柴西新生代沉积环境演变及其对阿尔金山隆起过程的启示

柴西位于阿尔金山中段南麓山前,柴达木盆地内连续沉积了新生代地层,完整地记录了盆地自新生代以来的沉积过程。
依据柴西新生代的岩性、岩相和岩相时空变化规律,沉积相从底部的冲积扇、洪积扇、扇三角洲相,向上逐渐变化为断陷湖泊相,到
上油砂山组上段又由扇三角洲相向上逐渐变化为浅湖相,最终到下更新统七个泉组变为冲积扇、扇三角洲相。沉积物的粒度由
粗—细—粗—细—粗,体现了一个断陷湖盆发生—发展—消亡—发生—发展—消亡的演化过程。再结合沉积相分析和砂岩组成
成分分析可知,阿尔金山山体隆升具有多期次阶段性特征,存在3个期次的快速隆升:始新世中晚期—渐新世早期;中新世晚期;
上新世中晚期—早更新世。      

皖北新元古界水下砾石丘构造的古地震成因

在皖北新元古界四十里长山组滨海潮间或潮下高能动水陆棚,陆源碎屑岩相的粉砂-细砂岩沉积地层中,发育了一组
同沉积变形构造。剖面上整体为丘状,可识别出涌流破碎砾石堆、下陷回填砾石堆和震裂砾石堆3部分,下垫层为液化均一层。
在它的左侧及下分层发育液化卷曲变形,包括震褶层和液化角砾岩。根据这些发育特征可以确定这组同沉积变形构造为古地震
成因。其形成机理是在古地震应力作用下该处发生饱水沙层液化,并形成局部范围的地震能、重力能、与液化能多能量叠加使液
化沙层局部爆发,推动沙层流动喷涌与破碎,局部破碎物短暂涌至海底,又下陷回填至液化沙层的负压带,形成由涌流破碎砾石堆
和回填砾石堆组成的砾石丘构造。其成因类似河流阶地富含水的砾石丘、沙丘及混杂堆积。      

北山地区碎石山剖面菊石动物群的发现及其地质意义

北山地区碎石山剖面为一套碎屑岩为主的地层,前人认为地质时代属于早石炭世杜内期,划归绿条山组,其主要分布于
中蒙边界,呈带状近东西向展布。在碎石山剖面采获了丰富的、保存完好的菊石化石,共鉴定出11属16种(含未定种)。菊石以
棱菊石目中的腹菊石科最为丰富,就属而言,以Gastrioceras、Branneroceras 和Reticuloceras 为主,该菊石动物群可以与华北、华
南、西亚、东欧、北非和北美等地区对比,属于Gastrioceras-Branneroceras 带,所以将碎石山剖面的地层时代重新厘定为晚石炭世
滑石板期,岩石地层划归石板山组。说明杜内期的地层在碎石山地区并不存在。古亚洲洋闭合以后,在额济纳旗—银根地区伸展
背景下形成的最早沉积物为白山组和石板山组。白山组主要分布于北山西部,岩性主要为火山岩夹灰岩组合,盆地性质为裂谷盆
地;到滑石板期,盆地向东迁移,沉积形成石板山组,岩性以碎屑岩为主,火山岩不发育,盆地性质以裂陷盆地为主。      

徐家围子地区登娄库组沉积相分析

松辽盆地北部徐家围子地区登娄库组沉积时期,盆地处于断陷末期-断陷向坳陷转化过渡期。综合分析岩心、测井、录
井等资料,探讨了徐家围子地区登娄库组沉积相类型。结果表明,本区目的层段发育冲积扇、三角洲、河流、湖泛平原、湖泊5类沉
积体系,细分为冲积扇、砂质辫状河、曲流河、扇三角洲、湖泛三角洲、湖泛平原和湖泊7类沉积相;垂向上登娄库组一段受断陷影
响大,沉积相模式为冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积体系,登娄库组二至四段为河流-末端扇、河流-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。      

涠西南凹陷11-7区块流沙港组沉积体系构成及演化特征

基于岩心、测井、录井和化验分析资料对研究区流沙港组储层的沉积体系进行了分析。研究结果表明,流三段岩性发育
砂砾岩、含砾砂岩,分选、磨圆较差,同时,氧化色的泥岩发育显示滨浅湖的环境,沉积构造和粒度资料均显示发育碎屑流沉积,反
映出近源快速堆积的扇三角洲沉积特征;流二段发育厚层泥岩,为半深湖-深湖环境;流一段以辫状河三角洲沉积为主体,岩性粒
度较流三段稍偏细,前缘水下分流河道水动力较强,发育板状交错层理、槽状交错层理和平行层理以及波状层理等牵引流沉积构
造,同时前缘地带沉积物中发育丰富的重力流、浊流沉积物。流沙港组的湖盆沉积体系经历了一个扩张、鼎盛到萎缩的过程。流
三段沉积期为湖盆早期的扩张时期,流二段的巨厚层状的泥岩沉积时期为湖盆扩张的鼎盛时期,随后湖盆又开始逐渐萎缩进入流
一段沉积时期,在此过程中,沉积体系主体从扇三角洲演变至半深湖、深湖和辫状河三角洲。      

太子河冲积扇沉积特征及环境变迁

太子河及太子河冲积扇形成于中更新世早期(金坑冰期)堆积之后。根据粗细粒岩性与地层厚度所占的比值;沉积物在扇体所处的空间地貌部位;第四系厚度与下伏构造关系,以及水文地质条件,冲积扇可划分为扇顶亚相、扇中亚相和扇缘亚相。扇顶亚相位于上更新统粗碎屑岩堆积区,为地下水极丰富区;扇中亚相位于中更新统上部—下更新统迭置区,是地下水丰富区;扇缘亚相位于中更新统上部—上更新统细碎屑堆积区,是地下水中等—贫乏区。太子河冲积扇大体经历了四个演化阶段,即早更新世冰碛、冲湖积相沉积时期,中更新世早期冰碛、冰水堆积与晚期太子河冲积扇形成时期;晚更新世太子河冲积扇加积时期;全新世较稳定阶段冲积相堆积时期。     

渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征

综合壁心、薄片、钻井和三维地震等资料分析渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征,并运用地震相、古地貌和地震
属性刻画沉积体系平面展布。研究表明,古近系由1个二级层序、4个三级层序组成,经历了一个完整的湖泊初始发育、扩张及萎
缩阶段,主要发育扇三角洲、碳酸盐岩浅滩、半深湖-深湖、辫状河三角洲等沉积体系。不同的沉积体系形成于不同的湖泊演化阶
段,地震响应特征也不同。扇三角洲和碳酸盐岩浅滩发育于湖泊初始发育阶段,扇三角洲表现为填充型楔形前积反射,沿凸起边
缘断坡带呈朵状分布;碳酸盐岩浅滩表现为水进型丘形叠瓦状反射,呈椭圆状分布于水下古隆起带上,椭圆的长轴方向平行于水
下古隆起带走向;半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩发育于湖泊扩张期,表现为平行连续中弱振幅反射,在庙西北洼和渤东凹陷深陷带最
为发育;辫状河三角洲发育于湖泊萎缩期,表现为低角度中高频、中弱振幅前积反射,沿凸起边缘挠曲坡折带呈朵叶状分布。庙北
地区油气显示普遍,这种沉积体系识别与刻画结果对于该区油气勘探具有重要意义。      

干旱气候环境下小型冲积扇—辫状河沉积特征——以坎苏瓦特剖面紫泥泉子组为例

为了认识准噶尔盆地南缘古近系沉积体系,以盆地南缘坎苏瓦特剖面古近系紫泥泉子组露头为研究对象,通过地球化学元素分析、沉积构造特征观察及地层实测,分析古气候条件、建立岩性序列、总结岩石相类型及其组合特征、明确沉积体系,建立沉积模式。结果表明:坎苏瓦特剖面紫泥泉子组发育一类干旱气候环境下的冲积扇—辫状河沉积体系,受气候影响显著,与潮湿环境下形成的冲积扇—辫状河沉积体系相比,砂地比明显偏低;冲积扇扇体具有规模局限、叠置频繁、隔夹层广泛发育的特点;辫状河具有改道频繁、持续时间短、延伸距离有限的特点。该研究结果对认识准噶尔盆地南缘古近系沉积体系具有参考意义。     

燕山地区冀北坳陷中元古界杨庄组沉积特征与层序地层

燕山地区冀北坳陷中元古界蓟县系杨庄组主要为一套碳酸盐岩沉积。通过对该地区野外仔细观察、测量,结合室内薄
片资料和地球化学分析,认为该区杨庄组沉积相为碳酸盐岩台地相,可进一步划分碳酸盐岩潮坪亚相以及潮上带、潮间带2种微
相。在此基础上,结合层序界面特征,对杨庄组层序进行了探讨,由于研究区在杨庄期处于浅水陆表海沉积环境,层序界面主要以
浅水环境的沉积物及沉积构造作为识别标志。沉积体系域以海侵体系域和高位体系域为主,普遍缺少低位体系域或陆棚边缘体
系域,同时,也不具备形成凝缩层的环境,以最大海泛面沉积物与深海中的凝缩层相对应,最终划分出1个二级层序和3个三级层
序。系统地阐述了每个层序的岩石、构造及体系域等特征。      

湖北省晚二叠世龙潭组沉积期岩相古地理格局与成煤环境

晚二叠世龙潭组沉积期是湖北省境内一次重要的成煤时期,由于煤层的不稳定性,其煤层层数、厚度、煤质等存在明显
差异。通过岩性、煤层及古生物研究对比,查明龙潭组由下向上共出现5个煤层,煤层的形成与沉积特征明显受岩相古地理条件
所制约。在龙潭组沉积期,湖北省境内总体为“两陆夹一盆”的基本格局,形成潮坪-泻湖-障壁岛沉积体系,该沉积体系是华南
海北部沉积区的一个组成部分,由秦淮古陆、海湾泻湖及江南古陆组成,沉积区主要为泻湖相和潮坪相单元,其中沼泽亚相为煤层
的最佳沉积环境。      

SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT IN TAIWAN SHOAL

Taiwan Shoal sediments are well sorted and rounded medium-coarse sands eontaining a large amount of shell and beach rock fragments and basalt gravels, and are of deltaic, coastal and eolian origin. Underwater sand waves are formed by the combined tidal currents and are remolded by storm waves.     

宁南盆地古近纪沉积岩地球化学特征对沉积环境的反映

沉积物元素地球化学特征是盆地沉积环境变化的响应。通过分析沉积岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量变化特征,研究了宁南盆地古近纪气候条件、古盐度和氧化还原环境。Cu、Cs质量分数变化以及Rb/Sr比值、Sr/Cu比值特征,揭示寺口子组沉积时期至少存在一期由潮湿-干旱转变的气候事件,从寺口子组沉积末期到清水营组沉积初期,古气候由干旱变为潮湿。Sr/Ba比值和B/Ga比值反映清水营组沉积水体盐度与寺口子组相差不大,仅在石峡口水库处古盐度值极大,其他地区略有减小。寺口子组沉积过程中,水体盐度有所增加。氧化还原指标V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、δU、δCe、Ce/La和Ce_anom以及氧化还原敏感元素V、U、Ni、Zn 和Cr 的质量分数变化指示清水营组沉积时期水体氧含量整体小于寺口子组沉积时期。寺口子组沉积环境以氧化环境为主,清水营组沉积水体为氧-贫氧环境。      

Correspondence Between Astronomical Periods and Sedimentary Cycles

The term of geological cycle was used firstly inHutton's" The Earth Theory" in 1788 (Williams,1980). The geological cycles including tectonic cycles and sedimentary cycles have been describedwidely since than. Some researchers have perceivedthat the geolo…     

Correspondence Between Astronomical Periods and Sedimentary Cycles

It is shown from detailed study that there are some genetic relationships between outer events of celestial bodies and inner geological events of the earth, such as some kinds of correspondences between astronomical periods and sedimentary cycles. The time spans of movement periods of the solar system around the center of the galaxy and cross the plain of the galaxy, the periods of the earth orbit (Milankovitch period) and periods of sunspot are coincided with that of respective sedimentary cycles. It is suggested that the gravity and magnetic changes of the earth leading up to the global climatic and sea level changes are the dynamics of sedimentary cycles.     

SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUANGHE RIVER DELTA LOBE

The sedimentary history of a Huanghe(Yellow)River delta lobe can be divided into four stages.In the first stage,the crevasse splays and short-lived distributary channel deposits in the subaerial deltaand sheet silt in the subaqueous delta were well developed.In the second stage,further differentiationof sedimentary environments occurred in the subaerial delta lobe(distributary channel,natural levee,flood plain,central lower delta plain and lateral lower delta plain)and the subaqueous delta lobe(prodelta,delta front and delta lateral).In the third stage,crevasse splay and short-lived distributarychannel deposits mostly occurred in the lower or lower-middle part of the subaerial delta lobe,andsheet silt accumulated off the river mouth.In the fourth stage,the abandoned lobe was reworked.The common vertical sequence of the modern Huanghe River delta showed alternating clayey silt andsilt layers.A complete sequence from prodelta to upper delta plain was commonly composed of twoor more delta lobes.     

A Method for Determining Sedimentary Micro-Facies Belts Automatically

1IntroductionThe method is to find the boundary of distribu-tion of sedimentary micro-facies and draw the map of sedimentary belts based on known data of sedi-mentary facies from each layer(strata unit or sedi-mentary unit) of each well in a specific area. It is important to understand the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies. Generally determining the distribution of sedimentary facies is a primary and hard job in the stage of oil-field development. At the scale of sedimentary micro-f…     

SEDIMENTARY MACRO-STRUCTURES AND FORMING MECHANISM OF DEBRIS FLOW

IIWr~IOWThesedimentarycharacteristicsofdebrisflowcanreflectthecompoSition,fluidtypeandsedimentaryprocess.ThescholarswhostudymoderndebrisfloWinChinagenerallyclassifydebrisflowbythemethodofviscositywithfloWpattern.SeveraltypicalschemesareshowninTable1,inwhichthemethodofunitweight(fluiddensityinunitvolumet/m3)isusedandfluidunitweightisthoughttobethedirectproPOSitiontotheviscosityofdebrisflow(Wu,1990).Ithasbeenprovedbyhydrcrmechacsthatnon-cohesivedebrisf1OwfollowsBagnoldgranular'flowmedel(B…     

A Method for Determining Sedimentary Micro-Facies Belts Automatically

It is important to understand the distribution of sedimentary facies, especially the distribution of sand body that is the key for oil production and exploration. The secondary oil recovery requires analyzing a great deal of data accumulated within decades of oil field development. At many cases sedimentary micro-facies maps need to be reconstructed and redrawn frequently, which is time-consuming and heavy. This paper presents an integrated approach for determining the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies, tracing the micro-facies boundary, and drawing the map of sedimentary micro-facies belts automatically by computer technique. The approach is based on the division and correlation of strata of multiple wells as well as analysis of sedimentary facies. The approach includes transform, gridding, interpolation, superposing, searching boundary and drawing the map of sedimentary facies belts, and employs the spatial interpolation method and "worm" interpolation method to determine the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies including sand ribbon and/or sand blanket. The computer software developed on the basis of the above principle provides a tool for quick visualization and understanding the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies and reservoir. Satisfied results have been achieveed by applying the technique to the Putaohua Oil Field in Songliao Basin, China.     

浅海陆架沉积特征研究综述

浅海陆架一直是我国海上油气资源勘探的重点。对浅海陆架的分类、国内外陆架沉积的研究历史及现状进行了回顾总结,
讨论了水动力条件、沉积补给机制和相对海平面变化对陆架沉积的控制作用,并据可容纳空间与沉积物补给的比率将浅海陆架划分
为补给主导的陆架沉积体系和可容纳空间主导的陆架沉积体系。补给主导的陆架沉积体系以高的沉积补给速率和海退为特征,高位
期陆源河流沉积物的大量卸载是陆架补给的主要模式;可容纳空间主导的陆架沉积体系以相对海平面上升和沉积物高速逸散为特
征,陆源沉积物供给有限,原地沉积物受潮流、风暴等水动力的再改造,从而成为有效的陆架沉积补给源。综合应用多种技术手段,从
全球海平面变化、沉积物补给和水动力条件等对沉积体系的控制作用出发进行精细的陆架沉积特征研究应是未来研究的主要方向。      

Sedimentary Changes of a Sand Layer in Liquefied Silts

A flume experiment was conducted to investigate the restratification of liquefied sediment strata under a wave load with the focus on the interbedded strata of coarse and fine sediments formed in estuarine and coastal areas. The aim of this research was to study the characteristics and processes of liquefied sediment strata in terms of wave-induced liquefaction. In the experiment, the bottom bed liquefied under the wave action and the liquefied soil moved in the same period with the overlying waves, and the track of the soil particles in the liquefied soil was an ellipse. The sand layer consisting of coarse particles in the upper part, settled into the lower silt layer. The sinking of coarse particles and upward migration of the fine particles of the lower layer induced by liquefied sediment fluctuations are the likely reasons for sedimentation of the sand layer in liquefied silt.