused by an absolute lake‐level drop, likely linked to the desiccation of the Mediterranean, followed by subsidence and normal regression in the basin centre and concomitant tectonic inversion and uplift along the basin margins.