多卫星系统融合精密单点定位性能分析

随着全球四大卫星导航系统格局的成型,卫星定位系统已从单系统模式发展为如今多系统、多频率融合定位、交互操作的模式。在分析多系统精密单点定位模型及各误差项处理策略的基础上,利用RTKLIB进行GPS,GLONASS,GALILEO,BDS多系统融合精密单点定位试验,并分析其动/静态定位性能。实验结果表明:在单系统空间几何构型较差的情况下,多系统融合精密单点定位较单GPS定位精度可提高20%~40%,收敛时间可缩短35%~50%;在截止高度角超过40°的情况下,单系统会因可见卫星数量不足而无法完成连续定位,而多系统仍能实现高精度的连续定位。这在城区、山区或卫星遮蔽较严重的不利环境中有重要的利用价值。     

3D building model-based pedestrian positioning method using GPS/GLONASS/QZSS and its reliability calculation

The current low-cost global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receiver cannot calculate satisfactory positioning results for pedestrian applications in urban areas with dense buildings due to multipath and non-line-of-sight effects. We develop a rectified positioning method using a basic three-dimensional city building model and ray-tracing simulation to mitigate the signal reflection effects. This proposed method is achieved by implementing a particle filter to distribute possible position candidates. The likelihood of each candidate is evaluated based on the similarity between the pseudorange measurement and simulated pseudorange of the candidate. Finally, the expectation of all the candidates is the rectified positioning of the proposed map method. The proposed method will serve as one sensor of an integrated system in the future. For this purpose, we successfully define a positioning accuracy based on the distribution of the candidates and their pseudorange similarity. The real data are recorded at an urban canyon environment in the Chiyoda district of Tokyo using a commercial grade u-blox GNSS receiver. Both static and dynamic tests were performed. With the aid of GLONASS and QZSS, it is shown that the proposed method can achieve a 4.4-m 1σ positioning error in the tested urban canyon area.     

BeiDou、Galileo、GLONASS、GPS多系统融合精密单点

随着中国BeiDou系统与欧盟Galileo系统的出现以及俄罗斯GLONASS系统的恢复完善,过去单一的GPS导航卫星系统时代已经逐步过渡为多系统并存且相互兼容的全球性卫星导航系统(multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems,multi-GNSS)时代,多系统GNSS融合精密定位将成为未来GNSS精密定位技术的发展趋势。本文采用GPS、GLONASS、BeiDou、Galileo 4大卫星导航定位系统融合的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)实测数据,初步研究并分析了4系统融合PPP的定位性能。试验结果表明:在单系统观测几何构型不理想的区域,多系统融合能显著提高PPP的定位精度和收敛速度。4大系统融合的PPP收敛速度相对于单GNSS可提高30%~50%,定位精度可提高10%~30%,特别是对高程方向的贡献更为明显。此外,在卫星截止高度角大于30°的观测环境下,单系统由于可见卫星数不足导致无法连续定位,而多系统融合仍然可以获得PPP定位结果,尤其是水平方向具有较高的定位精度。这对于山区、城市以及遮挡严重的区域具有非常重要的应用价值。     

Enhancing mobile applications by combination of GNSS and W-CDMA

The location requirements for emergency callers outside urban areas can hardly be fulfilled without global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Consequently, interest in positioning techniques based on use of a GNSS such as GPS or on the cellular network infrastructure itself is growing rapidly in the mobile-telephone community. Moreover, the increasing demand for commercial location-based services (LBS) has driven cellular-phone and network manufacturers to focus on positioning solutions which are even more accurate than the regulatory mandates for positioning of emergency callers. One example of these upcoming LBS is our PARAMOUNT project, which aims at improving user-friendly info-mobility services for hikers and mountaineers by combining wireless communications (GMTS), satellite navigation (GNSS) and geographic information systems (GIS), based on a mobile client/server architecture. The availability of mobile phones or PDAs with combined GNSS and cellular network-based wireless communication on a high integration level is one primary demand of such LBS applications. Based on this, we will give some initial answers to the question of whether mobile handset architecture synergies exist for the combination of GNSS with wireless location in CDMA cellular wireless networks. In order to identify synergies, we will outline similarities and differences between wireless communication and satellite navigation. In this respect, we pay particular attention to the so-called RAKE receiver architecture employed in mobile CDMA cellular handsets. Our initial investigations will show that the RAKE receiver architecture, on which mobile CDMA cellular handsets are based, will most likely be the one most suitable for achieving synergies between the two positioning techniques within the same mobile handset architecture. Consequently, several receiver components could be used to handle both types of signals (navigation and communications), resulting in a reduction of manufacturing costs and in a decrease in energy consumption. Electronic Publication     

车载移动测图系统外方位元素标定方法

全景相机因其360°大视场、旋转不变性等优点,逐渐被用于构建车载移动测图系统。标定是保证系统获取精确地理信息数据的重要前提。本文针对全景相机和定位定姿系统(POS)集成的车载移动测图系统,提出一种外方位元素标定的方法。首先,在实际场景中布设高精度已知控制点。其次,构建全景球面模型,将全景影像通过球面投影反变换投影到该球面上,从球面上选择控制点而不是直接从存在扭曲的全景影像上选择控制点并得到其球面坐标。在建立点的相关性之后,结合地理参考绝对定位方程和坐标变换,求得全景相机相对POS的平移与旋转参数。最后,采用本文提出的标定方法,分别选择北京航天城和天津滨海新区进行试验。试验表明,GPS信号良好时,点的绝对定位中误差可达平面10.3cm、高程16.5cm;GPS信号不好时,点的绝对定位中误差为平面35.4cm、高程54.8cm;在较短距离范围内(3km),距离量测相对误差最大为5cm左右,GPS信号对相对量测没有明显影响。     

北斗卫星导航系统动态定位精度测试与分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统的建设与发展推动全球卫星导航事业在民航的发展。介绍了卫星导航系统的定位误差通过与作为真值数据的组合导航定位数据进行比较仿真分析了实测数据下精度因子与可见星数目的占比分布北斗卫星导航系统在低海拔平原地区和高海拔山脉地区均可以提供实时导航定位服务且定位结果均符合《北斗卫星导航系统公开服务性能规范》标准,满足用户的定位要求。      

基于复合多属性决策的点云匹配定位结果准确性评价

激光雷达点云匹配与惯性组合导航技术是高精度定位导航领域研究的热点，匹配定位结果评价的准确性直接影响组合导航定位精度，特别是在室外实际道路场景下，环境复杂，点云误匹配概率较大，只有准确评价匹配定位结果，才能提高组合导航定位精度。因此，对于评价模型的研究具有重要的意义。本文将评价模型的构建抽象为多属性决策问题，采用复合多属性决策算法，识别影响定位结果的因素并进行赋权，定量地评价了定位结果的质量，并利用实际道路数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明，本文算法可靠有效，能够反映实际匹配定位结果质量。     

GPS／BDS／GLONASS组合伪距单点定位性能测试与分析

本文以高山峡谷地区以及城市建筑群区域GNSS卫星受山体及建筑物遮挡的实际问题为出发点,通过选取不同的卫星方位角模拟不同遮挡环境,研究GPS／BDS、GPS／GLONAS和GPS／BDS／GLONASS组合系统伪距单点定位模型对于单GPS、单BDS系统在不同遮挡环境下的定位精度和三维导航可用性等方面的改善情况。结果表明,组合系统相对于单系统,增加了可见卫星数,降低了PDOP值,当观测条件不佳时,可以很好地改善定位精度和提高三维导航可用性。      

基于SLAM/UWB的室内融合定位算法研究

精确且稳定的自主定位是移动机器人在室内环境下实现自主导航的前提,针对室内定位中视觉即时定位与地图构建(SLAM)存在的累计误差以及环境因素导致超宽带(UWB)定位精度下降的问题,提出一种基于SLAM/UWB的室内融合定位算法. 首先该算法以扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)为基础,将UWB的全局定位坐标和视觉SLAM位移增量进行融合,但考虑到测量噪声易受复杂环境影响,引入阈值检测和自适应测量噪声估计器,以抑制异常值和时变测量噪声对滤波器性能的影响,最后使用智能移动小车在不同的室内场地下进行实验. 实验表明:该算法优于单一的UWB或者视觉SLAM定位方式,并且在复杂室内环境下比传统EKF算法拥有更稳定的定位效果.      

Vector ionosphere modeling by vector spherical Slepian base functions

GPS Solutions - Ionosphere and its spatial and temporal gradients play an important role in positioning and navigation using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This study intends to...     

低成本大视场深度相机阵列系统

在测距传感器不断轻量化、小型化以及室内外地图一体化导航应用的驱动下,三维（3D）室内移动测量成为当今研究和应用的热点,在室内建模、室内定位等新兴领域中的应用越来越广泛。3D室内移动测量系统通常配备激光扫描仪、全景相机、惯性测量单元（inertial measurement unit,IMU）系统和里程计等传感器,虽能实现3D室内点云数据的采集,但其距离传感器-激光扫描仪价格昂贵且便携性较差。彩色深度（RGB depth,RGB-D）相机为低成本3D室内移动测量系统构建提供了新的距离成像传感器选择,但主流型号RGB-D相机视场角小,继而导致数据采集效率远低于传统激光扫描仪,难以做到点云数据的完整覆盖与稳健采集,且易造成同时定位与制图（simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM）过程中跟踪失败。针对以上问题,构建了一种低成本室内3D移动测量系统采集设备,通过组合多台消费级RGB-D相机构成大视场RGB-D相机阵列,提出了一种阵列RGB-D相机内外参数标定方法,并通过实验检验了设计系统采集的点云数据的精度。     

Development and Application of the Highway Mapping System of Ohio State University

Since 1990, the Center for Mapping at Ohio State University has been developing mobile mapping systems to automate and accelerate the collection of digital map data. These systems integrate the global positioning system (GPS) with inertial navigation units and imaging sensors to produce digital geographic data. They are modular and can be installed on various platforms, such as vans, trains and aeroplanes. New developments with the imaging system and the fully integrated data-processing environment are discussed in this article. The stereovision system enables the user to obtain three dimensional co-ordinates of any object in the field of view of the camera. Digital and video images, together with GPS positions, are stored in an object-oriented database, which merges data collected by airborne and terrestrial mapping platforms. Exploiting the enormous amount of information contained in the digital stereoscopic imagery is a challenging topic of current and future research.     

多GNSS融合伪距单点定位算法及其程序实现

随着GNSS技术的发展,目前具备独立服务能力的系统包括GPS、GLONASS和BDS。针对多GNSS融合导航定位的成为近几年研究的热点这一现象,本文对基于Visual Studio 2010 C++平台编写多GNSS融合伪距单点定位程序中出现的关键点做了详细叙述,详述了多GNSS伪距单点定位模型以及部分测量误差的改正,通过实例计算验证了多系统单点定位可以改善卫星结构,提高系统在复杂环境下测量时的稳定性,从而验证了程序的正确性与可行性。     

基于图优化的紧耦合双目视觉/惯性/激光雷达SLAM方法

基于单一传感器的同时定位与地图构建技术已经逐渐不能满足移动机器人、无人机及自动驾驶车辆等智能移动载体日益复杂的应用场景。为了进一步提升移动载体在复杂环境下的定位与建图性能,基于多传感器融合的SLAM技术成为目前研究的热点内容。本文提出了一种基于图优化的紧耦合双目视觉/惯性/激光雷达SLAM方法(S-VIL SLAM),该方法在视觉惯性系统中引入激光雷达原始观测,基于滑动窗口实现了IMU量测、视觉特征及激光点云特征的多源数据联合非线性优化。利用视觉与激光雷达的互补特性设计了视觉增强的激光雷达闭环优化算法,进一步提升了多源融合SLAM系统的全局定位与建图精度。为了验证本文算法的性能,利用自主搭建的集成多传感器的硬件采集平台在室外场景下进行了车载试验。试验结果表明,本文提出的紧耦合双目视觉/惯性/激光雷达里程计相比于紧耦合双目视觉惯性里程计和激光雷达里程计定位定姿性能显著提升,视觉增强的激光雷达闭环优化算法能够在大尺度场景下有效探测出轨迹中的闭环信息,并实现高精度的全局位姿图优化,经过闭环优化的点云地图具有良好的分辨率和全局一致性。     

基于移动测量系统的导航电子地图质检方法研究

随着导航电子地图应用的日益广泛,其质量检测的工作也愈加重要。针对目前导航电子地图质量检测方法中存在的外业数据采集种类少、采集效率低等问题,提出一种使用车载移动测量系统对导航电子地图进行质量检测的方法。在导航电子地图数据质量外业检测过程中,使用车载移动测量系统采集道路及两侧点云和全景影像数据,获取检测目标位置及关系信息数据,作为导航电子地图质量检测参考,并为导航电子地图样本库提供新的数据类型。该方法较传统质检方法在数据采集效率、数据获取类型和数据精度等方面具有明显优势。     

空地协同移动智能服务平台研发及典型应用

面向万物互联时代的移动智能服务需求,亟须建立空地协同智能服务平台。由于核心设备和算法的限制,空地协同移动智能服务平台发展较为缓慢。由此通过攻关传感器实时位置和姿态测量的核心技术与数据处理和分析的关键算法,研制了高精度位姿测量设备,研发了机载和车载空地多平台协同组网遥感观测系统,实现了多源遥感影像质量改善与智能精处理,有效支撑遥感测绘服务,提升遥感信息自动化处理水平,从而解决了空地协同智能服务平台中“准、快、灵”的难题,实现“北斗+位姿测量仪”全球自主“定基准”、空地协同组网快速“找目标”、智能化精处理自动“查变化”。成果已被广泛应用于地理国情监测、智慧城市规划和建设、应急测绘保障等行业。     

BDS-3/GNSS非组合精密单点定位

北斗三号卫星导航系统（BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system,BDS-3）全球组网工作全面建成,标志着BDS-3迈入全球定位、导航和授时服务的新时代。为了全面比较BDS-3系统与其余全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）非组合精密单点定位（precise point positioning,PPP）性能,重点分析不同分析中心BDS-3精密轨道和钟差产品的一致性、BDS-3/GNSS卫星可用性、BDS-3/GNSS单系统及多系统融合PPP定位性能。结果表明,基于5个分析中心的精密轨道和钟差产品,BDS-3静态PPP三维均方根误差约为2.31~4.00 cm,其单系统收敛时间明显慢于其余GNSS系统,GPS系统的加入对BDS-3/GNSS双系统融合PPP改善效果最为明显,且四系统融合能够有效地缩短收敛时间,并提高动态PPP定位精度。随着BDS-3系统的发展以及轨道和钟差产品的进一步完善,BDS-3同样具备其余GNSS系统提供优质导航定位服务的潜力。     

3D change detection at street level using mobile laser scanning point clouds and terrestrial images

Automatic change detection and geo-database updating in the urban environment are difficult tasks. There has been much research on detecting changes with satellite and aerial images, but studies have rarely been performed at the street level, which is complex in its 3D geometry. Contemporary geo-databases include 3D street-level objects, which demand frequent data updating. Terrestrial images provides rich texture information for change detection, but the change detection with terrestrial images from different epochs sometimes faces problems with illumination changes, perspective distortions and unreliable 3D geometry caused by the lack of performance of automatic image matchers, while mobile laser scanning (MLS) data acquired from different epochs provides accurate 3D geometry for change detection, but is very expensive for periodical acquisition. This paper proposes a new method for change detection at street level by using combination of MLS point clouds and terrestrial images: the accurate but expensive MLS data acquired from an early epoch serves as the reference, and terrestrial images or photogrammetric images captured from an image-based mobile mapping system (MMS) at a later epoch are used to detect the geometrical changes between different epochs. The method will automatically mark the possible changes in each view, which provides a cost-efficient method for frequent data updating. The methodology is divided into several steps. In the first step, the point clouds are recorded by the MLS system and processed, with data cleaned and classified by semi-automatic means. In the second step, terrestrial images or mobile mapping images at a later epoch are taken and registered to the point cloud, and then point clouds are projected on each image by a weighted window based z-buffering method for view dependent 2D triangulation. In the next step, stereo pairs of the terrestrial images are rectified and re-projected between each other to check the geometrical consistency between point clouds and stereo images. Finally, an over-segmentation based graph cut optimization is carried out, taking into account the color, depth and class information to compute the changed area in the image space. The proposed method is invariant to light changes, robust to small co-registration errors between images and point clouds, and can be applied straightforwardly to 3D polyhedral models. This method can be used for 3D street data updating, city infrastructure management and damage monitoring in complex urban scenes.     

Improved GNSS-based indoor positioning algorithm for mobile devices

GPS Solutions - The widespread use of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver in mobile devices induces the adoption of effective GNSS-based indoor positioning algorithms exploiting...     

卫星导航定位技术在C4ISR中的应用

介绍了世界上的几种全球卫星导航定位系统的特点和C4ISR系统对导航定位技术的需求,以及组合导航系统在C4ISR系统中的应用。分析了卫星导航定位作为C4ISR系统关键技术发挥的重要作用,指出了卫星导航定位是C4ISR系统综合一体化的关键技术。