DEM插值算法的局部地形特征适应性研究

对于绝大多数DEM插值算法而言,很大程度上依赖于局部范围内采样点数据集的地形特征。因此,本文选用地表粗糙度和空间分布指标建立了局部地形特征描述模型,用以描述局部范围内采样点数据集的特征;然后运用K均值聚类分析和残差比较分析等方法,研究了地表粗糙度指标和空间分布指标对DEM插值算法的相关关系,相应结论有助于DEM插值算法的局部地形特征适应性选择。     

顾及多因素影响的自适应反距离加权插值方法

空间插值算法旨在利用离散的观测点测量数据估算同一区域中未采样点的估计值,进而生成连续的空间表面模型。为了获得高精度的缺失数据估计值和高分辨率空间表面模型,提出了一种顾及多因素影响的自适应反距离加权插值算法(adaptive cluster gradient inverse-distance weighting,ACGIDW)。该算法以气象数据为例,顾及复杂地形因素、经纬度和高程对空间插值的影响,并根据采样点的空间分布模式对反距离加权算法中的距离衰减参数α进行自适应调整,提高了空间插值算法的精度和自适应性。采用两组实际气温和降水数据,运用交叉验证模型,对ACGIDW方法、其他反距离加权方法、普通克立金方法进行实验对比分析,验证了ACGIDW方法的优越性和可行性。     

一种多源数据确定内陆盐沼湿地自然边界的方法

以宁夏盐池县为例,以Landsat 8影像、高分二号影像、激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)数据插值生成的高精度数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据、地理国情普查数据等为数据源,探讨了多源数据确定内陆盐沼湿地自然边界的方法.首先,利用一年多期的Landsat 8影像数据确定湿地边界提取的最佳时相,对高分二号影像等数据进行多尺度叠置分割,得到分割对象;然后,进行特征提取,并利用优化后的分离阈值(improved separa?bility and thresholds,ISEaTh)算法进行特征选择;最后,运用最邻近分类器获得湿地的自然边界,并分析了不同高空间分辨率的DEM数据对内陆盐沼边界定位的影响.结果表明,高空间分辨率DEM数据参与提取内陆盐沼湿地边界,可以有效减少内陆盐沼边界处湿地与非湿地的错分现象,提高其边界定位精度,且DEM数据的空间分辨率越高,提升效果就越显著.     

基于GRACE数据的陆地水储量空间插值方法研究——以科尔沁沙地为例

在地统计学函数模型和地理信息系统技术的支持下,本文利用多种插值方法对GRACE重力卫星解算出的水储量数据进行空间插值方法精度研究,并探讨了科尔沁沙地的水储量空间分布特征。结果表明:1)总体上看,地统计学插值方法优于确定性插值法的反距离权重插值、径向基插值、全局多项式插值和局部多项式插值;2)在地统计学方法中,仅引入高程数据插值,精度并没有提高,综合考虑高程和降水量的协同克里格插值方法的误差最小,插值精度最好。利用协同克里格插值法插值得到科尔沁沙地的水储量空间分布图,由图可知,科尔沁沙地的水储量呈现由南向北增加的空间分布特征。     

V-代约束的结构保持空间插值算法

针对现有空间插值方法对样点空间分布及结构约束考虑较少,难以保真原有空间数据的统计参量等问题,利用Voronoi和Delaunay的相互关系,建立了基于样点分布V-邻域结构的插值控制点自适应生成方法,构建了顾及样点分布结构与分布密度的结构保持空间插值方法。基于中国气象台站日均气温数据的方法验证与对比表明,相比于常用的空间插值算法,本文算法具有更好的结构自适应性,且对原始数据的空间统计特征具有更好的保持性。     

湖南省年均降水量空间插值比较分析

本文以湖南省及周边区域98个气象站点1981-2010年降水量数据及该地区的DEM为基础进行空间插值,选择38个站点作为检验站点,其余站点分别取60,40,20个作为插值站点。采用整体插值法、局部插值法和混合插值法分别计算研究区的面雨量,比较不同插值模型的精度,结论如下:插值站点数量和模型类型及其参数均会影响插值精度;混合插值法相比于整体插值法和局部插值法更加稳健;20,40,60个插值站点的最优模型分别为BP神经网络、经验贝叶斯克里金法和张力样条插法;不同插值方法的降水空间分布格局大体相似,近似呈现出降水高值与降水低值两个"凹"形区域相毗连,东部降水量高于西部,南部高于北部。     

浮动车轨迹点地图匹配及插值算法

针对带有定位误差和异常值的浮动车轨迹点数据,该文设计并实现了滑动窗口最优路径地图匹配算法,在综合考虑轨迹点的空间几何关系和路网拓扑关系基础上,为轨迹点匹配最优道路并纠正轨迹点误差。其次,针对稀疏且时间间隔不稳定的匹配后轨迹点,设计改进的Hermite插值法拟合车辆运动状态,并对稀疏轨迹点进行时序插值。利用南京市出租车轨迹点数据进行匹配算法与插值算法的验证,实验结果表明匹配算法具有较高准确性,插值算法能有效还原车辆行驶状态。     

利用插值算法填补SRTM3 DEM数据空洞的比较分析

由于雷达热噪声、斑点噪声和解缠等因素的共同影响,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术获取的SRTM3 DEM存在高程数据空洞,严重影响了该DEM产品的应用。SRTM3 DEM数据空洞的分布一般呈现空间随机性。本文通过比较分析利用各种插值算法填补DEM数据空洞的优劣,从中选出一种最优方法来对SRTM3 DEM进行插值填补。     

利用多源数据确定季节性咸水湖湿地自然边界的方法

以宁夏盐池为例,探讨了利用面向对象的高分影像、数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)等多源数据确定季节性咸水湖湿地自然边界的方法。以高分遥感影像、激光探测与测量(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)数据插值生成的高空间分辨率DEM、地理国情普查数据、第二次全国湿地资源调查数据为数据源,选取LBV变换特征、归一化差分植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、高程值、坡度等特征,构建决策规则模型,获得季节性咸水湖湿地自然边界,并分析了不同高空间分辨率的DEM对边界提取结果的影响。实验结果表明,与无DEM数据参与提取的结果相比,合适的高空间分辨率DEM参与季节性咸水湖湿地自然边界提取,能有效提高其边界定位精度。     

一种基于局部分布的空间聚类算法

设计了一种度量邻近域内空间实体局部分布的新指标——中值角度,在此基础上,提出了一种基于空间实体局部分布的空间聚类算法。该方法递归搜索空间实体集中所有局部分布度量值相近且非离群的点,并将其聚为一类。通过模拟数据和实际数据进行实验发现,所提出的算法比DBSCAN算法的聚类结果更合理,具有很好的抗噪性,能发现任意形状的聚类。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。