Coal seam development characteristics and distribution predictions in marginal sea basins: Oligocene Yacheng Formation coal measures,Qiongdongnan Basin,northern region of the South China Sea

Abstract

Coal measures located in marginal sea basins are important hydrocarbon source rocks. For the purpose of effectively guiding future oil and gas exploration, the characteristics and distribution patterns of coal seams in coal measures of a marginal sea basin are systematically outlined. Coal measures in marginal sea basins can have large thicknesses, but the individual coal seams can be very thin and lack lateral continuity. In the study area, the organic micro-components of the coal are dominated by vitrinite, with very low amounts of inertinite and liptinite. The amount of inorganic microscopic components is large, but with limited drilling results, few cores and thin coal seams, which are easily overlooked during logging activities, a comprehensive analysis of the logging data may improve efficiency in coal-seam identification and thickness determination. The development and distribution of coal seams in marginal sea basins are controlled by various factors, including (1) paleoclimatic and paleobotanic conditions, which could fundamentally limit coal formation, (2) coal-forming sedimentary environmental conditions that may limit the scope of coal-seam development from a macroscopic perspective, and (3) paleotectonic and paleotopographic conditions that define the coal-forming structures. Therefore, the descending and rising cycles of base-levels, along with changes in the growth rates of the accommodation spaces, can be used to determine the horizons that are potentially favourable for coal formation and can also indicate the migration trends of coal-forming environments on the structural plane. Seismic wave impedance inversion methods could be utilised for semi-quantitative assistance for prediction of coal seams. In summary, for models of coal-seam development in marginal sea basins, the grades should be divided according to reliability, and the different reliability levels should be predicted separately.

1. The characteristics of coal seams developed in marginal sea basins are described.

2. The macerals of coals developed in marginal sea basins have been ascertained.

3. A development model and distribution prediction method for coal seams are assessed according to the control factors.

4. A model for the prediction of coal-seam distribution is presented.

     

华北晚古生代陆表海盆地海侵事件微观沉积特征及成煤探讨

采用沉积学、煤地质学、古生物学、地层学及地球化学等多技术手段,结合比较分析法的思路,分析了事件型海侵的特点和海侵事件沉积组合特征,研究发现:海侵事件沉积组合为区域对比性强、具沉积时间连续性与相序间断性的暴露沉积-煤层-灰岩组合,其关键沉积学特征是煤层底板的暴露沉积.海侵事件组合灰岩的古生化石个体小、破碎强烈等特征表现为高能量水体运动等环境,孢粉表现为低含量的单缝孢和裸子植物及高含量的三缝孢.地球化学分析表明暴露沉积为陆相环境,煤层中的微量元素表现为海相主要原因是由于泥炭沼泽覆于深水后受海水影响所致.海侵事件成煤与海侵过程成煤差异体现在两个方面:第一,盆地属性差异,即海侵事件成煤形成于陆表海盆地之中,而海侵过程成煤则形成于具有缓坡的边缘海盆地,第二,成煤原理存在着差异,海侵事件成煤强调的是成煤前海侵未发生前的碎屑体系废弃而发育大量泥炭沼泽且被后期突发性海侵终止,而海侵过程成煤则强调的是泥炭沼泽发育于滨海的活动碎屑体系并终止于后期的缓慢海平面上升.     

陆表海盆地海侵事件成煤作用机制分析

研究了含煤地层中海侵事件沉积序列,即海侵沉积与煤层直接接触的组合特点,总结了海侵事件和海侵事件成煤特点,提出了陆表海聚煤盆地海侵事件成煤作用理论及海侵事件成煤机制。研究表明,陆表海盆地充填沉积序列中,既有海退成煤作用又有海侵成煤作用发生,而且,海侵事件为陆表海盆地海平面变化的典型特色,海侵的突发性是海侵事件的基本属性,其沉积具有等时性。海侵事件导致盆地事件型聚煤作用发生。本文还深入讨论了海侵事件成煤机制及其在含煤地层层序地层界面识别、层序地层单元划分的重要意义和作用。     

湖北省二叠纪梁山组沉积期岩相古地理特征与成煤规律

湖北省二叠纪梁山组沉积期是一次重要的成煤时期,由于煤层的不稳定性,其煤层层数、厚度、煤质等存在明显差异。通过岩性、煤层及古生物的研究对比,查明梁山组自下而上共含煤4层,煤层的形成与沉积特征受岩相古地理环境制约。就整个华南沉积盆地而言,从湖北到湖南,岩相古地理沉积模式为北高南低的古陆-潟湖-障壁岛-广海的沉积格局,湖北境内主要为古陆和海湾潟湖,位于湘鄂交界的江南古陆实为障壁岛,跨过障壁岛,便进入华南广海。湖北沉积区相单元主要为潟湖和潮坪,其中潮坪沼泽亚相为煤层形成的最佳环境,巴东麻沙煤田、松宜煤田和蒲圻煤田皆为该环境的沉积产物,其煤层的沉积特征与海侵机制和滞留时间密切相关。     

从东海石油地质重要进展看西太平洋大陆边缘新生代盆地的构造演化——一种海沟向洋后退的残余弧后盆地演化模式

东海盆地石油地质研究在近二十年里主要取得五方面的进展 :证明了盆地是由一组大陆边缘新生界由西向东逐个变新的“盆地群体”组成 ,建立了陆架地区以组为单位的整个新生代地层单元 ,详细划分了西湖凹陷的内部地质结构 ,认定了煤和煤系沉积是东海陆架区的主力油气源岩 ,通过大量钻井验证了盆地中三类不同成因的圈闭。从环西太平洋盆地形成的地球动力学背景看 ,西太平洋是一个自北而南的沟—弧—盆 (陆缘海 )系统 ;大体以台湾海峡为界 ,东海盆地是一个由转换或被动边缘演化而来的聚敛边缘 ,而南海属于由活动或聚敛边缘转化而来的被动边缘。东海盆地与菲律宾海盆地具有相似的时空演化特征 ,由此论证了东海新生代盆地属于残余弧后向洋后退盆地     

The Development Characteristics and Distribution Predictions of the Paleogene Coal‐measure Source Rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

There are known to be enormous Cenozoic coal-type oil and gas resources located in the basins of the South China Sea,among which the Paleogene coal-measure source rock are one of the main source rock.In order to more effectively analyze the distribution laws of coal-measure source rock in marginal sea basins and guide coal-type oil and gas explorations,the Oligocene coal-measure source rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin were selected as examples in order to systematically analyze the types,development characteristics,control factors,and distribution prediction methods of coalmeasure source rock in marginal sea basins.The Qiongdongnan Basin is located in the northern region of the South China Sea.Previous explorations of the area have determined that the Oligocene coal-measure source rock in the Qiongdongnan Basin have typical"binary structures",which include coal seams and terrigenous marine mudstone.Among those,the terrigenous marine mudstone has been found to greatly expand the scope of the coal-measure source rock.In addition,the coal seams which have been exposed by drilling have been observed to have the characteristics of thin single layer thickness,many layers,and poor stability.Meanwhile,the terrigenous marine mudstone has the characteristics of large thickness and wide distribution.The development of coal-measure source rock is known to be controlled by many factors,such as paleoclimate and paleobotany condition,paleo-structure and topography,paleo-geography,rise and fall of base level,and so on.In accordance with the comprehensive analyses of various control factors of coal-measure source rock,and the changes in water body energy in sedimentary environments,a genetic model of the"energy belt"for the development and distribution of coal-measure source rock was proposed.Also,the development and distribution characteristics of coalmeasure source rock in different types of energy belts were clarified.Then,based on the development and distribution characteristics of coal-measure source rock and their controlling factors,prediction methods of the distribution ranges of coal-measure source rock were proposed from both qualitative and(semi-)quantitative aspects.That is to say,a method for(semi-)quantitative predictions of the distribution ranges of coal-bearing intervals based on model wave impedance inversion and neural network wave impedance inversion,along with a method for(semi-)quantitative predictions of the distribution ranges of terrigenous marine mudstone based on topographical slopes,were introduced in this study.     

河北南部地区石炭-二叠纪层序地层与聚煤特征

根据大量野外剖面及钻孔资料,将河北南部地l区晚石炭世至早二叠世地层划分为4个含煤层序。层序1为第一个关键成煤层序,代表了海陆交替型含煤岩系形成期间的第一次大规模海水进退序列,含有全区可追踪对比的煤层．但聚煤作用较弱;层序2为第二个关键成煤层序,由于盆地的构造转换引起海侵方向的改变,该层序煤层为海侵事件成煤,形成了全区稳定发育的大青煤（8^#）;层序3为华北板块发生“翘翘板”运动后的稳定沉积层序,高水位体系域形成的煤层稳定性好（6^#、7^#）：层序4为陆表海盆地向陆相盆地过渡形成的含煤层序,该层序高位体系域含煤性好．煤层厚,全区可对比。     

Differences in the Tectonic Evolution of Basins in the Central‐Southern South China Sea and their Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions

To reveal the causes of differences in the hydrocarbon accumulation in continental marginal basins in the centralsouthern South China Sea,we used gravity-magnetic,seismic,drilling,and outcrop data to investigate the tectonic histories of the basins and explore how these tectonic events controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in these basins.During the subduction of the Cenozoic proto-South China Sea and the expansion of the new South China Sea,the continental margin basins in the central-southern South China Sea could be classified as one of three types of epicontinental basins:southern extensional-foreland basins,western extensional-strike slip basins,and central extensional-drift basins.Because these basins have different tectonic and sedimentary histories,they also differ in their accumulated hydrocarbon resources.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the southern South China Sea generally progressed through three stages:faulting and subsidence from the late Eocene to the early Miocene,inversion and uplift in the middle Miocene,and subsidence since the late Miocene.Hydrocarbon source rocks with marine-continental transitional facies dominated byⅡ-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in extremely thick Miocene sedimentary series with the filling characteristics being mainly deep-water deposits in the early stage and shallow water deposits in the late stage.With well-developed sandstone and carbonate reservoirs,this stratum has a strong hydrocarbon generation potential.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the western South China Sea also progressed through the three developmental stages discussed previously.Hydrocarbon source rocks with lacustrine facies,marine-continental transitional facies,and terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅡ2-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in the relatively thick stratum with the filling characteristics being mainly lacustrine deposits in the early stage and marine deposits in the late stage.As a reservoir comprised of self-generated and self-stored sandstone,this unit also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.Throughout those same three developmental stages,the basin groups in the central South China Sea generated hydrocarbon source rocks with terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅢkerogen that have developed in a stratum with medium thicknesses with the filling characteristics being mainly sandstone in the early stage and carbonate in the late stage.This reservoir,which is dominated by lower-generation and upper-storage carbonate rocks,also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.     

中国南海不同板块边缘沉积盆地构造特征

基于科学考察区域联测剖面资料,结合南海大地构造背景研究,对南海主要的新生代沉积盆地的构造特征进行了对比分析。研究表明,区域联测剖面穿越的沉积盆地的构造特征具有显著的差异,具体表现在大地构造背景、重磁场特征、盆地基底、断裂性质、构造线方向以及火成岩发育等方面。南海断裂的发育与盆地形成具有密切的关系,南海北部主要表现为NE向张性断裂控制的沉积盆地;西部主要表现为NW向和近SN向走滑断裂控制的沉积盆地;南部比较复杂,张性、压性、剪性断裂都有发育,但以NE向的南沙海槽逆冲断裂及其控制的南沙海槽盆地最具代表性;东部主要指南海中央海盆,断裂和海底火山共同控制了该区上新世-第四纪沉积。     

中国近海海域新生代成盆动力机制分析

中国近海海域发育了渤海湾、东海和南海等10多个新生代富油气沉积盆地,其发育演化过程及动力学背景的异同需要在统一的研究思路和方法下进行系统的总结.以海域盆地油气勘探开发中积累的丰富的地质地球物理资料为基础,详细解释和分析了渤海、东海和南海三大海域新生代盆地的构造地层格架,进一步明确了渤海湾盆地斜向拉分盆地的演化阶段,证实了区域走滑断裂体系对盆地发育的重要控制作用;在东海陆架盆地划分出弧后前陆盆地的演化阶段,认识到区域挤压作用对该盆地的演化过程的重要性;在南海北部深水区发现了大型拆离断层及其所控制的拆离盆地,提出大型拆离断层作用是地壳薄化、地幔剥露和陆缘深水盆地形成演化的主要机制.研究揭示出中国近海海域盆地新生代期间在经历了古新世-中始新世期间分布全区的均一断陷作用之后,从晚始新世开始进入到区域构造的差异性演化阶段,其中渤海湾盆地进入斜向走滑拉分阶段,并持续到渐新世末期,随后是中新世的热沉降和上新世以来的加速沉降过程;东海陆架盆地则进入长期的弧后前陆盆地演化阶段,直到上新世开始才进入区域性的沉降过程;而南海则持续伸展形成深水拆离盆地,并最终在渐新世初期（32 Ma）发生岩石圈裂解,南海洋盆开始扩张,陆缘则进入被动大陆边缘演化阶段.区域板块运动学分析表明,晚始新世发生的全球板块运动重组事件导致了中国近海海域盆地构造的差异性演化.该事件发生之前,中国东部处于欧亚板块和太平洋板块相互作用构建的"双板块"动力体制之下,太平洋板块的俯冲后退作用导致了陆缘弧后伸展,形成了广布中国东部大陆边缘的盆岭式断陷盆地系.该事件之后,中国大陆处于印度板块、欧亚板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块等构建的"多板块体制"之下,印度-欧亚大陆的碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲方向的转变、古南海的俯冲碰撞、菲律宾海板块的楔入及其与太平洋板块向西运移俯冲等产生了更为复杂的板块运动过程和多期次的运动重组事件导致了中国海域盆地成因类型的多样性和构造演化过程的差异性.海域盆地是我国重要的油气生产基地,本文的研究不仅进一步深化了中国海域盆地的形成演化过程和动力机制的认识,而且对于该区的油气勘探和开发也具有重要的实际应用价值.      

南海北部新生代海陆变迁与不同盆地的沉积充填响应*

新生代以来南中国海的多幕旋回运动形成了其北部陆坡性质各异、演化有别的多个陆缘沉积盆地。依据各盆地新生界发育特征、主干地震剖面及钻井资料对南海北部的相对海平面变化与沉积环境进行系统分析,采用年代地层对比的方法探讨南海北部构造演化序列与海陆变迁规律的内在联系,再现了南海北部陆缘新生代的海陆变迁过程,从而建立了南海北部陆缘裂谷盆地、走滑拉分盆地和陆内裂谷盆地的构造—沉积充填一体化模式。新生代海平面整体呈上升趋势,古近纪各盆地以陆相河流、粗粒三角洲湖相沉积为主;而新近纪主要发育滨浅海及三角洲相,呈现出明显的早陆后海的规律。靠近陆地一侧的陆内裂谷盆地北部湾盆地海侵最晚,其古近系充填厚度明显大于新近系,以发育近源扇三角洲为特色;而靠近海域一侧的走滑拉分盆地(莺歌海盆地)则以新近纪海相沉积占优势;陆缘裂谷盆地(琼东南与珠江口盆地)古近纪陆相与新近纪海相相对均衡发育,发育大型三角洲与碳酸盐岩台地。不同盆地的沉积充填特征主要受构造运动与海侵规模控制,并由此奠定了不同盆地的资源前景。     

南海西部海域新生代构造古地理演化及其对油气勘探的意义

南海西部海域构造复杂,主要发育有北东—北东东向、北西向和近南北向3组深大断裂。其中,北西向断裂与板块汇聚、碰撞有关,多具走滑性质;北东—北东东向断裂具有与中国东部裂谷盆地相似的发育特点,呈张扭性质;近南北向断裂可能是南海在扩张活动期间于洋、陆壳过渡部位形成的走滑调节断裂,是洋盆扩张的西部边界。新生代里,南海经历了4次成盆事件与3期扩张活动,盆地经历了古新世—中始新世陆缘断陷、渐新世—早中新世扩展与中中新世以来的热沉降3个演化阶段。陆缘断陷阶段的充填系列主要是北东—北东东向与北西向的河流—冲积扇、湖泊沼泽等陆相沉积及火山岩等;盆地扩展阶段表现为中-小型断陷、断-坳陷逐渐复合与联合为大-中型坳陷,古地理格局逐渐由河流与湖沼陆相环境演变为滨海至浅海相的沉积环境;热沉降阶段的成盆活动逐渐减弱以至停止,地层表现超覆,盆地出现联合迹象。结合以往勘探与油气资源调查成果分析,认为南海西部海域陆架陆坡区发育的大-中型沉积盆地石油地质条件良好,蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,勘探潜力巨大。     

Characteristics,differences and main controlling factors of source rocks in the central‐southern South China Sea Basins

The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources. With the increasing exploration of oil and gas resources in the northern South China Sea and the increasing demand for energy in the world, The central‐southern South China Sea have become important constituencies for oil and gas resources. The central‐southern basins of South China Sea can be divided into three types of basin groups, namely, the southern basin group (Zengmu Basin, Brunei‐Sabah Basin), the western basin group (Wan'an Basin, Zhong jiannan Basin) and the Central Basin Group (Liyue Basin, Beikang Basin, Nanweixi Basin and Palawan Basin). At present, the degree of exploration is relatively low, and the source rock has not yet formed a understanding of the system. The main source rock development time, source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon generation potential and control factors of each basin group are still unclear, which seriously restricts the exploration of oil and gas. Based on the sedimentary facies distribution and sedimentary filling evolution, combined with the geoche mical characteristics of the source rocks, the source age, organic matter type, hydrocarbon generation potential and main controlling factors of the basins in the central‐southern basins are discussed. By the detailed research on delta scale, provenance system, paleoclimate conditions, ancient vegetation development and hydroca rbon generation parent material, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in each basin group are revealed.     

南海岩石圈结构与油气资源分布

南海是中国唯一发育有洋壳的边缘海,是世界四大海洋油气聚集中心之一。油气勘探表明,南海的油气田分布在北部、西部和南部陆缘沉积盆地内,而大中型油气田集中分布在西部海域盆地中,自北而南有莺歌海—琼东南盆地、万安盆地、湄公盆地、曾母盆地和文莱—沙巴盆地,且以含气为主,含油次之。此外,这一区域深水区还存在多个潜在的大型含油气盆地。研究发现,南海的油气分布与深部岩石圈结构有密切关系。在构造上,南海的含油气盆地位于岩石圈块体边缘或之上,受控于大型岩石圈断裂的发育与演化。在油气富集的盆地中,莫霍面显著凸起,与盆地基底形成镜像,地壳厚度最薄处仅数千米厚,热流值明显较周围地区高,热岩石圈厚度大大减薄。地震层析成像结果反映,这些盆地深部发育一条规模宏大的北西向上地幔隆起带,自红河口向东南穿越南海西部海盆,一直延伸到婆罗州东北部地区,在宏观上控制了南海的油气分布与富集。     

成煤大地构造学研究

将大地构造学和煤地质学相结合,提出了一门新的边缘学科－成煤大地构造学。首先对它的定义,范围,方法,手段和特色作了详细阐述,把全球构造聚煤区分为域,带,盆三级。然后以中国为例,对成煤大地构造问题进行了讨论,主要是聚煤盆地和含煤建造分类,古构造对聚煤作用的制约和成煤大地构造与聚煤盆地的时空演化,海域构造聚煤带,深部构造对中,新生代煤盆地的控制作用,成煤构造地球化学,与成煤构造环境有关若干问题如灾变论,     

广西宜山煤田中部煤质特征及其环境意义

煤层是成煤物质成分、特征和形成环境的统一体，煤岩组分、煤的化学组成等是煤层物质成分和形成环境的体现。通过对宜山煤田中部上二叠统合山组K7、K6、K3煤层煤质特征分析，得出本区煤层形成的沉积环境不论是成煤前期还是成煤期受海水的影响较大，海水的作用白下而上逐渐减弱。成煤期的潜水面比较低，K3煤层覆水深度比K6、K7浅，都处于动荡环境条件中，同时受到周期性干燥环境和潮湿环境相互交替作用影响。水介质条件以碱性为主，从弱还原环境或中性环境向还原环境过渡。     

中国近海含油气盆地新构造运动与油气成藏

自中新世末(大约5.2Ma) 至今是中国近海新生代盆地裂后热沉降最活跃的时期, 并伴随着裂后构造再活动.这一期构造运动, 即本文所定义的新构造运动, 调整和控制了各含油气盆地的油气最终成藏和油气田的定型分布.阐述了新构造运动的概念、识别依据、成因机制以及对油气藏形成的控制.在中国近海, 新构造运动的主要表现包括中新统末、上新统与第四系之间及层系内部的不整合、中新世和第四纪沉降、沉积中心的迁移、非常发育的晚期断裂活动及活跃的天然地震等.不同盆地新构造运动的强度、发育机制不同, 其对油气成藏与分布的控制亦不同.以渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷、莺歌海盆地和东海盆地西湖坳陷为例, 系统地论述了中国近海新构造运动对油气藏形成的控制和影响.渤海新构造运动控制了渤中坳陷及其周围油气晚期成藏, 莺歌海盆地底辟活动控制了天然气晚期成藏, 东海西湖坳陷新构造运动部分破坏了油气藏      

三种不同类型盆地煤中微量元素对比研究

本文选择阜新盆地海洲露天矿,山西大同煤田煤峪口矿和朔县和平朔煤田安太堡露天矿三种不同类型盆地的矿区进行煤中微量元素的对比研究。初步阐述了断陷盆地,陆表海盆地和大型内陆争盆地煤中的微量元素特征,对比了这种不舅地煤中微量元素的差异,并提出了产生这些差异的主要因素是泥炭沼泽形成时的沉积环境背景,泥岩沼泽相及盆地的物源区。     

南海南、北大陆边缘盆地烃源岩热演化差异及成因分析

对横跨南海南、北共轭大陆边缘的两条骨干剖面所经过的沉积盆地烃源岩热演化进行模拟,分析了南、北陆缘盆地烃源岩热演化差异。结果表明,南海南部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体比北部陆缘盆地的生烃门限浅,南部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体在2 200~2 300 m之间,中新统烃源岩基本已进入生烃门限;北部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体位于2 500~2 600 m之间,渐新统及其以下烃源岩进入生烃门限。南海南、北陆缘盆地生烃门限的规律性与南海现今热流分布南高北低、西高东低的整体趋势相对应,高热流有利于烃源岩的成熟与生烃,因此热流值高的区域对应生烃门限较浅。造成南、北陆缘主力烃源岩的热演化程度差异的主要原因可能是由南海扩张及古南海俯冲引起的地温场变化所引起。     

Variations on Petroleum Geology among Major Basins and Their Formative Mechanisms,Central and Southern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS), one of the largest marginal seas in West Pacific, has experienced two marginal sea tectonic cycles, the pro‐SCS and Neo‐SCS, forming a tectonic trend of “compression in the south, extension in the north, subduction in the east and strike in the west”, with various kinds of sedimentary basins developed. The Central and Southern South China Sea (CSSCS) mainly has Zengmu, Brunei‐Sabah, Wanan, Zhongjiannan, Nanwei, Beikang, Reed, Palawan and Nansha Trough basins (Fig. 1). Since the exploration in the early 20th century, hundreds of oil and gas fields have been discovered in the CSSCS, making it one of giant oil and gas provinces in the world. However, the oil and gas potential of the CSSCS varied a lot, even among adjacent basins. Oil and gas resources in the southern Zengmu and Brunei‐Sabah basins are huge in scale, with recoverable reserves of nearly 5.3 billion tons of oil equivalent, which is ten times of that the Wanan basin in the west. The oil and gas discoveries in the Beikang basin on the Nansha block are only one three‐hundredth of Zengmu basin. No commercial discoveries have been made in the Reed and Nanwei basins. Although several studies have focused on the petroleum geology of separate basins, no systematical comparison has been made among various basins to reveal their differences and gain an overall perspective, largely due to limited datasets. The present study aims to investigate these aspects, using 90,000‐km 2D seismic profiles, 34 well logs, three cores, 36 outcrops, as well as paleontology, gravity and magnetic data.