华庆油田长81 砂岩储层成岩相特征

在大量样品测试数据与图像的综合分析基础上,通过沉积环境和沉积框架下系统地定性分析与定量描述研究区长8₁
砂岩储层成岩环境、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段及演化模式,认为研究区长81 储层现今成岩阶段处于中成岩A 期—B期的早期;在
不同成岩期次的建设性与破坏性成岩作用过程中砂岩骨架颗粒的几何特征、压实过程中颗粒的错位现象、胶结作用以及次生孔隙
发育特征控制着储层孔隙演化,进而控制着储层物性和渗流特征。基于上述研究,以砂体胶结物类型与孔隙演化特征标定建设性
与破坏性成岩作用并划分出绿泥石衬边残余孔-溶蚀相、高岭石+伊利石胶结残余孔-溶蚀相、绿泥石胶结溶蚀相、伊利石胶结
弱溶蚀相、强压实-碳酸盐+伊利石胶结相5个成岩相组合单元。室内实验对成岩相单元的定性分析与定量描述具有一致性以及
与储层建设性与破坏性成岩作用演化的吻合性,有效地表征了成岩作用演化对砂岩储层的影响。      

白豹地区延长组长81 储层成岩作用与成岩相研究

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射、物性分析、高压压汞等分析化验资料,对白豹地区长81储层成岩作用和成岩相进行了
分析研究。白豹地区长81储层砂岩经历了早成岩阶段A、B期和中成岩阶段A、B期的成岩演化过程,主要发育机械压实、胶结、溶
蚀及交代成岩作用。其中压实作用和胶结作用是孔隙度降低的主要原因,分别造成了18.6%和13.3%的原生孔隙度损失,溶蚀
作用形成的次生孔隙在一定程度改善了储层物性。研究区发育了5种不同成因类型的成岩相带,绿泥石膜胶结粒间孔相物性、含
油性最好,为研究区最有利的成岩相带;水云母胶结粒间孔相为次有利成岩相带;长石溶蚀相也为研究区比较有利的成岩相带;压
实压溶致密相和碳酸盐胶结致密相不利于储层发育。      

东濮凹陷上二叠统致密砂岩储层成岩相及孔隙演化

东濮凹陷上二叠统砂岩储层物性呈现特低孔特低渗特征,属于典型致密砂岩储层.分析上二叠统致密砂岩储层主要成岩作用类型及特征,划分成岩相,建立不同成岩相储层成岩演化序列及孔隙演化模型.结果表明:东濮凹陷上二叠统致密砂岩以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,储集空间以次生溶蚀孔为主,局部发育残余原生孔;机械压实、碳酸盐胶结和晚期黏土矿物转化、交代作用主要对储层物性起破坏作用,晚期溶蚀作用对储层物性有改善作用;划分4种成岩相,即绿泥石胶结相、不稳定组分溶蚀相、碳酸盐胶结相和强压实—充填相;不同成岩相储层的孔隙度演化具有差异性;发育绿泥石胶结相的厚层、中—粗粒、弱压实储层物性最好,不稳定组分溶蚀相储层物性次之,碳酸盐胶结相储层局部层段物性较好,强压实—充填相储层物性最差.该结果为研究区下一步油气勘探提供依据.     

霸县凹陷西部陡坡带沙三段成岩演化及其对储层物性的影响

利用岩心观察、岩石薄片分析、物性资料及试油资料,结合盆地埋藏演化史,研究霸县凹陷西部陡坡带岔河集—高家堡地区沙河街组三段(沙三段)扇三角洲成岩作用特征及其对储层物性的影响。结果表明:西部陡坡带沙三段储层目前处于中成岩A期,在持续埋藏的背景下,经历碱性—酸性—碱性成岩环境的演变;成岩演化序列为压实作用/早期碳酸盐胶结—长石溶解/石英次生加大/自生高岭石胶结—灰泥杂基重结晶/晚期碳酸盐胶结/硬石膏胶结/石英弱溶解—黄铁矿胶结。不同沉积相带沉积特征不同,控制成岩演化特征的差异,决定物性演化的不同。扇三角洲平原辫状河道泥质砂岩埋藏早期压实作用较强,后期灰泥重结晶使物性急剧降低,现今主要发育干层。扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道远泥岩端储层,由于酸碱两期溶蚀作用使长石、石英和早期碳酸盐胶结物发生一定程度的溶蚀,油气充注进一步抑制晚期碳酸盐胶结作用,现今保留大量的残余原生孔隙和次生孔隙,可作为良好的油气储集层。扇三角洲前缘席状砂和水下分流河道近泥岩端砂岩早期碳酸盐胶结极为发育,在一定程度上抑制压实作用,但整体上中等的压实作用和较强的胶结作用使物性降低较快,早期碳酸盐胶结堵塞孔隙和喉道,导致酸性流体难以产生大范围的溶蚀,晚期碳酸盐、硬石膏胶结使孔隙度进一步降低,现今物性中等。     

致密砂岩酸性和碱性成岩环境特征及对储层物性的控制:以鄂尔多斯盆地临兴和神府地区为例

成岩流体酸碱性对砂岩次生孔隙的形成具有重要影响。从酸性和碱性成岩流体演化角度分析鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩成岩流体酸碱性对物性的控制作用。依据大量铸体薄片观察、扫描电镜、X衍射分析、常规物性测试和高压压汞，详细研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴和神府地区上古生界致密砂岩的岩石矿物学特征、物性特征、成岩作用、孔隙成因类型和孔喉结构特征，探讨了致密砂岩储层酸性和碱性成岩流体环境的识别、分带、分布和发育的各类伴生孔隙，并分析了成岩流体环境的演化过程及物性响应特征。在埋藏过程中，工区上组合层系经历了碱性-酸性-碱性的成岩流体演变模式，下组合含煤层系经历了酸性-碱性的成岩流体演变模式。酸性成岩环境以长石溶蚀、石英加大和自生高岭石沉淀为主要特征，发育长石溶蚀孔、黏土矿物晶间孔等孔隙类型，孔喉半径较大，储层质量相对较好；碱性成岩环境以石英溶蚀、自生绿泥石沉淀为主要特征，以石英溶蚀孔、黏土矿物晶间孔为主要孔隙类型，孔喉半径较小，储层质量相对较差。酸碱过渡带致密砂岩储层介于两者之间。但是每类储层的物性和孔喉结构变化较大。成岩流体环境在纵向上呈现分带特征，自上而下发育碱性带、酸碱过渡带、酸性带、酸碱过渡带和碱性带，不同地区之间分带深度边界有差别；在酸碱过渡带中，局部地区发育酸性带、较弱酸性带和较弱碱性带。      

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层微观孔隙结构及控制因素

基于铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、恒速压汞等测试数据,对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层及微观孔隙结构特征
进行了研究。结果表明,研究区储层主要以长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主,孔隙类型多样,主要为粒间孔和长石溶孔。恒速压汞测
试结果表明:平均喉道半径、有效喉道体积、平均孔隙半径、有效孔隙体积、孔喉比等恒速压汞相关特征参数与样品孔隙度、渗透率
之间存在一定的相关性。样品的渗透率越大,其平均喉道半径、主流喉道半径就越大,而孔喉比值越低。储层喉道是控制渗透率
的根本因素。储层孔隙发育主要受沉积相带和成岩作用控制,沉积相带的不同导致成分成熟度和结构成熟度的不同,从而影响储
层孔隙的不同;压实作用和碳酸盐胶结使孔隙减少,而溶蚀作用则起到一定的增孔作用。      

伊拉克哈法亚油田白垩系Nahr Umr组砂岩储层物性控制因素

利用岩芯观察和铸体薄片鉴定,结合物性、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射分析、压汞实验等,探讨了伊拉克哈法亚油田白垩系Nahr Umr组砂岩储层物性特征及其控制因素。结果表明:哈法亚油田白垩系Nahr Umr组B段潮控三角洲相砂岩储层整体呈中孔中渗的物性特征,孔隙类型以粒间孔和溶蚀孔为主,孔喉变化较大,非均质性强;储层物性的控制因素包括沉积作用和成岩作用,沉积作用影响着孔隙空间类型和孔隙结构,物性较好储层发育在水动力条件较强且岩石组分结构特征较好的储层中,成岩作用对储层物性起到了显著的改造作用,压实作用和胶结作用造成了孔隙大量充填,自生矿物和黏土矿物不仅减小了孔隙空间,并造成孔喉堵塞,物性变差,而溶蚀作用产生的次生孔隙改善了储层物性;最优质的储层发育在潮控分流河道相交错层理砂岩中,这类储层具有粒度大、分选好、石英相对含量高、黏土矿物含量低、胶结物含量低、孔隙发育、孔喉半径大的特点,对应的储层物性为中高孔高渗,是研究区储层表征与建模的重点。     

珠江口盆地珠海组砂岩模拟溶蚀实验中孔隙变化及其影响因素

珠江口盆地文昌A凹陷珠海组发育低孔低渗储层,其中次生孔隙十分发育,控制了储层物性,但是该区次生孔隙控制因素不清楚。为了加深了解该区次生孔隙的形成演化过程及其控制因素,通过对文昌区珠海组砂岩岩样薄片进行模拟溶蚀实验来研究孔隙变化,实验过程中利用偏光显微镜、阴极发光仪、图像分析软件等对砂岩薄片溶蚀特征进行观察研究,从而认识该区砂岩次生孔隙发育的控制因素。研究表明,在相对封闭的有机酸环境下,长石和铁方解石共存于一个溶蚀体系中,次生孔隙主要源于铁方解石胶结物的溶蚀,产生大量粒间溶孔,而长石粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔均不太发育;同时反应体系中有机酸浓度越大,铁方解石胶结物的溶蚀现象越明显,形成的溶蚀孔越大。      

渤海海域庙西南凸起沙河街组低渗透砂岩储层特征及控制因素

根据已钻井成果,结合岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光等化验分析资料,以储层微观特征及孔隙结构分析为手
段,对庙西南凸起沙河街组低渗透砂岩储层特征进行了描述,从沉积环境和成岩作用两方面对影响低渗砂岩储层因素进行了分
析。结果表明:庙西南凸起沙河街组储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主。已钻井处于扇三角洲沉积体系边缘相
带,沉积物粒度细、分选差是形成低渗透储层的基础,碳酸盐岩多期次胶结作用是影响储层物性的主要因素,而溶蚀作用和构造应
力作用对低渗透储层的改善作用有限。      

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗独贵加汗区带下石盒子组储层特征及孔隙演化

杭锦旗地区独贵加汗区带是鄂尔多斯盆地北部天然气勘探开发的重要对象,区带内下石盒子组砂岩储层非均质性强,含气饱和度差异大,前人对致密储层发育特征及其孔隙演化历史研究不够系统和深入。基于钻井岩心、岩石薄片及相关测试等资料,在统计、对比分析独贵加汗区带下石盒子组砂岩储层岩石学与物性特征的基础上,通过成岩作用分析,厘定控制储层孔隙发育的主要因素,进而重建主要储层段的孔隙演化历史。研究表明,杭锦旗地区独贵加汗区带下石盒子组砂岩多属超低渗透储层,局部存在裂缝发育的高渗透率段;压实作用和胶结作用对研究区储层孔隙演化起破坏性作用,减孔率分别为84.8%和7.1%,而溶蚀作用为建设性成岩作用,增孔率9.5%;盒一段储层现今孔隙度基本继承了早白垩世末期的特征,孔隙演化历经早成岩阶段A期压实与胶结作用快速减孔,B期持续压实减孔,中成岩A期溶蚀增孔作用与压实-胶结减孔作用并存及B期变化微弱等过程。      

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.