柴达木盆地格尔木河流域生态需水量初步估算探讨

格尔木河流域是柴达木盆地工农业较发达地区之一。近年来,随着流域水资源开发利用程度不断加大,用水结构欠合理,生态环境趋于恶化。本文从流域主要植物生长状态分析了地下水位埋深对植物生长的影响,确定了不同植物对地下水位埋深、地层岩性和不同盖度下的植物蒸发蒸腾强度。从研究流域生态需水量出发,分别对河道内、河道外天然植被和东达布逊湖生态需水量进行了初步估算,分析了水资源开发利用对生态环境的影响,从而为今后研究流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护提供理论参考。     

半干旱地区水资源承载能力研究——以松嫩平原西南部霍林河流域为例

水资源的合理开发利用与否是影响社会经济发展的瓶颈。以霍林河流域为研究对象,对该流域特征及其生态环境问题进行了分析,构建了水资源承载力研究的指标体系,该体系包括水资源形成的自然条件、开发利用及社会经济因素3个方面9项指标。应用因子分析法对流域内各县市水资源承载能力进行定量评价,结果表明,霍林河流域从上游到下游,水资源承载能力主要受水资源形成条件和开发利用强度的影响,水资源承载能力评价是水资源可持续利用的关键。     

玛纳斯河水文特征与水资源的开发利用情况研究

玛纳斯河是新疆著名的流域之一,该流域具有非常典型的水文特征,这为其水资源的合理开发利用提供了条件。基于此点,文章从降水、蒸发、径流、洪水、泥沙、水质等几个方面对玛纳斯河的水文特征进行介绍,在此基础上分析了玛河流域水资源开发利用现状,并提出提升玛纳斯河流域水资源开发利用效率的建议。期望通过本文的研究能够对玛纳斯河水资源开发利用效率的进一步提升有所帮助。     

格尔木河流域水面蒸发特征及影响因素分析

水面蒸发是水均衡的重要一项,阐明其变化特征对水资源评价具有重要的指导意义。格尔木河流域是我国西北旱区典型的内陆河流域,面临水资源开发利用与水害减灾双重挑战。前人对流域内水面蒸发相关研究未考虑主控因素及空间异质性,气候变化背景下水面蒸发特征也有待进一步研究。基于格尔木河流域气象观测资料,采用时间序列分析、相关分析和多元回归分析方法,研究了流域上游山区、中游戈壁砾石带及终端尾闾湖的水面蒸发特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:（1）流域内水面蒸发呈波动下降趋势,但蒸发量空间差异明显,上游山区近60 年蒸发量减少了183.2 mm,中游近60 年减少了1135.1 mm,下游尾闾湖近30年减少了241.7 mm;（2）流域内水面蒸发主控因素不同,上游山区主控因素为气温,中游主控因素为风速,终端尾闾湖主控因素为水域面积;（3）流域内气候变化总体呈暖湿化,与全球气候变化一致,但水面蒸发未随气温升高和降水增加而增加,呈现出“蒸发悖论”特征。研究表明,水面蒸发的空间差异性及其主控因素对旱区流域蒸发和水资源评价具有重要影响。     

甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题

河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题,根本的原因在于水资源短缺而导致的生态环境脆弱和水资源的过度开发利用.如果上、中游地区水资源的利用超过了水资源量的限度,则流到下游的径流量减沙,地下水位下降;而下游地区为了弥补水资源的不足,便大量开采地下水,致使地下水严重超采,从而导致植被退化和荒漠化.在分析上述问题的基础上,以石羊河为例,说明内陆河流域的荒漠化防治要求实行以农业节水为中心,建立节水型社会的流域综合治理,实现水资源、土地资源、经济、社会和生态环境协调和可持续发展.     

柴达木盆地那陵郭勒河流域水资源开发利用浅析

那陵郭勒河是柴达木盆地最大的内陆河流,随着流域中下游水资源的开发利用,水资源供需问题将日益突出。通过对那陵郭勒流域从水资源量、赋存条件及水化学特点等方面分析,讨论水资源现状是否满足近期用水规划以及水资源的开发利用对生态环境产生的影响。计算结果表明那陵郭勒流域水资源量为10.68×10^8m^3,流域生态需水量达9.06×10^8m^3,可供开发利用水资源仅有15%。近期的开发利用量在地下水的可承载范围之内,但若超出所能支配的水资源量,长期发展无疑会对会生态环境产生不良的影响。     

柴达木盆地盐湖物质来源识别

柴达木盆地是我国重要的盐矿资源战略基地,深入认识其物质来源具有重要的科学及社会意义。本研究根据柴达木盆地盐湖水、晶间卤水,以及格尔木河流域地表水、地下水化学组成,利用多元统计方法,探讨盆地区盐湖物质来源。结果显示:从山前到湖区,水体溶解性总固体逐渐增大,微量组分含量也逐渐升高,二者均表现为晶间卤水盐湖水格尔木河流域水体;阳离子变化趋势为:补给源头由昆仑山雪融水以Ca2+为主过渡到格尔木河流域以Na+为主;再到盐湖区以Mg2+为主;阴离子则从以HCO-3为主逐步过渡到以Cl-为主;盐湖水和晶间卤水的化学组成差异显著。因子分析表明,对于格尔木河流域河水和地下水,岩石风化淋滤是其化学组分的主要来源。而岩石风化淋滤来源和深部水来源对柴达木盆地不同盐湖区化学组成的贡献率差异很大,该差异取决于周围岩石的化学组成和深部水的存在及其化学组成,以及断层是否导通为深部水补给盐湖提供了通道。     

基于SWAT模型的格尔木河径流演变特征研究

我国西北旱区生态环境脆弱，是全球气候变化的敏感区域之一。近几年来，在全球暖化的大环境下，区域地表水产流机制改变诱发的水文与生态问题越发突出。本文以青藏高原北部极端干旱的格尔木河流域为例，利用SWAT建立流域主要产流的山区地表水文模型，结合区域水文资料等定量研究格尔木河径流演化及其渗漏补给地下水的时空演变特征。结果表明，在1976～2014年期间格尔木河出山口径流量呈递增趋势，年增长率达0.38 (m³·s^-1)·a^-1,多年平均径流增量约1.66×10⁸ m³,且夏季径流量增加较冬季更为显著。降水和温度是影响流域山区地表产流量增加的主要气象因子。流域出山口径流量的增加改变了盆地内地表径流入渗补给地下水的条件，格尔木河多年平均渗漏补给地下水量为9.89×10⁸ m³。河流渗漏量的递增会打破区域地下水系统平衡，诱发一系列水文生态问题，威胁区域可持续发展。本研究可为我国应对全球气候变化带来的旱区水资源和生态环境挑战提供科学支撑。     

黑河流域水资源及现阶段合理开发利用

黑河是我国西部较大的一条内陆河,近30多年来,由于中游地区水资源开发利用程度不断提高,使进入下游额济纳平原的地表水逐渐减少,导致下游生态环境发生恶化.为了拯救下游绿洲,改善生态环境,自1992年起对黑河中、下游用水实行计划调度,1999年开始实施国家定量分水方案.根据近几年的最新调查研究成果,计算评价了黑河流域的总水资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、地表水和地下水的利用现状及开采潜力.在此基础上,提出现阶段中游以加强引输水工程改造、提高地表水资源利用率和推广田间节水灌溉工程,发挥水利用效益;下游以适度开发利用地下水、加强地表水和地下水综合开发利用,改善生态环境.为中、下游科学分配地表水资源和合理开发利用地下水资源提供科学依据.     

马莲河河水与地下水的相互关系:水化学和同位素证据

查明地表水与地下水的转化关系是建立区域水循环模式、揭示水资源形成机制、评价水资源总量以及可持续开发利用水资源的必要环节.马莲河位于我国西北干旱半干旱气候区,流域内水资源时空分布不均,生态环境脆弱,水资源问题严重.受到区域气候、地质构造和自然地理环境的影响,河水与地下水的转化频繁、关系复杂.在分析了流域内地下水动力场特征的基础上,应用水化学方法和同位素技术相结合的方法分析了马莲河河水与地下水的相互转化关系.马莲河河水主要以接受地下水补给为主,仅在中游个别河段与地下水的水力联系较弱.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.