鄂尔多斯盆地林镇地区延长组长2沉积微相与油气分布

鄂尔多斯盆地林镇地区处于伊陕斜坡西南部,在长2沉积期研究区内发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积,沉积微相主要
为水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、河口坝和远砂坝,物源主要来自北东和南西两个方向。林镇地区长2油藏的分布与沉积相关
系密切,油藏主要分布于水下分流河道末端和河口坝的混合区,以及水下分流河道的侧缘,另外在远砂坝区也有少量油藏分布。
区内长2期的辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积环境控制了长2储集层岩性的横向变化,同时区内长2地层普遍发育低幅度鼻状构造隆
起,因此在构造圈闭条件和岩性圈闭条件共同作用下形成构造─岩性复合油藏。      

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世长8期沉积环境分析

针对鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世长8期发育近百千米长的水下分流河道砂体,其形态和展布既不受传统意义上的湖岸线的
控制,又与典型三角洲形态不符,长82 油层与长81 油层沉积特征存在较大差异的问题,从沉积动力学角度,应用流体力学上的射
流理论分析了三角洲前缘特别是河口地区水动力特征及沉积作用;运用河床底面形态控制原理分析了长8期的沉积环境和沉积
作用。结果表明,长8期不具有水下分流河道发育的水动力条件,湖泊不可能长期大范围存在,传统意义上的水下分流河道可能
属于三角洲平原分流河道,是湖退河流进积形成的。沉积环境特别是湖盆底形和水体深度的差异是延长组长82 油层与长81 油
层沉积特征存在差异的主要原因。      

大情字井油田青三段Ⅻ砂组储层沉积特征

松辽盆地下白垩统青山口组是盆地内中生界最重要的含油层段之一,青山口组三段Ⅻ砂组储集砂体发育,成因类型多样.为分析大情字井油田Ⅻ砂组沉积微相类型,在岩心观察的基础上,综合分析区域地质、地震、测井、录井、粒度、岩性等资料,认为研究区发育水退背景下的三角洲沉积体系.Ⅻ砂组沉积时期,湖盆快速衰退,物源水系不稳定,主要来自于西南和南部的通榆$保康水系,三角洲朵体发生大规模迁移,继承青二段时期三角洲沉积的特点,三角洲平原和前缘亚相发育较广,前三角洲较少发育,识别的主要微相类型有分流河道、水下分流河道、河口砂坝、前缘砂坝和滨外砂坝等.储层物性受沉积微相的影响,研究区分流河道、河口砂坝储集砂体物性显示最好.     

断陷湖盆浅水三角洲沉积体系

浅水三角洲不仅可发育在陆相坳陷盆地,也可在断陷湖盆初始期、萎缩期和断-坳转化期发育。浅水三角洲的形成受控于古构造、古地形、古水体、古气候及古物源等因素,在岩性、沉积结构、沉积构造、测井曲线、古生物及地球物理响应等6个方面具有与其他三角洲不同的沉积特征。基于物源体系可将浅水三角洲划分为浅水扇三角洲、浅水辫状河三角洲及浅水曲流河三角洲3种类型。断陷湖盆浅水三角洲的发育具有明显的阶段性和多变性,受构造影响较大。断陷湖盆初始期,由近岸向远岸,A/S值逐渐增加,河道砂体规模变小,连通性变差,席状化程度增强,平面砂体形态由毯状、坨状过渡为朵状、带状。断陷湖盆萎缩期,A/S值较小时,发育丝带状或鸟足状三角洲,水下分流河道推进速度快,单期砂体较厚,横向变化快;A/S值较大时,多发育扇形、舌形或伞状三角洲,水下分流河道不发育,河口坝和席状砂成片出现,砂体横向较稳定,单砂体厚度不大。通过上述研究探讨了断陷湖盆浅水三角洲的发育特征和沉积模式,为完善陆相湖盆浅水三角洲理论提供依据。     

临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组沉积微相研究

基于区域地质背景资料,综合运用岩芯观察、岩相和测井相分析等手段,对临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组沉积微相的沉积相标志、类型以及展布特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组为一套湖泊三角洲沉积体系,亚相类型为三角洲前缘亚相;沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组主要沉积微相可细分为水下分流河道、水下分流河道间湾、河口坝、远砂坝和前缘席状砂等5种微相,并建立了沉积微相识别模式;沉积特征和沉积微相的平面展布呈现在近东西向剖面上砂体连续性较好,可见河口坝与前缘席状砂的交替出现,而在近西南—北东向剖面上,砂体横向上一般由水下分流河道过渡到河口坝或前缘席状砂。总之,临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组是研究区三角洲形成的高峰期,水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂为主要的储集砂体。     

松辽盆地乾北地区青三段沉积微相发育特征及其对岩性油藏的控制作用

在精确小层划分与对比基础上,通过对单一砂体的准确划分与识别,对乾北地区青三段重点小层单砂体级沉积微相进行精细研究.结果表明:乾北地区青三段主要发育大型顺源、带状分布的河控河口坝沉积和垂源、带状分布的大型远砂坝沉积,单支砂体宽为300～600m,具典型的河控性:由水下分流河道→河口坝主体→河口坝→河口坝内缘→河口坝外缘→...     

胜利油田永8断块沙二段辫状河三角洲前缘储层构型特征

目前,中国辫状河三角洲油气储层的开发很多已经进入高含水期,但对辫状河三角洲储层构型的研究并不多,影响了该类储层剩余油的挖潜。以胜利油田永8断块沙二段辫状河三角洲厚层砂体为研究对象,充分利用岩芯、测井、地震和开发资料,通过隔夹层划分,将主力层段划分为5级界面限制的三角洲前缘复合沉积体和4级界面限制的单一三角洲前缘沉积体。单一三角洲前缘沉积体包括水下分流河道、河道周缘溢岸砂体、河口坝主体、河口坝周缘、分流间湾等构型单元。通过综合利用曲线形态差异、砂体侧向厚度变化、砂体间泥质沉积、隔夹层数目差异等进行砂体边界与叠置关系的划分,确定了辫状河三角洲前缘单一沉积体的平面和剖面构型样式,揭示了单一沉积体各构型单元逐层进积的基本过程,明确了该区辫状河三角洲具有河窄坝宽、河薄坝厚、河顺坝横的特点。研究区沙二段辫状河三角洲河口坝宽度为分流河道宽度的2.23~8.95倍,河口坝厚度为分流河道厚度的1.25~2.50倍。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部砂体发育特征

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部地区物源分析、沉积相特征等研究,分析了厚层砂体的形成机理和砂体类型.认为长6期物源主要来自东北、西南方向,发育三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、远端砂坝和浊流等砂体类型,湖盆演化从鼎盛转向萎缩的长6早期厚层砂体比较发育.白豹、合水地区砂层厚度大,储层条件良好,是石油勘探的有利地区.     

桑塔木地区三叠系曲流河三角洲存在证据与沉积特征

为了厘清桑塔木地区三叠系砂体成因类型,指导油气勘探,利用岩心、钻测井、分析化验及高精度三维地震资料,研究碎屑岩的粒度、结构、沉积构造、砂体的空间展布、地震反射特征等.结果表明:三叠系TⅡ油组具有粒度细、分选磨圆好、发育小型交错层理、波状层理及水平层理,呈指状产出,地震剖面上具有前积反射构型,典型相干体地层切片见曲流特征的特点,是典型的曲流河三角洲沉积;同时,研究区曲流河三角洲发育2种亚相6种微相,其中平原亚相发育天然堤、水上分流河道及河漫沼泽微相,前缘亚相发育水下分流河道、河口坝和支流间湾3种微相;区内TⅡ油组以发育北部和西南部2个主要方向的曲流河三角洲为主,其中北部三角洲规模大,平原和前缘亚相较发育,西南部三角洲以前缘亚相为主,平原亚相以分流河道沉积为主,前缘亚相主要发育分流河道和河口坝微相.该三角洲的形成与地形坡度及气候的变化密切相关.     

浅水辫状河三角洲前缘沉积特征及储层砂体预测——以黄骅坳陷埕北低断阶沙二段为例

黄骅坳陷埕北低断阶沙河街组二段(简称沙二段)主要发育岩性油藏,储层砂体空间展布及控制因素认识程度较低。根据岩心观察、测井解释和地震属性数据,以及岩心物性化验数据和地震反演结果,结合研究区沉积背景及地理环境,确定研究区沉积特征和有利沉积微相,预测储层砂体。结果表明:沙二段处于断陷湖盆向坳陷湖盆转换时期,且埕北低断阶地形呈"多陡多缓、陡缓相间"格局,造成沙二段早期同时发育辫状河三角洲前缘和水下扇沉积,中期以浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相为主,晚期主要发育深湖相;沉积微相主要有水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂、支流间湾。受物源迁移、湖平面波动、地形差异及水动力条件不稳定等因素的影响,研究区沉积微相具有发育程度不一、微相形态各异、砂泥岩结构多变、垂向相序缺失等特点。水下分流河道和前缘席状砂发育规模较大,砂体储集物性较优;河口坝砂体发育程度较低;水下扇局部发育有利储层砂体。埕北低断阶沙二段中期浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相发育程度最高,主力砂体主要集中于研究区中东部,砂体叠合程度高,在近物源构造高部位砂体尖灭程度低,为储层砂体发育的有利区域。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s