基于GIS的青岛市工程场地评价可视化研究

本文主要完成了以下几大模块:①以规范模型为基础,首先智能判别单个钻孔的场地所属类别和砂土液化情况,然后采用插值方法插值成面状场地类别分区和砂土液化分区图,并动态加以展示;②根据先前输入的钻孔资料信息自动生成基岩顶部等值线图;③根据资料得到青岛市断层分布,然后依据规范规定,应用缓冲技术给出建筑避让距离;④展示所应用的判别规范,允许用户添加和更改。根据以上几点处理,基本达到了工程场地评价的可视化,为相关部门提供了方便工具和直观资料。     

桐柏断裂活动时代研究

在前人工作的基础上,通过收集石油部门的钻孔资料,依据桐柏断裂南北两侧的2条钻孔联合剖面,给出桐柏断裂周围第四系厚度分布图,图中显示桐柏断裂所在区域缺失早更新世地层,断裂北部的第四系厚度小于南部,表明桐柏断裂向南倾;同时利用廊坊城市活断层探测成果,根据跨桐柏断裂联合钻孔剖面、桐柏断裂详细勘探地震剖面和桐柏断裂附近的石油钻孔资料,综合判定桐柏断裂的活动时代,认为桐柏断裂最新活动至中更新世。     

汕尾市区砂土液化分析

采用标准贯人试验法对抽取的汕尾市区34个野外钻孔资料进行液化分析,计算液化指数,判断液化等级,进而划分液化小区。结果表明,汕尾市区滨海堆积平原普遍存在砂土液化地震地质灾害,液化等级轻微、中等至严重均有分布,以中等液化为主。根据建筑物类别和工程建设场地的实际情况提出抗液化措施的建议。     

1605年7月13日琼州历史地震陆沉原因

本文通过地震史料考证,野外地质调查,钻孔土层力学性质分析,场地震害考察等资料的研究,认为琼州历史地震在滨海地带第四纪软弱土层中诱发了砂土液化、软土流滑、造成地基失效、场地不均匀沉陷的情况,是导致震区内特殊地段“陆地沉陷”的主要原因     

基于三维高密度电法的地质BIM模型应用研究

地质体三维可视化BIM(Building Information Model)技术具有直观呈现地质体的三维赋存情况、实现地质体的空间计算与分析等众多功能,为工程设计和施工提供可视化的基础操作平台.目前,地质BIM模型的构建主要依赖大量钻孔资料和地质测绘成果.而由这些点状信息构建的三维地质模型易出现孔间盲区,且大量钻孔费时费力、破坏三维地质体结构,难以满足精细化、快捷、无损的地质建模需求.针对此问题,本文以豫北某拟建水库大坝工程为依托,利用三维高密度电法对坝址区左岸杂填土进行探测,物探解译成果结合少量钻孔资料快速精确构建工区地质模型.在此基础上,将大坝输水洞设计参数引入模型,直观展示沿洞线地质体与输水洞的空间关系.通过该方法计算施工开挖土方量比传统地质断面法多6000 m3,系孔间盲区基岩面下降形成基岩凹槽所致.研究表明,三维高密度电法成果结合少量钻孔资料可快速实现三维地质BIM精细化建模,为工程后期预算、施工地质预报以及构筑物优化设计提供可靠地质依据,也为精细三维地质BIM建模提供了一种新思路.     

苏北—南黄海盆地区域构造特征分析

利用地球物理、地质、钻孔等资料,以苏北－南黄海盆地作为主体,以莫霍面形态、古侵蚀面形态、断裂展布、火成岩发育特征等资料,解剖区域构造,对于油气勘探、天然地震的研究,具有一定的指导意义。     

福建漳州盆地新构造运动的探讨

漳州盆地是晚更新世以来发育起来的断陷盆地。从盆地的形成、地质地貌特征到地热地震活动,无不受到断裂构造(尤其是活动断裂)的控制。用定量方法对钻孔资料所揭示的第四沉积物的岩相、岩性、厚度及水文地质等因素进行分析.并结合以断裂构造、地貌等特征,将漳州盆地划分为四个新构造区,分别对应于不同的断块构造单元,具有不同的新构造地质特征。漳州盆地的新构造地质史是断裂控制下断块差异活动的历史,现今仍有很强的活动性。     

昭通地震中心站YRY-4钻孔应变仪观测数据干扰分析

利用YRY-4型钻孔应变仪观测资料进行自洽检验,以验证其工作稳定性;分析YRY-4型钻孔应变仪受环境干扰、场地干扰的原因及特点。结果表明,YRY-4型钻孔应变仪观测数据连续可靠;受降雨、融雪、施工等干扰影响较大,降雨后观测曲线常发生趋势性转折,且降雨的影响具有滞后性,场地施工干扰特征明显。     

GIS技术和神经网络模型在地震地质灾害小区划中的应用研究

在前人对地震地质灾害小区划研究的基础上，以甘肃省景泰县城为实例，综合地震地质、地形地貌、活动断裂和场地条件等资料，利用地理信息系统技术和神经网络模型进行地震地质灾害小区划分类．结果表明该方法使以前定性的各类指标尽可能定量化，实现了计算机自动成图，提高了工作效率，结果更加准确直观．     

泉州市规划区场地抗震性能与土地适宜性分区研究

在泉州市土地适宜性分区规划的编制过程中，建立了比较详细的钻孔资料数据库，给出了泉州规划区内不同土类的剪切波速按埋置深度进行修正的经验公式，并用这些经验公式计算了无实测波速资料的钻孔的等效剪切波速。文中按等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度进行了场地类别的划分；采用震后残余应变和软化模量的思想和分层总和方法，综合考虑了软土厚度、埋深、地下水位对软土震陷量的影响，使软土震陷量计算结果更为合理。在充分考虑规划区内地形地貌、工程地质条件、场地类别、砂土液化、软土震陷、砂层及软弱土层的厚度分布、滑坡崩塌等对场地抗震性能影响的基础上，给出了更适合规划区的场地抗震性能评价标准，绘制了泉州场地抗震性能与土地适宜性分区图。     

新疆巴楚地震液化宏观现象的对比分析

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地区发生6.8级地震,出现了唐山、海城地震后近30年我国最具规模的砂土液化现象。本文通过现场调查和资料分析,并与以往大地震液化比较,提出了此次地震液化宏观现象的认识,包括液化分布特征、喷水冒砂形态、液化震害和工程地质条件等几个方面。结果表明,此次地震液化宏观现象与我国以往几次大地震有很多不同,具有很大的研究价值。     

Recording-based identification of site liquefaction

Reconnaissance reports and pertinent research on seismic hazards show that liquefaction is one of the key sources of damage to geotechnical and structural engineering systems. Therefore, identifying site liquefaction conditions plays an important role in seismic hazard mitigation. One of the widely used approaches for detecting liquefaction is based on the time-frequency analysis of ground motion recordings, in which short-time Fourier transform is typically used. It is known that recordings at a site with liquefaction are the result of nonlinear responses of seismic waves propagating in the liquefied layers underneath the site. Moreover, Fourier transform is not effective in characterizing such dynamic features as time-dependent frequency of the recordings rooted in nonlinear responses. Therefore, the aforementioned approach may not be intrinsically effective in detecting liquefaction. An alternative to the Fourier-based approach is presented in this study, which proposes time-frequency analysis of earthquake ground motion recordings with the aid of the Hilbert-Huang transform （HHT）, and offers justification for the HHT in addressing the liquefaction features shown in the recordings. The paper then defines the predominant instantaneous frequency （PIF） and introduces the PiF-related motion features to identify liquefaction conditions at a given site. Analysis of 29 recorded data sets at different site conditions shows that the proposed approach is effective in detecting site liquefaction in comparison with other methods.     

山东部分考古遗址中构造变形现象初探

对山东省几个考古发掘遗址进行了地震考古研究,着重对其中的自然变形现象进行识别和分析。其中,在济南郊区的大辛庄商代遗址中甄别出非构造变形的现象;在章丘城子崖龙山文化层中识别出砂脉充填裂隙;在滨州秦皇台商周文化层中发现槽壁上砂脉和槽底密集分布的砂管;在临淄齐国故城城墙分别鉴别出构造和非构造成因裂隙;在日照尧王城见龙山-战汉时期文化层中平行分布的砂脉裂隙组;在滕州薛国故城城墙识别出典型共轭剪切裂隙。上述自然变形现象集中显现于春秋-战汉期及以前的文化层中,且多表现为砂脉等地震液化痕迹,显示相当时期所在地区可能处于地震相对活跃期,上述推断部分得到微观分析资料证实。     

液化规范判别与实际震害现象的差异对比——以唐山地震震害为例

砂土液化判别是地震地质灾害判定和预测的一项重要工作,判别方法以规范为主,但在实际工作中发现规范的判别结果与实际情况存在差异。本文在查阅大量唐山地震震害资料的基础上,选择3个典型工程场地,根据实际钻孔现场标贯原位测试数据,采用《建筑抗震设计规范》中的方法进行液化判别,发现规范判别结果与实际震害现象之间存在着一些差异。分析认为,抗震设防烈度与实际地震动不同、地下水位变化、上覆非液化土层的厚度、局部场地效应、地震动持时以及实验造成的人为误差等,均是造成差异的原因。分析结果也表明,规范中的判别方法具有较普遍的适用性和较强的实用性,但由于基础数据的局限性及判别公式本身存在的定性异常,其判别结果的合理性还有待于进一步研究论证,这也是造成判别结果与实际震害现象存在差异的原因之一。本文的研究结果对地震液化的机理认识、判别方法的完善,均具有一定的意义。     

地基土粉砂层动力特性分析试验研究

本文通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土粉砂层室内共振柱试验及动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了粉砂的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数,同时对堤坝工程场地的地震安全性评价和液化评判有良好的借鉴和参考价值。     

利用地震叠前数据预测火山岩裂缝的方法和效果分析——以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩为例

裂缝问题是火山岩复杂岩性油气藏勘探开发中必须考虑的重要因素之一.火山岩储层裂缝预测的准确性直接影响着油气的产能、钻井工艺和增产改造措施等.本文主要根据等效HTI介质(扩容各向异性介质)的特性,立足地下介质各向异性理论,利用三维地震叠前P波在HTI介质中的属性分布特征来检测裂缝的发育情况.利用三维地震叠前P波裂缝检测技术在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷深层营城组火山岩中尝试开展了储层裂缝发育预测研究.通过研究建立了火山岩裂缝地震叠前预测方法,并对营城组火山岩裂缝发育情况进行预测,结果表明裂缝主要分布在工区中部构造高部位,发育方向以北北西向为主.最后利用测井资料和钻井产能资料等进行效果分析,证实该技术对于认识火山岩储层裂缝发育具有实际应用价值,说明应用地震资料开展储层裂缝预测具有横向分辨率高、实现井间分布描述和宏观空间分布规律清楚等特点.     

Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data

Cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) are widely used for the site specific evaluation of liquefaction potential and are getting increased use in the regional mapping of liquefaction hazard. This paper compares CPT and SPT-based liquefaction potential characterizations of regional geologic units using the liquefaction potential index (LPI) across the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay, California, USA and examines the statistical and spatial variability of LPI across and within geologic units. Overall, CPT-based LPI characterizations result in higher hazard than those derived from the SPT. This bias may result from either mis-classifications of soil type in the CPT or a bias in the CPT simplified procedure for liquefaction potential. Regional mapping based on cumulative distribution of LPI values show different results depending on which dataset is used. For both SPT and CPT-based characterizations, the geologic units in the area have broad LPI distributions that overlap between units and are not distinct from the population as a whole. Regional liquefaction classifications should therefore give a distribution, rather than a single hazard rating that does not provide for variability within the area. The CPT-based LPI values have a higher degree of spatial correlation and a lower variance over a greater distance than those estimated from SPTs. As a result, geostatistical interpolation can provide a detailed map of LPI when densely sampled CPT data are available. The statistical distribution of LPI within specific geologic units and interpolated maps of LPI can be used to understand the spatial variability of liquefaction potential.     

A method for detecting site liquefaction by seismic records

A simple semi-theoretical method for straightforward identification of the liquefied site by using surface acceleration records is presented by taking the natural frequency decreasing ratio of the site (NFDRS) as a fundamental benchmark and taking the time–frequency decreasing ratio of the surface acceleration (TFDRSA) as a basic index. The TFDRSA of an accelerogram is calculated and the critical point of the TFDRSA is taken as a divisive point which distinguishes liquefied sites from non-liquefied sites. The critical point value of TFDRSA is assumed to be equal to the lower limit of NFDRS caused by liquefaction and the lower limit of NFDRS is attained approximately by a two-degree-of-freedom system which is employed to simulate site liquefaction. Based on the analysis for actual earthquake records, it is proved that the theoretical model and the basic assumption here are reasonable. The reliability of the method in the paper is verified by the actual earthquake records and the comparison results indicate that the method can detect the liquefied site and non-liquefied sites including the soft sites correctly.     

汶上县城区砂土地震液化调查分析

通过钻孔、标准贯入试验等手段,对汶上县城区进行砂土地震液化调查分析。划分砂土液化等级,并给出汶上县城区在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度时的砂土液化分布图,为城市建设工程抗震设防提供依据。     

Fracture Density Distributions and Well Yields in Coastal Maine

Understanding the distribution of water-bearing fractures in crystalline rock is an important component in evaluating the availability and vulnerability of water resources throughout the northeastern U.S. The State of Maine requests well drillers to report estimates of fracture depths and fracture yields for all bedrock wells drilled in the state. Using these data we analyze fracture-depth and fracture-yield data from 227 bedrock wells in coastal Maine in order to understand how fracture locations and yields are distributed with depth. Numerical simulations and statistical tests show that it is not possible to infer how fractures are distributed with depth: fracture depths are consistent with several distributions, including uniform fracture density with depth. In order to understand how fracture yield varies with depth, we group yield data into 50 foot depth intervals and compare distributions in each interval using nonparametric statistical tests. These tests show that the distribution of fracture yield in different depth intervals are statistically equivalent. These results imply that there is no empirical justification for limiting well depth when drilling for water resources in fractured bedrock in coastal Maine.