Holocene activity evidence on the southeast boundary fault of Heqing basin,middle segment of Heqing-Eryuan fault zone,West Yunnan Province,China

The Heqing-Eryuan fault is an important part of the active fault system in the Northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Thus, the study on the nature, characteristics and activity history of this fault can provide not only the basis for seismic safety and engineering evaluation, but also the important information for the characteristics, history and patterns of the structural deformation of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Trench and faulted landforms investigations could provide effective paleoseismic methods to obtain the recent parameters of active faults. Using these methods, this study makes some breakthroughs on the recent activity of southeast boundary fault of the Heqing basin, middle segment of Heqing-Eryuan fault zone. Results indicate that the average vertical slip rate and left-lateral slip rate of the segment are about 0.28 mm/a and 1.80 mm/a respectively since the Late Pleistocene. The trench near the Beixi Village at the southeast boundary fault of the Heqing basin reveals that there have been at least three paleoearthquake events during the Holocene (~8 ka BP). The vertical displacement and sinistral strike-slip distance of a single paleoearthquake are ~20 cm and ~1.2 m, respectively. The estimated paleoearthquake magnitudes with Ms7.0, and the recurrence interval at 2-5 ka, as well as the latest activity time during 800- 290 cal yr BP, are of great significance for preventing and mitigating regional earthquake disasters.     

恩施断裂中段第四纪活动特征与位移速率

对恩施断裂中段构造地貌、断裂剖面与洪积扇变形的分析表明,断裂在第四纪活动明显,以正倾滑兼右旋走滑为特征.根据洪积扇位错的水平距离、垂直高差以及形成时代,估算出断裂在中更新世晚期至晚更新世早、中期的右旋运动速率为0.43～0.5 mm/a,垂直运动速率0.07～0.17 mm/a.     

<Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs tracing dynamics of soil erosion,organic carbon,and total nitrogen in terraced fields and forestland in the Middle Mountains of Nepal

The Middle Mountains is one of the regions of Nepal most vulnerable to water erosion, where fragile geology, steep topography, anomalous climatic conditions, and intensive human activity have resulted in serious soil erosion and enhanced land degradation. Based on the ¹³⁷Cs tracing method, spatial variations in soil erosion, organic carbon, and total nitrogen (TN) in terraced fields lacking field banks and forestland were determined. Soil samples were collected at approximately 5 m and 20 m intervals along terraced field series and forestland transects respectively. Mean 137Cs inventories of the four soil cores from the reference site was estimated at 574.33 ± 126.22 Bq m^-2 (1 Bq (i.e., one Becquerel) is equal to 1 disintegration per second (1 dps)). For each terrace, the ¹³⁷Cs inventory generally increased from upper to lower slope positions, accompanied by a decrease in the soil erosion rate. Along the entire terraced toposequence, ¹³⁷Cs data showed that abrupt changes in soil erosion rates could occur between the lower part of the upper terrace and the upper part of the immediate terrace within a small distance. This result indicated that tillage erosion is also a dominant erosion type in the sloping farmland of this area. At the same time, we observed a fluctuant decrease in soil erosion rates for the whole terraced toposequence as well as a net deposition at the toe terrace. Although steep terraces (lacking banks and hedgerows) to some extent could act to limit soil sediment accumulation in catchments, soil erosion in the terraced field was determined to be serious. For forestland, with the exception of serious soil erosion that had taken place at the top of slopes due to concentrated flows from a country road situated above the forestland site, spatial variation in soil erosion was similar to the “standard” water erosion model. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and TN inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the ¹³⁷Cs inventory for both toposequences investigated. However, due to the different dominant erosion processes between the two, we found similar patterns between the <0.002 mm soil particle size fraction (clay sized) and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in terraced fields, while different patterns could be found between ¹³⁷Cs inventories and the <0.002 mm soil particle size fraction in the forestland site. Such results confirm that ¹³⁷Cs can successfully trace soil erosion, SOC and soil nitrogen dynamics in steep terraced fields and forestland in the Middle Mountains of Nepal.     

联合GPS与重力资料反演福建地区地壳运动

联合福建省近几年的GPS基本网、基准站观测数据和重力复测数据,反演福建块体的分块运动参数和主要活动断裂运动状态。结果显示,受欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和太平洋板块相互碰撞的影响,福建地区块体的运动样式大体呈现顺时针方向的运动,造成北东向断裂作左旋走滑运动,而北西向断裂以右旋走滑为主。其中,长乐-诏安断裂带、邵武-河源断裂带和永安-晋江断裂带是块体内最活跃的断裂带,其左旋走滑速率分别为0.7±1.3、0.7±1.7和0.6±1.8mm/a,九龙江下游断裂带具有0.5±1.7mm/a的右旋走滑速率。     

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???????????????GPS??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????顢??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????У?????-??????????????-??????????????-????????????????????????????????????????????0.7±1.3??0.7±1.7??0.6±1.8??mm/a???????????ζ????????0.5±1.7??mm/a??????????????     

利用长期GPS观测资料分析昆仑断裂现今滑动速率与地壳活动特性

利用昆仑断裂区域的GPS观测资料,通过高精度数据处理获取区域地壳运动速度场,进而通过速度剖面线估算昆仑断裂现今形变速率。结果表明,昆仑断裂在94°E、101°E、103°E附近的现今滑动速率分别为12.8±1.9 mm/a、6.1±0.9 mm/a、0.7±2.1 mm/a。进一步分析得到如下结论：1）本文估算的昆仑断裂10 a尺度的现今滑动速率和万年尺度的地质学结果基本一致,说明现今滑动速率可以作为断裂地震风险性评估的有效输入数据;2）昆仑断裂东段具有向东逐渐减小的滑动速率,减少的速率可能主要被阿尼玛卿山的地壳增厚和断裂东段的顺时针旋转所吸收;3）昆仑断裂的西大滩-东大滩地震空区位于高应变区。     

遗传算法反演龙门山断裂带断层三维滑动参数研究

利用位错理论模型将遗传算法运用于断层三维滑动参数反演问题的求解,采用川西地区2004—2007年GPS观测数据对龙门山断裂带主要断层的三维滑动速率进行计算分析。结果表明:反演结果在量值上整体较小,与地质结果具有较好的一致性,走滑分量︱U1︱<3.2 mm/a,倾滑分量︱U2︱<1.54 mm/a,张开分量︱U3︱<2.5mm/a,低滑动速率反映断层的闭锁及应力的积累及大地震发生的危险性;局部分量较地质结果偏大,反映实测GPS数据反演结果体现的是断层实时活动状态;遗传算法的全局收敛、不依赖初值等优点使结果更加稳定,而张开分量显示局部不规律性,表现出各子断层空间活动不均匀性。     

Effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin （Crustacea, Cladocera）

The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera,Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin,were evaluated in an indoor experiment.A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,1 × 106 and 3 × 106 cell/mL) and four inoculation densities(100,200,300 and 400 ind./L) were established.Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22°C,under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D.T...     

太原盆地田庄断裂活动性分段及地震危险性分析研究

为厘定太原盆地中部潜在的发震断层情况,对田庄断裂实施了浅层地震勘探,结果表明:1)田庄断裂可分为3个区段,各区段内均发育北、南支断裂,其中北支断裂为主断裂;2)除断裂西端及中-东段转折部位断面呈近似“N”形结构外,其余断面均呈“Y”形;3)西段断裂带宽度最小,东段断裂带宽度最大。利用年代学测试方法结合钻孔剖面确定断裂的活动年代及滑动速率,断裂中段的活动年代为晚更新世晚期,上断点最小埋深为39.3 m,晚更新世以来最大断距为2.9 m,最大滑动速率为0.0415 mm/a;断裂西段及东段的活动年代为中更新世,中-东段转折部位上断点最小埋深为37.4 m,晚更新世以来最大断距为2.7 m,最大滑动速率为0.0461 mm/a。基于浅层地震揭示的基岩破裂长度,采用地震矩方法对田庄断裂进行地震危险性概率分析,确定断裂的最大潜在震级及发震概率。     

Dietary guaiacol improves the growth of juvenile abalone, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> Ino

We conducted a preliminarily study on the effects of dietary guaiacol on growth performance of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated with graded levels of guaiacol (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1 000 mg kg⁻¹). Abalone (initial weight: 0.29 ± 0.01 g; initial shell length: 8.55 ± 0.27 mm) were fed with these diets in a re-circulated water system for 152 days. Guaiacol significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR) (P<0.05); excessive dietary guaiacol (1 000 mg kg⁻¹) led to significantly high mortality (P<0.05), and lipid content in the soft body increased significantly after dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Activities of catalase and phenoloxidase (PO) in the viscera were significantly stimulated by dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Broken-line analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary guaiacol for the optimal growth of juvenile abalone is 15.43 mg kg⁻¹.     

红河断裂带闭锁程度与滑动亏损分布的GNSS反演

使用1999~2007年及2009~2013年2期GPS速度场，利用TDEFNODE负位错-块体模型反演红河断裂带的闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率。结果表明，红河断裂带以右旋走滑为主，兼有部分拉张和挤压，2008年以前红河断裂平均走滑速率为3.8±2.5 mm/a，平均倾滑速率为1.2±2.5 mm/a，北段和中段表现为拉张，南段则为挤压。红河断裂带北段和中段0~15 km的闭锁系数在0.8~0.99之间，滑动亏损速率为4.5 mm/a，易于应变能的快速积累；南段0~10 km的闭锁系数在0.8~0.95之间，滑动亏损速率为4 mm/a。2008年以后，中段闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率有所减小，南段闭锁程度与亏损速率有所增大。     

海原断裂东段至六盘山断裂西段GPS剖面地壳变形与应变积累分析

利用2004~2013年3期GPS速度场数据,从断裂两侧的水平挤压、拉张与走滑等3方面,对海原断裂东段至六盘山断裂西段GPS剖面变形与应变积累进行研究。结果表明：1)海原断裂东段与六盘山断裂西段在运动方式上具有较强的一致性;2)在近10 a时间尺度上,该活动断裂整体表现为以左旋走滑为主,兼顾压性变化的运动特征,在上、下盘的相对运动差异速率上,走滑方向上达到2.0~5.5 mm/a,断裂垂直方向上约为0.5~3.0 mm/a。     

龙门山断裂构造带GPS研究

龙门山断裂构造带作为川青地块与扬子地块的碰撞边界，具有特殊的构造性质及明显的分段性。根据1991年以来GPS观测结果，对其分段活动性的研究表明：断裂带运动速率北段为1．54ram／a，中段为2．77mm／a，南段为5．23mm／a。现代构造活动性质总体表现为挤压走滑；同时，由北向南逐渐由挤压走滑转变为伸展走滑，其原因为在青藏高原总体运动条件下的相邻活动断裂的相互作用、相互影响。     

基于Sentinel-1数据的银川盆地现今地壳形变研究

基于InSAR技术,利用Sentinel-1数据获取银川盆地及周边地区2015~2019年高空间分辨率地壳形变速率场。结果显示,银川盆地整体呈下沉趋势,贺兰山东麓断裂及黄河断裂两条主控断裂两侧存在较明显的差异性运动,芦花台隐伏断裂和银川隐伏断裂活动不明显。对一般倾角断层的震间地表形变曲线拟合公式进行改进,实现了基于单一轨道InSAR观测值同时反演断层倾角、走滑速率、倾滑速率以及闭锁深度。将算法应用于灵武断裂的活动状态及闭锁深度反演,得到断裂走滑速率约为303 mm/a,正断倾滑速率约为027 mm/a,闭锁深度约为6.8 km,倾角约为54.7°。此外,InSAR监测发现,石嘴山市和银川市东部存在局部巨幅形变,通过InSAR时序分析及现场调查认为,形变可能由人类活动引起。     

Geomorphologic map of the 1<Superscript>st</Superscript> Mutnaya River,Southeastern Kamchatka,Russia

The Kamchatka Peninsula–situated in the Pacific “Ring of Fire”–has 29 active and over 400 extinct volcanoes. Since it is situated in the northeastern extremity of Russia, in subarctic climate, the volcanic landforms are overprinted by the 446 glaciers. This research focuses on the 1^stMutnaya catchment which drains the southern slopes of two active volcanoes: Avachinsky and Koryaksky. Those volcanoes are a permanent threat for the cities of Petropavlovsk and Elizovo, which are the 2 of 3 cities of the peninsula. Hence, most of the studies carried out in the area dealt with the natural hazards and only few focus on landscape evolution. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elaborate a cartographic approach which integrates classic geomorphology with state of the art GIS and remote sensing techniques. As result, different landforms and related processes have been analysed and included in the first general geomorphologic map of the 1^stMutnaya catchment.     

Effects of ocean acidification driven by elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on larval shell growth and abnormal rates of the venerid clam, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mactra veneriformis</Emphasis>

The venerid clam (Mactra veneriformis Reeve 1854) is one of the main cultured bivalve species in intertidal and shallow subtidal ecosystems along the west coast of Korea. To understand the effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of Korean clams, we investigated shell growth and abnormality rates and types in the D-shaped, umbonate veliger, and pediveliger stages of the venerid clam M. veneriformis during exposure to elevated seawater pCO₂. In particular, we examined abnormal types of larval shell morphology categorized as shell deformations, shell distortions, and shell fissures. Specimens were incubated in seawater equilibrated with bubbled CO₂-enriched air at (400±25)×10^-6 (ambient control), (800±25)×10^-6 (high pCO₂), or (1 200±28)×10^-6 (extremely high pCO₂), the atmospheric CO₂ concentrations predicted for the years 2014, 2084, and 2154 (70-year intervals; two human generations), respectively, in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The mean shell lengths of larvae were significantly decreased in the high and extremely high pCO₂ groups compared with the ambient control groups. Furthermore, under high and extremely high pCO₂ conditions, the cultures exhibited significantly increased abundances of abnormal larvae and increased severity of abnormalities compared with the ambient control. In the umbonate veliger stage of the experimental larvae, the most common abnormalities were shell deformations, distortions, and fissures; on the other hand, convex hinges and mantle protuberances were absent. These results suggest that elevated CO₂ exerts an additional burden on the health of M. veneriformis larvae by impairing early development.     

基于GNSS及地震活动的沂沭断裂带危险性分析

选取2011～2019年山东地区GNSS基准站及地震滑动矢量等数据,应用块体负位错反演模型,反演沂沭断裂带地区的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率。结果表明,沂沭断裂带诸城以南区域断层闭锁程度较低,无滑动亏损累积;安丘-莒县断裂诸城以北区域断层闭锁程度较高,闭锁深度较深,约为26 km,断层滑动亏损速率约为0.6～0.8 mm/a,为右旋挤压亏损,且该地区小震不活跃,地震危险性值得关注。     

东昆仑断裂的震后粘弹性松弛效应对地壳变形的影响

通过构建粘弹变形模型,对东昆仑断裂带附近近百年来发生的6个M≥7地震的震后粘弹性松弛效应进行数值模拟,分析该效应对区域地壳变形的影响。结果表明： 1) 离逝时间较短的1997年玛尼7.5级地震和2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震造成的震后松弛效应对现今地壳变形的影响最为显著,在2次地震发生10~20 a后(2010~2020年)仍能造成最大约7.6 mm/a的地壳变形,跨断层变形速率最大约8.4 mm/a; 2) 2021年玛多7.4级地震震后粘弹效应在未来10 a内(2021~2030年)预计能造成最大约3.9 mm/a的地壳变形,2025~2030年跨断层变形速率可达2.6 mm/a。模拟结果表明,强震的震后粘弹性松弛效应对长期地壳变形和相关断层参数反演的影响不容忽视; 3) 考虑震后粘弹性松弛效应,采用跨断层GPS速度剖面反演的东昆仑断裂中段的滑移速率与地质学研究结果具有更好的一致性,若不考虑震后粘弹性松弛效应,则会明显高估30%的断层滑移率。     

2015年尼泊尔Mw7.9地震震前断层闭锁与同震位移特征分析

对尼泊尔震前的GPS水平速度场进行融合处理,获得跨喜马拉雅中东段沿N15°E方向的GPS水平速度场剖面。采用弹性半空间矩形位错模拟反演,结果表明,尼泊尔地震前喜马拉雅主前缘断裂带存在浅部闭锁,深部无震蠕滑,闭锁深度为22.5km,蠕滑段滑动速率为19.0mm/a,断层倾角为10°。GPS观测的同震形变场揭示了尼泊尔地震引起的地壳形变特征,最大同震位移位于尼泊尔境内的KKN4,该站向南移动1.89m;地震还在我国藏南地区造成最大0.54m的永久形变。距离震中400km以外GPS观测到的同震形变微弱,在误差范围之内。依据GPS同震水平位移在N15°E方向的位移剖面,采用矩形位错模型简单模拟了尼泊尔地震的同震破裂。结果显示,GPS同震位移剖面可以用喜马拉雅冲断带前缘主断裂(MFT)以北的基底低角度逆断层引起的弹性位错模拟,浅部的主前缘逆冲断裂、主边界逆冲断裂和主中央逆冲断裂等分支并没有破裂。     

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