数据库中的知识发现及其在气象中的应用

介绍了数据库中的知识发现(KDD)和数据挖掘(DM)的基本概念和处理过程,然后分析了数据挖掘所使用的方法,讨论了数据挖掘的应用,并给出了应用于气象领域的数据挖掘工具的设计方案.     

数据库中的知识发现有其在气象中的应用

介绍了数据库中的知识发现（KDD）和数据挖掘（DM）的基本概念和处理过程，然后分析了数据挖掘所使用的方法，讨论了数据挖掘的应用，并给出了应用于气象领域的数据挖掘工具的设计方案。     

数据挖掘技术在气象预报研究中的应用

气象预测是现代世界最重要和最有挑战的问题,准确的气象预测常需要使用比较先进的方法和计算机模型。本文分析了数据挖掘方法在气象预报中应用的国内外研究现状,简要介绍了目前在大气科学领域应用的一些数据挖掘方法的相关概念、原理和特点,综述了数据挖掘方法在气象预报中的最新应用研究进展,讨论了这些数据挖掘方法在气象预报中的优缺点。最后指出了当前基于数据挖掘方法的气象预报技术存在的一些困难,并对未来的研究重点和和发展趋势进行展望。     

数据挖掘和数据融合技术在天气预报和气象服务中的应用研究

从数据挖掘和数据融合技术应用的角度,结合天气预报和决策气象服务的实际工作特点,探讨了数据挖掘和数据融合在新一代天气预报和决策气象服务平台应用的系统框架。在面向主题应用的天气预报和决策气象服务方面,数据挖掘和数据融合技术是提高信息准确快捷的重要手段。     

数据仓库技术在天气预报决策中的应用探讨

文章概述了数据仓库的概念和特点。讨论了数据仓库的数据存储、联机分析处理 (OLAP) 和数据挖掘 (DM) 要解决的主要技术问题, 侧重于数据仓库技术在天气预报领域中的应用。数据仓库技术将原始数据转换为便于分析的数据, 并增强了管理和使用历史数据及特种观测数据的能力, DM能够帮助预报员快速积累经验, OLAP使预报员的分析突破了过去固有框架的限制。文章针对天气预报决策特点提出以天气系统分析为主的数据聚集处理、在OLAP的多维分析之外增加比较分析、多元分析和相似分析功能等扩展, 还指出关联规则的挖掘是目前预报方法研究中值得尝试的新方法。     

模糊时间序列模型在短期气候预测中的应用

将模糊时间序列模型引入短期气候预报,利用重庆34个地面气象观测站的逐日观测资料(1971—2007年)和重庆市旱涝灾害监测预警决策服务系统计算的干旱指数和洪涝指数等资料,运用模糊时间序列模型分别对2001—2007年重庆市城口县1月降水、1月平均气温的预报结果(年度预测)和重庆市春旱指数的预报结果(年度预测)进行了模糊时间序列分析,预测了2004—2007年的发展趋势,用2004—2007年实测值与预测结果进行了比较,并与加权集成、人工神经网络集成、数据挖掘集成等模型进行了精度比较和分析.结果表明:模糊时间序列模型各项精度评定指标优良,并且计算简单,具有一定的实用价值.     

气象数据挖掘与可视化——展现数据之美

随着互联网技术的发展,"大数据"已成为研究、应用等领域的关键。气象数据作为"大数据"的一种,其价值需要通过数据挖掘和可视化来体现。结合案例阐述了气象数据挖掘的以下要点:1)对公众气象服务而言,数据挖掘从人们的认知、感知或身边的事、物切入,更能引发阅读兴趣。2)数据挖掘的目的在于呈现数据背后的规律,而不是简单的数据罗列。3)可视化是数据规律的表达方式,多样化的图表结合能够更好的诠释数据规律。     

数据挖掘技术在精细化温度预报中的应用

简要介绍了精细化天气预报和气象数据挖掘应用的现状,在对BP神经网络预测方法详细分析的基础上,研究了基于时间序列数据挖掘实现精细化温度预报的方法。该方法基于时序分析技术,建立起适合于BP神经网络的输入样本模型,通过反复学习从温度时序中建立预测模型,将其用于未来24 h的精细化温度预报。同时,对BP神经网络算法和步骤做了简...     

空间聚类在MCS动力场特征分析中的应用

空间聚类作为数据挖掘的关键技术之一,是一种能从大型数据集中提取和挖掘空间数据分布特征的有效方法。本文利用环境物理量场数值格点预报值,运用空间聚类中的CLAR-ANS法对夏季影响青藏高原上中尺度对流系统(MCS)东移的动力场(涡度场、散度场和垂直速度场)的空间分布特征进行了分析。研究发现,在青藏高原地区的大气低层,MCS中心位置的西侧存在着强辐合中心和垂直上升中心,加之向东的正涡度平流的共同作用构成了有利于MCS发展和东移传播的重要动力学条件。这不仅有助于深入对夏季青藏高原上MCS发生、发展的动力学机制的了解,而且对于提高暴雨和强对流天气的预报能力具有重要的现实意义。     

数据挖掘技术在气象信息存储中的应用

随着气象数据信息的不断增加,数据存储问题亟待解决。数据挖掘技术经过十几年的研究与应用,已经建立了较扎实的理论基础,目前正在向应用领域结合,对现有技术进一步向改造方面发展。文章从挖掘对象、任务、步骤等处理技术在气象信息处理方面的应用,为下一步研究数据挖掘技术在气象领域的应用奠定基础。     

Mining threatens isolated indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon

The largest concentration of isolated indigenous peoples in the world is in the indigenous lands of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. However, the right to self-isolation and the survival of these societies are at risk because powerful interests want to exploit the natural assets of their relatively untouched areas. These ambitions are reflected in a recent bill (PL191/2020), which proposes opening up indigenous lands to mining. We assess the threat imposed by mining to isolated peoples and the indigenous territories they occupy. Specifically, we cross data on mining requests received by the National Mining Agency with information on the distribution of isolated indigenous groups recorded by the Socio-Environmental Institute, in order to evaluate the number and aerial extent of requests for mineral prospecting and operation registered in indigenous lands with isolated groups. We also analyze whether mining requests are related to the presence of isolated groups, the state of knowledge about them, and the current existence of illegal mining operations. Our results indicate that, even though mining is not yet allowed in indigenous lands, mining companies are very active in the search for exploitable areas in these territories. If bill PL191/2020 passes, mining operations would affect more than 10 million hectares in 25 indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon region that are home to 43 isolated groups. We found that the situation is especially worrisome for 21 isolated groups whose lands concentrate 97% of all mining requests. Mineral-rich areas overlap remote areas where more indigenous peoples persist in isolation, so that mining requests are significantly related to the presence of isolated groups. Nonetheless, we show that companies are hesitant to invest in lands with well-known isolated groups that could impede the licensing process and pose reputational risks to the companies. Brazil’s mechanisms for environmental and indigenous protection have been dismantled by the current presidential administration and offer no guarantees for a safe coexistence between extractive operations and isolated peoples. Thus, the approval of bill PL191/2020 could lead to undesired contact and the extinction of a large number of unique peoples, societies and cultures.     

Surge in global metal mining threatens vulnerable ecosystems

Mining activities induce profound changes to societies and the environment they inhabit. With global extraction of metal ores doubling over the past two decades, pressures related to mining have dramatically increased. In this paper, we explore where growing global metal extraction has particularly taken effect. Using fine-grain data, we investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of mining of nine metal ores (bauxite, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver and zinc) across approximately 3,000 sites of extraction worldwide between 2000 and 2019. To approach the related environmental implications, we intersect mining sites with terrestrial biomes, protected areas, and watersheds categorised by water availability. We find that 79% of global metal ore extraction in 2019 originated from five of the six most species-rich biomes, with mining volumes doubling since 2000 in tropical moist forest ecosystems. We also find that half of global metal ore extraction took place at 20 km or less from protected territories. Further, 90% of all considered extraction sites correspond to below-average relative water availability, with particularly copper and gold mining occurring in areas with significant water scarcity. Our study has far-reaching implications for future global and local policy and resource management responses to mitigate the negative effects of the expected expansion of metal mining.     

自动站数据质量控制中关联规则挖掘的应用

为进一步提高自动气象站数据的业务可用性,提出了基于关联规则挖掘技术的自动气象站数据质量控制算法,以相对湿度与风向、风速观测要素变化间的关联关系为例,总结了自动气象站相关观测项目间可能存在的关联规则,进而指导建立适合不同地域、不同气候特征的专家知识规则库,用以完善自动气象站数据质量控制系统,为天气预报和气象服务提供更加精准的气象观测数据。文章还对关联规则专家知识库的可靠性进行了验证,具备了一定的实用价值。     

科学大数据在全球气候变化研究中的应用

本文从气候系统观测资料、数值模拟资料、经济社会资料和土地利用资料等方面论述了全球气候变化的科学大数据的构成。为推动气候变化大数据的应用,需要进一步发展集成融合、存储共享、数字模拟和数据挖掘等新的科学大数据处理技术方法。文章还分析了科学大数据在全球气候服务框架和未来地球计划中的应用价值,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

气象信息共享平台及其关键技术研究

气象信息共享平台作为新一代气象信息管理系统, 将极大提升现有的气象信息管理水平和对业务科研的支撑能力。该文首先介绍了气象信息共享平台的概念、内涵及其系统框架, 然后从数据资源管理和共享发布两个方面分别介绍了元数据技术、数据网格技术、海量数据存储管理技术、数据挖掘技术等构建气象信息共享平台的关键技术, 最后以两个关联的系统开发实例对我国气象信息共享平台发展思路和技术路线进行了探讨。     

气候资料信息处理系统展望

着重阐述未来气候资料信息处理系统的技术基础 ,主要有系统集成、可视化技术、数据仓库技术、数据开采技术、环球网技术和智能代理技术。同时也阐述了未来系统的结构和功能。     

Climate change adaptation in Australian mining communities: comparing mining company and local government views and activities

Effective climate change adaptation in mining communities is reliant on action by both local authorities and mining operations. This article reports the findings of two surveys conducted in late 2010, with Australian mining companies and local government authorities respectively, investigating their perceptions and activities related to climate change adaptation. The research identified the main types of weather and climate-related impacts experienced in the past and expected under future climate conditions for the two groups. There were significantly differing levels of concern about weather and climate-related impacts between the two types of organisations. Mining company respondents reported lower levels of severity of impact from both past and (expected) future weather events, as well as lower levels of belief in climate change and of adaptation activities to prepare for it. Interestingly, mining companies generally reported less concern about future impacts than those experienced in the past, suggesting discounting of risks due to climate change scepticism. The article reports on a range of factors relevant to adaptation in mining communities, including perceived barriers, collaboration and further information needs. The research findings are discussed in the context of other recent research on climate change adaptation by Australian organisations and studies of mining industry adaptation in other countries.     

Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020

Tailings are the waste materials generated from mining activities and are typically stored in large man-made earthen dams in the form of slurry. Failures of such tailings dams can have deleterious effects on the environment and even impact areas that are miles away from the failed dam. In this study, we updated the existing tailings dam failure database developed by the International Commission on Large Dams and World Information Service on Energy and analyzed the impacts of dam failure over the past hundred years from a global perspective. In addition, we prepared a tailings dam spatial database. The impact of mine tailings dam failure on aquatic environments was also investigated using a proxy environmental indicator—the gray water footprint. The resulting information from the historical overview of dam failures, was used to map the risk associated with existing tailings dams as well as the magnitude of tailings dam failures. Furthermore, we integrated mining commodity production data and the tailings dam failure data. This revealed that the number of failures is rising once again, and the trajectory of dam failures has shifted from developed to developing countries. Only a few dam failure incidents have had significant impacts. Although safer technologies are available to manage mine waste, most extractive industries are yet to adopt such technologies into their standard practices. Moreover, the reluctance of mining companies for the public disclosure of information related to tailings dams and dam failures hinders efforts to establish a complete tailings dam database. We have provided up-to-date tailings dam information, which may be useful for extractive industries.     

气候资料新一代信息存储与服务系统的研究

着重阐述了气候资料新一代信息存储与服务系统的技术基础，主要有数据库技术、数据仓库技术、数据开采技术、环球网技术和智能代理技术等，同时也阐述了系统的结构、功能以及实现的策略。