滇东南地区斗南沉积型锰矿床矿物相变化及沉积模式

斗南锰矿是滇东南地区大型的沉积型锰矿床,对其沉积成因的研究可反映滇东南地区沉积型锰矿床的成矿模式。笔者对采自斗南锰矿床的条带状锰矿石样品,进行了系统的锰矿石物相分析和红外光谱分析。通过对锰矿石中锰矿类型与氧化还原界面关系的探讨,提出了由海平面变化引起的氧化还原界面波动所控制的沉积型锰矿的成矿模式。     

贵州某地碳酸锰矿石中镍钴存在形式的探讨

贵州某地碳酸锰矿是二叠纪沉积碳酸盐型矿床。过去对该矿床锰矿石物质组成方面作过不少工作,面对其中镍,钴的分布情况了解不够。贵州某地碳酸锰矿石中含硫化物(主要是黄铁矿及部分白铁矿)约5—10%。碳酸锰矿石中含镍置平均为0．026%,钴0．008％;     

重庆高燕锰矿矿石工艺特征

<正>重庆城口锰矿是中国西南地区的大型碳酸盐型锰矿床(蔡怀智,1990),其位于大巴山深大断裂南侧,扬子准地台北缘的巨大四陷带内(万平益,2000)。该矿主要由三矿区组成,分别为城口县西部的高燕锰矿区、东部的大渡溪锰矿区和修齐锰矿区。高燕矿区矿石品位低,矿物组成复杂,资源利用率低,为典型高磷贫锰矿石。本文通过对高燕矿区矿石工艺特征进行研究,以期对后期选矿及矿石综合利用途径研究提供良好的参考依据,提高资源利用率。     

鄂东北鹰咀山锰矿床地质特征及找矿标志

鹰咀山锰矿床产出在桐柏—大别造山带中，目前已发现有4条锰矿（化）体，其产出受控于红安群黄麦岭组和七角山组。本文基于矿区锰矿勘查工作和室内观察、测试研究相结合等手段，对研究区含矿岩系（建造）特征、矿体及矿石矿物特征、成矿过程和找矿标志等方面进行了分析探讨。结果表明：鹰咀山锰矿为沉积变质型矿床，锰矿（化）体主要赋存在黄麦岭组云母石英片岩夹硅质（有时含少量泥质）大理岩建造的岩性段中；矿石类型主要为片岩型锰矿石和大理岩型锰矿石，矿石中锰矿物主要为硬锰矿、软锰矿、菱锰矿、锰白云石和黑锰矿等；初步认为锰矿的形成经历了沉积、变质改造和次生氧化富集的成矿阶段；含锰硅质大理岩和含锰云母石英片岩可作为该地区锰矿的典型找矿标志，该标志对鄂东北地区锰矿找矿具有重要意义。     

江西乐华锰铅锌矿床中层状锰矿与脉状铅锌矿成因联系

乐华锰铅锌矿是兼具有层状锰矿与脉状铅锌矿的特色矿床,为了研究两类矿体成因联系,分析了锰矿体中菱锰矿的原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素和稀土元素,以及双锰山组铁锰矿石和千枚岩的ICPMS微量元素和稀土元素,以及铅锌矿体中的硫化物硫同位素。研究结果表明:菱锰矿与铁锰矿石微量元素、稀土元素特征相似,与双桥山群千枚岩差异明显,其中菱锰矿、铁锰矿石稀土北美页岩标准化模式为"左倾"型,而双桥山群千枚岩为"平坦"型,指示锰矿成矿物质来源与双桥山群可能无关;铁锰矿石和菱锰矿的Co/Ni值、lgTh-lgU图解及δEu正异常指示锰矿来源于海底热液;V/Cr值、V/(V+Ni)值及δCe负异常指示成矿环境为氧化环境。铅锌矿中黄铁矿δ~(34)S值为1.7‰～3.5‰,指示矿质来源应是深源岩浆或地幔岩浆。结合矿床地质特征综合研究认为,锰矿为中石炭世海底热液通过化学沉积作用成矿,铅锌矿为燕山期岩浆热液充填成矿。因此认为乐华锰铅锌矿中锰矿体与铅锌矿体没有成因联系,为独立成矿事件。     

高明锰矿床成因及应用

湖南省安化县高明锰矿床，产于中奥陶统磨刀溪组下部。锰矿体呈层状、似层状或透镜状。矿石类型有硅酸锰碳酸锰矿石、碳酸锰矿石和次生氧化锰矿石３种。锰矿的富集经历了沉积作用、变质作用和表生再富集作用。矿石除可作冶金锰外，因富含蔷薇辉石而可作宝石用。属小型锰矿床。     

黔东松桃地区凉风坳锰矿床的矿物学特征及其成因分析

黔东松桃地区凉风坳锰矿床是我国较为典型的"大塘坡式"锰矿床之一,由于矿物组成复杂,锰矿物晶形较差且粒度细小,对其矿物学的认识程度较低,矿床成因方面尚存在较大争议。野外地质调查和矿物学的研究表明,凉风坳锰矿床的锰矿层,主要产出于含锰岩系的菱锰矿-碳质页岩组合和菱锰矿-含锰碳酸岩-碳质页岩组合中,矿石类型有致密块状、条带状、角砾状和含方解石脉4种,主要锰矿物为菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿。矿物化学研究表明,由致密块状锰矿石→条带状锰矿石→角砾状锰矿石→含方解石脉锰矿石,锰矿物的MnCO_3、MgCO_3和FeCO_3总体上具逐渐减少,而CaCO_3具逐渐增多趋势;Mn/Fe比值变化范围为22.7~84.9,MnO_2+FeO与CoO+NiO呈极差的负相关关系。综上表明,凉风坳锰矿床形成于一个地堑式同沉积断陷盆地中,形成过程中处于较强的还原沉积环境,锰矿物为成岩成因类型,Fe、Mn两种元素的沉积受到强烈的陆源和火山活动等影响。     

广西德保县荣华锰矿床地质特征研究

荣华锰矿赋存于桂西三叠系百逢组中,为该层位首次发现的中型规模锰矿。笔者通过参与矿区锰矿勘查工作,采用室内外观测、测试、工程揭露和验证等手段,对研究区地层、构造、沉积演化、含矿层位、矿体及矿石矿物特征、矿床成因和找矿标志等方面进行了分析探讨。研究发现荣华锰矿为典型的沉积-锰帽型矿床,严格受地层和构造因素控制;矿石类型主要为氧化锰矿贫锰矿石;氧化锰矿物主要为水羟锰矿、硬锰矿及软锰矿;矿床成因与原始沉积作用、后期风化淋滤等有重要关系;百逢组浊积岩之下、罗楼组碳酸盐岩之上的狭窄范围是荣华锰矿的典型找矿标志,该标志对大量出露三叠系百逢组的桂西地区具有普遍意义,同时指出桂西地区该组地层内具有良好的找矿前景。     

贵州松桃高地特大型富锰矿床主要地质特征

位于贵州铜仁松桃国家锰矿整装勘查区内的高地富锰矿床,(332)+(333)类碳酸锰富锰矿石资源量达7 166. 84万吨,锰平均品位25. 75%,矿体平均厚度4. 52 m,富锰矿体赋存于总资源量达1. 61亿吨的高地超大型锰矿床之中,由一个单一的富锰矿体构成,是我国新发现的首个特大型富锰矿床,富锰矿资源量相当于我国富锰矿资源量总和的2倍。成因类型属古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床,富锰矿产于古天然气渗漏沉积成矿系统中心相区。高地富锰矿床地处独特的"新月形"南华纪早期李家湾-高地-道坨(Ⅳ级)地堑盆地中心,菱锰矿体中均出现以块状构造夹被沥青充填的气泡状富菱锰矿石。地表燕山期北北东向的断裂构造十分发育,但主要为上陡下缓犁式正断层,未触及高地深部隐伏巨型锰矿体,以致富锰矿体保存亦十分完整,易于开发利用。     

尼日利亚巴古多(Bagudo)锰矿地质特征及找矿标志

尼日利亚的巴古多(Bagudo)锰矿是近年新发现的具有找矿潜力的沉积变质型锰矿床,位于马如—安卡费金铜铁成矿带的西北缘附近。矿区共圈定了3个锰矿区,锰矿体出露于地表,整体呈NW向或近SN向延伸。矿体中的条纹状锰矿石和块状锰矿石均属低磷中铁中品位的氧化锰-硅酸锰混合矿石,且块状锰矿石锰品位低于条纹状锰矿石。目前矿区的勘查深度主要为-50m以上的浅表部分,深部的勘查工作尚未进行。由于锰矿石具弱磁性,故而高精度磁异常的部位具有找锰意义。     

Mineralogy of manganese oxides from Groote Eylandt

The manganese ores on Groote Eylandt occur in a flat-lying horizon in a series of Lower Cretaceous sands and clays which overly unconformably the Middle Proterozoic sandstone basement. The ore horizon exhibits a variety of textural and compositional ore types. Textural types include pisolites and concretions, either free or cemented into massive, bouldery or pebbly horizons. Compositional variations result from varying degrees of admixture of the manganese materials with the sands and clays of the formation. — The ore minerals are pyrolusite and cryptomelane, with minor amounts of lithiophorite, psilomelane, nsutite and todorokite. Gangue minerals include kaolinite, quartz and goethite. — Mineralogical studies indicate that three microtypes of cryptomelane occur. Low levels of cobalt, nickel and zinc in certain of the ore types are associated with the mineral lithiophorite.     

鄂东北早元古代沉积变质锰矿元素矿物组合特征

鄂东北早元古代沉积变质锰矿是我国时代最古老的锰矿之一,是由早元古代锰质碳酸盐岩经区域变质作用而成,后又经风化富集形成工业矿床。由于特殊的地质构造背景和成矿作用的多阶段性,元素和矿物组合复杂,具有独特性。本文研究了各种组分的演变关系和元素集散因素,为锰质碳酸盐岩在高压绿片岩相区域动力变质及其后表生作用中的演变提供了一个实例。     

Manganese oxide mineralogy,petrography and genesis,Pilbara Manganese Group,Western Australia

Supergene manganese oxides, occurring in shales, breccias and dolomites of Proterozoic Age, in the Western Australian Pilbara Manganese Group, have Mn/Fe ranging from 1.9 to 254 and Mn⁴⁺ to Mn (Total) of 0.49–0.94. The manganese mineralogy is dominated by tetravalent manganese oxides, especially by cryptomelane, with lesser amounts of pyrolusite, nsutite, manjiroite, romanechite and other manganese oxide minerals. The manganese minerals are commonly associated with iron oxides, chiefly goethite, indicating incomplete separation of Mn from Fe during Tertiary Age arid climate weathering of older, manganiferous formations. These manganese oxides also contain variable amounts of braunite and very minor hausmannite and bixbyite. The braunite occurs in three generations: sedimentary-diagenetic, recrystallised sedimentary-diagenetic, and supergene. The mode of origin of the hausmannite and bixbyite is uncertain but it is possible that they resulted from diagenesis and/or low-grade regional metamorphism. The supergene manganese deposits appear to have been derived from manganiferous Lower Proterozoic banded iron formations and dolomites of the Hamersley Basin and overlying Middle Proterozoic Bangemali Basin braunite-containing sediments.     

锰氧化物和氢氧化物中的孔道结构矿物及其环境属性

运用晶体化学理论，通过矿物孔道结构的基本概念，描述软锰矿、拉锰矿、恩苏塔锰矿、锰钡矿、锰钾矿、锰铅矿、水锰矿、斜方水锰矿、钡硬锰矿和钙锰矿等矿物的孔道结构特征。总结出孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境修复和治理中的吸附效应、孔道效应、催化效应、氧化还原效应以及纳米效应，并展望孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境属性开发领域的应用前景。     

我国氧化矿石银的赋存状态研究

通过我国氧化矿石伴生银赋存特征的系统研究后指出,银以独立银矿物为主,少量为离子吸附银和类质同象银。银矿物组合及矿化系列、产出形态、结构、粒度及嵌布类型与原矿的成矿溶液性质和氧化程度有关。铅、锌、铁氧化物和残留的硫化物是银的主要载体矿物。银的配分受矿石氧化强度、矿物组合及嵌布形式控制。这一研究成果为有效提高银的回收率提供了科学依据。     

Implications of rock mineralogy and texture on the feasibility of in situ leach mining of Mn-bearing iron formations of central Minnesota,U.S.A.

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is investigating the feasibility of extracting Mn using in situ leach mining methods. Among the deposits being examined are the iron formations of the Cuyuna range, Minnesota, which contain high-tonnage, low grade deposits of manganese oxides. Manganese minerals identified include pyrolusite, cryptomelane-hollandite, manganite, braunite and lithiophorite. Ore reactivities, as measured by batch leaching tests using aqueous SO₂, are compared to theoretical estimates of the leaching behavior of individual manganese minerals based on kinetic and thermodynamic evaluations. Experimental results in some cases show opposite trends to those predicted by theoretical estimates. In batch leaching tests of Cuyuna Range ores, texture was shown to be of greater importance, than thermodynamic reactivity in determining amenability to leaching. Predicting the practical potential for recovery of Mn by in situ leaching must involve identification of the effects of texture (massive, fractured-host, or interstitial) in addition to ore mineral reactivity.     

Manganese and ferromanganese ores from different tectonic settings in the NW Himalayas,Pakistan

In Pakistan manganese and ferromanganese ores have been reported from the Hazara area of North West Frontier Province, Waziristan agencies in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the Lasbela-Khuzdar regions of Baluchistan. This study is focused on comparison of mineralogy and geochemistry of the continental ferromanganese ores of Hazara and the ophiolitic manganese ores of the Waziristan area of Pakistan. In the Hazara area, ferromanganese ores occur at Kakul, Galdanian and Chura Gali, near Abbottabad, within the Hazira Formation of the Kalachitta-Margala thrust belt of the NW Himalayas of the Indo-Pakistan Plate. The Cambrian Hazira Formation is composed of reddish-brown ferruginous siltstone, with variable amounts of clay, shale, ferromanganese ores, phosphorite and barite. In Waziristan, manganese ores occur at Shuidar, Mohammad Khel and Saidgi, within the Waziristan ophiolite complex, on the western margin of the Indo-Pakistan Plate in NW Pakistan. These banded and massive ores are hosted by metachert and overlie metavolcanics.The ferromanganese ores of the Hazara area contain variable amount of bixbyite, partridgeite, hollandite, pyrolusite and braunite. Bixbyite and partridgeite are the dominant Mn-bearing phases. Hematite dominates in Fe-rich ores. Gangue minerals are iron-rich clay, alumino-phosphate minerals, apatite, barite and glauconite are present in variable amounts, in both Fe-rich and Mn-rich varieties. The texture of the ore phases indicates greenschist facies metamorphism. The Waziristan ores are composed of braunite, with minor pyrolusite and hollandite. Hematite occurs as an additional minor phase in the Fe-rich ores of the Shuidar area. The only silicate phase in these ores is cryptocrystalline quartz.The chemical composition of the ferromanganese ores in Hazara suggests that the Mn–Fe was contributed by both hydrogenous and hydrothermal sources, while the manganese ores of Waziristan originated only from a hydrothermal source. It is suggested that the Fe–Mn ores of the Hazara area originated from a mixed hydrothermal–hydrogenetic source in shallow water in a ontinental shelf environment due to the transgression and regression of the sea, while the Mn ores of Waziristan were formed at sea-floor spreading centers within the Neo-Tethys Ocean, and were later obducted as part of the Waziristan ophiolite complex.     

Geochemical Behavior of Manganese in Weathering Environments and Its Significance in Exploration

Under and climate conditions the chemical weathering of manganese ores is govermed by the fugacities of O2,CO2 and S2 in the atmosphere and soils.Manganese minerals exhibit solid phase transformations without migration of Fe and Mn.Under tropical and subtropical humid climate condi-tions low-valent Mn is instable and apt to be oxidized into high valency state.High-valent Mn miner-als are stable and easy to form secondary high-grade Mn ores.Secondary concentration is possible for Mn ores in carbonate formations,while those in clastic rocks tend to migrate and may be washed away.Such differences are the main obstacles in prospecting Mn ore deposits.     

Geological and Geochemical Investigation of Three Ophiolite‐Hosted Manganese Prospects,Southeast of Birjand,South Khorasan,East of Iran

The studied ophiolite‐hosted manganese prospects are located in southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan, in the east of Iran. The manganese ores within the ophiolitic sequence in this region occur as small discrete patches, associated with radiolarian chert and shale. Manganese ores in the host rocks are recognizable as three distinct syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic features. The syngenetic manganese ores occurred as bands associated with light‐red radiolarian chert. The diagenetic Mn ores occurred as lenses accompanied by dark‐red to brown radiolarian chert. The epigenetic Mn ores occurred as veins/veinlets within the green radiolarian shale. The major manganese ore minerals are pyrolusite, braunite, bixbyite, ramsdellite, and romanechite showing replacement, colloidal, and brecciated textures. The high mean values of Mn/Fe (15.32) and Si/Al (15.65), and the low mean concentration values of trace elements, such as Cu (85.9 ppm), Ni (249.9 ppm), and Zn (149 ppm), as well as the high concentration values of Si, Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Sr, and As in the studied manganese ores furnished sufficient evidence to postulate that the sea‐floor Mn‐rich hydrothermal exhalatives were chiefly responsible for the ore formation, and the hydrogenous processes had negligible role in generation of the ores. The further geological and geochemical evidence also revealed that the ores deposited on the upper parts of the ophiolitic sequence by submarine exhalatives. The intense hydrothermal activities caused leaching of elements such as Mn, Fe, Si, Ba, As and Sr from the basaltic lavas (spilites). After debouching of the sea‐floor exhalatives, these elements entered the sedimentary basin. The redox conditions were responsible for separation of Fe from Mn.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry and origin of Mn in the high-Mn iron ores,Bahariya Oasis,Egypt

Although Mn is one of the major impurities in the economic iron ores from the Bahariya Oasis, information on its modes of occurrence and origin is lacking in previous studies. High-Mn iron ores from El Gedida and Ghorabi–Nasser iron mines were subjected to detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and petrographic investigations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectrometry (IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) to clarify the modes of occurrence of Mn in these deposits and its origin. The results showed that the MnO₂ contents range between 0.03 and 13.9 wt.%. Three mineralogical types have been identified for the Mn in the high-Mn iron ores, including: (1) inclusions within the hematite and goethite and/or Mn accumulated on their active surfaces, (2) coarse-grained and crystalline pyrolusite, and (3) fine-grained cement-like Mn oxide and hydroxide minerals (bixbyite, cryptomelane, aurorite, romanechite, manjiroite, and pyrochroite) between the Fe-bearing minerals. The Mn carbonate mineral (rhodochrosite) was detected only in the Ghorabi–Nasser high-Mn iron ores. Since IR patterns of low-Mn and high-Mn samples are almost the same, a combination of XRD analysis using non-filtered Fe-Kα radiations and Raman spectroscopy could be the best way to identify and distinguish between different Mn minerals.Assuming that both Fe and Mn were derived from the same source, the occurrence of high-Mn iron ores at the base of the stratigraphic section of the deposits overlain by the low-Mn iron ores indicated a supergene origin of the studied ores by descending solutions. The predominance of Mn oxide and hydroxide minerals in botryoidal shapes supports this interpretation. The small grain size of Mn-bearing minerals as well as the features of microbial fossils such as spherical, elliptical, and filamentous shapes of the Fe-bearing minerals suggested a microbial origin of studied iron ores.Variations in the distribution and mineralogy types of Mn in the iron ores of the Bahariya Oasis demanded detailed mineralogical and petrographic characterizations of the deposits before the beneficiation of high-Mn iron ores from the Bahariya Oasis as feedstock for the ironmaking industries in Egypt by magnetizing reduction. High Mn contents, especially in the Ghorabi–Nasser iron ore and occurrence of Mn as inclusions and/or accumulated on the surface of the Fe-bearing minerals would suggest a possible utilization of the high-Mn iron ores to produce ferromanganese alloys.