基于RS和GIS的西双版纳土地覆被动态变化

人口增加、经济发展导致滇南热带地区西双版纳土地利用/土地覆被发生显著变化,这些变化对该区的生态环境及生物多样性保护有着重要影响。基于RS和GIS方法,通过对1976、1988和2003年三个时期遥感影像解译分析,试图了解西双版纳近27 a间土地利用/土地覆被时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,近27 a间有林地在西双版纳分布最广、占绝对优势,其中以亚热带常绿阔叶林面积最大;但在研究时段内,有林地面积不断减少、呈现破碎化,尤其是热带季节雨林、山地雨林面积减少最为明显和破碎化最为严重。相应,橡胶园、灌木林面积不断扩大并聚集成片,其中橡胶园在1988~2003年间是面积增长最快、最多的地类,其面积扩张主要来源于对热带季节雨林的砍伐。轮歇地面积在1976~1988年是所有地类中增长最快、最多的,在1988~2003年由于向橡胶园转变而大幅度减小。粗放式的刀耕火种和橡胶种植园的不断扩大是主导本区土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要因素,土地利用变化导致了本区生态环境的退化和生物多样性的丢失。     

中老缅交界地区橡胶种植的时空格局及其地形因素分析

橡胶林地是东南亚地区主要的土地利用类型,动态监测橡胶种植并分析其时空变化规律,对于区域土地资源开发、生态环境保护以及维护边境安全稳定具有重要意义。本文基于遥感技术实地研究了中老缅交界地区1980-2010 年的橡胶林地分布格局及其时空变化规律,定量分析了橡胶林地的分布特征及其地形因素的影响与限制。结果表明:(1) 2010 年中老缅交界地区橡胶林地面积为60.14 万hm²,占土地面积的8.17%,是研究区最大的土地利用类型。就林地结构来看,橡胶成林(≥10 年) 与橡胶幼林(<10 年) 之比大体是5:7,近10 年来橡胶林地扩展迅速。(2) 1980-2010 年中老缅交界地区橡胶林地已由最初的7.05 万hm²增加到60.14 万hm²,扩展近9 倍,橡胶林地扩张显著。橡胶林地已呈现由集中至分散、由边境向国外,“以景洪为中心、北上南进、西拓东扩”的空间分布格局与地域扩展特征。(3) 中老缅交界地区橡胶种植受地形因素制约,橡胶林地4/5 以上集中在600~1000 m适宜区间,很少超过1200 m;近2/3 集中分布在8°~25°的坡地,极少或很少分布在超过35°的急陡坡;主要分布在南坡和东坡,北坡和西坡相对较少,橡胶种植强度也呈现相同规律。(4) 橡胶林地国别对比分析表明,中国境内橡胶林地在向高海拔、陡坡地扩展,老缅境内具有较大地形适宜空间,有利于橡胶种植的跨境发展。(5) 中老缅交界地区的橡胶种植必将由中国向老挝和缅甸跨境发展,老挝和缅甸境内,特别是近中国边境地区的橡胶林地持续扩张已是不可避免。     

大西安地区土地利用类型时空演变分析

通过多种方法分析大西安地区土地利用类型演变特征、空间变化特征及其影响因素,旨在为大西安地区土地利用优化发展提供科学基础。在GIS和RS技术的支持下,对区域1996年、2006年、2016年3期LANDSAT TM（OLI）遥感影像进行解译,采用土地利用转移矩阵和土地利用变化模型对大西安1996 年以来土地利用类型和土地覆被时空动态变化进行量化分析,结果表明：（1） 大西安近20 a来建设用地面积不断增加,耕地、林业用地面积总体减少,草地小幅增加,水域略有萎缩,各地类间相互转换频繁。（2） 土地利用综合程度较高且不断加强,土地利用结构趋于均衡。（3） 空间变化上,土地利用变化区域差异显著,建设用地、耕地、林业用地重心转移的速度呈现出先快后慢的阶段性特征。（4） 综合相关文献,大西安地区土地利用变化的驱动因素主要为政策因素。论文从时空变化角度首次提出大西安地区的土地利用演变规律,该结果可为大西安地区发展过程中的土地优化提供科学基础。     

永定河流域典型区土地利用/覆被变化

在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下,利用研究区多期Landsat-TM卫星影像为主要数据源,在GIS空间分析模块下应用单一土地利用平均动态度、单一土地利用平均转出率和转入率、综合土地利用动态度以及土地覆被变化空间指数等指标,对永定河流域典型山区--门头沟区土地利用/覆被变化的格局与过程进行了定量研究.研究表明:1.过去21 a期间,研究区的土地利用/覆被发生了比较剧烈的变化,在1984～2005年期间不同时间断面呈现波动变化,各地类之间的变化幅度存在较大差别,但总的趋势是:工矿、城镇用地面积呈明显增加趋势,耕地、水体、农村居民点、草地和其他用地呈减少趋势,而林地中阔叶林、灌木林呈增加,混交林地与针叶林地减少,林地总量总体上是呈增加态势.2.各地类变化方向和强度存在较大差异,不同时间断面发生情况各不相同,各地类有增有减,有持续增加型,先增后减型,先减后增型;三个时间断面的土地覆被变化速度、类型转化、以及土地利用程度发生变化.3.在不同时间断面各地类的水平空间分布发生转移,平均分布高程和坡度在垂直空间上出现了相应的变化.     

土地利用与土地覆被变化的分形分析--以郑汴间沙岗地为例

文章应用盒子计数法计算了郑汴之间沙岗土地各种土地覆被类型空间分布的分维值,讨论了土地利用与土地覆被变化(LUCC)的分形性质.结果表明,土地利用与土地覆被是一种分形事物.分维是综合表征LUCC空间分布状况的一个特征参数,其值域为0＜D＜2.分维值越大,表明土地覆被空间分布愈不规则、愈复杂;分维值的变化可以反映出土地利用与土地覆被类型的空间结构在时间维上的变化.     

中南半岛森林覆被变化研究进展

中南半岛森林覆被是热带地区极为重要的自然资源,对当地生态环境和社会经济发展都有重要影响。本文从遥感监测与制图、时空变化格局、影响因素和生态环境效应4 个方面,系统总结和评述了中南半岛森林覆被变化的研究进展,并对研究问题和发展方向进行了讨论。研究表明：①中南半岛森林覆被遥感监测数据源由光学遥感逐渐转向雷达遥感,监测方法向采用多分类器和多源信息转变,监测对象主要是天然森林覆被,人工林监测仍面临多重困难;②1980-2010 年期间,中南半岛不同地区森林覆被变化时空差异明显,其中,在1990 年前森林覆被面积为净增加,之后净减少;在空间上,泰国、老挝、缅甸和柬埔寨森林面积在1990 年后均持续减少,只有越南呈增长趋势;③中南半岛森林覆被变化的直接驱动因素主要为经济林扩张、刀耕火种农业、道路建设和商业采伐,间接驱动因素包括人口、社会经济和政策等因素,主要表现为森林数量变化、森林退化和森林再生/恢复等方面,其程度与干扰方式、强度、频率直接相关;④中南半岛森林覆被变化的生态环境效应主要体现在水分效应、大气环境效应、土壤效应和生物效应4方面。     

中缅泰老“黄金四角”地区缅甸段土地利用与景观格局变化分析北大核心CSSCI

以中缅泰老"黄金四角"地区缅甸段为例,通过构建土地利用重心测度、动态变化及景观指数等模型,对其1993年~2017年的土地利用与景观格局变化状况进行探究,得出以下结论:(1)随时间演进,研究区林地显著扩展而草地、耕地、灌丛及水体等均大幅减少,建筑用地虽扩展显著但比重始终较小;各土地利用类型的空间分布重心及其转移变化差异显著,24年间,建筑用地、耕地、草地、水体及湿地重心均整体向东北方向偏移而林地与灌丛重心偏向西南。(2)研究区土地利用变化速度整体较快但小幅放缓,土地利用空间变化剧烈的区域主要集中在林地、草地及耕地等用地类型上;随时间演进,各用地类型均发生了较明显的相互转化,其中以林地、草地、耕地及灌丛的间转化最为显著。(3)从斑块类型尺度来看,研究区不同用地斑块间的景观指数及其变动差异悬殊,整体而言,灌丛、草地及耕地的斑块密度明显较高但形状规整程度显著较低,而林地的平均斑块面积远大于其余地类。(4)从景观总体尺度来看,研究区景观的多样性与均匀度指数均持续降低而破碎度指数整体减小,各用地景观面积差异持续扩大且空间分布的均匀程度不断降低,整体呈由分散分布向集中布局的转变。     

基于网格单元的西北干旱区城市土地覆被/土地利用时空变化研究——以新疆喀什市为例

利用1995、2005和2015年3期Landsat遥感数据,提取新疆喀什地区喀什市土地覆被/土地利用信息,并将各时期用地分类数据分别转入50 m×50 m的矢量网格单元,建立基于矢量网格单元的土地覆被/土地利用网格图,探讨喀什市1995-2015年土地覆被/土地利用时空变化特征及驱动因素;通过叠加分析,研究时期内各用地类型之间相互转换和替代关系。结果显示：（1）1995-2015年间喀什市土地覆被/土地利用变化剧烈,以建设用地面积变化最为显著,20 a间面积增加近3倍,未利用地和绿地面积均有所减少,水体的面积变化显现波动态势。（2）1995-2015年喀什市建设用地扩张主要以"摊大饼"式的外延扩张为主,但也伴随少量内部填充的集约式增长模式,通过回归分析,建设用地面积的增加与城市人口的增加和社会经济的发展具有紧密的正相关关系。（3）建设用地在扩张过程中主要侵占和替代了未利用地和绿地,并且绿地的增加与减少和未利用地的侵占与被侵占有着直接关联。     

渭库绿洲土地利用/覆被变化对地表温度的影响

本文以Landsat TM/ETM+图像为主要的数据源,提取了土地利用/覆被信息,利用单窗算法反演了地表温度,结合渭库绿洲近几年的土地利用/覆被变化研究成果,分析了2001~2013年间渭库绿洲土地利用/覆被变化及其对地表温度的影响,同时利用像元分解模型得出绿洲植被覆盖度,并分析了其与地表温度的关系。结果表明:在2001~2013年的12年期间,渭库绿洲耕地的面积增加了1588.83 km~2。水体、盐渍地、林地与其他土地类型的面积减少了2811.47 km~2,绿洲地表温度升高了8.4℃。植被覆盖度与地表温度呈明显的负相关关系。渭库绿洲土地利用/覆被变化改变了该区域的植被覆盖度和地表温度的空间分布特征,总体上研究区地表温度的空间分布与土地利用/覆被的空间变化格局存在明显的一致性。本文为渭库绿洲生态环境规划、农业生产、经济可持续发展等提供了一定的参考依据。     

中缅泰老“黄金四角”地区缅甸段土地利用与景观格局变化分析

以中缅泰老"黄金四角"地区缅甸段为例,通过构建土地利用重心测度、动态变化及景观指数等模型,对其1993年~2017年的土地利用与景观格局变化状况进行探究,得出以下结论:(1)随时间演进,研究区林地显著扩展而草地、耕地、灌丛及水体等均大幅减少,建筑用地虽扩展显著但比重始终较小;各土地利用类型的空间分布重心及其转移变化差异显著,24年间,建筑用地、耕地、草地、水体及湿地重心均整体向东北方向偏移而林地与灌丛重心偏向西南。(2)研究区土地利用变化速度整体较快但小幅放缓,土地利用空间变化剧烈的区域主要集中在林地、草地及耕地等用地类型上;随时间演进,各用地类型均发生了较明显的相互转化,其中以林地、草地、耕地及灌丛的间转化最为显著。(3)从斑块类型尺度来看,研究区不同用地斑块间的景观指数及其变动差异悬殊,整体而言,灌丛、草地及耕地的斑块密度明显较高但形状规整程度显著较低,而林地的平均斑块面积远大于其余地类。(4)从景观总体尺度来看,研究区景观的多样性与均匀度指数均持续降低而破碎度指数整体减小,各用地景观面积差异持续扩大且空间分布的均匀程度不断降低,整体呈由分散分布向集中布局的转变。     

中南半岛旱季VIIRS活跃火的空间特征与国别差异

热带是全球活跃火(active fire)的集中发生区,客观认识其空间特征、国别差异及其动态变化对评估区域生物质燃烧及其碳排放等具有重要意义。作为热带季风气候典型区,中南半岛旱季活跃火发生发展空间特征及其动态变化仍缺乏清晰认识。为此,论文利用可见光红外成像辐射仪(VIIRS) S-NPP 2012—2019年活跃火矢量数据,基于核密度与空间自相关评价了中南半岛及国别旱季尤其是其特征月份(2—4月)活跃火发生发展的密集程度、集聚特征及其动态变化。结果表明：① 中南半岛活跃火核密度低值区占比最大(79%),高值区最小(4%);柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝等经济落后国家的核密度均值明显高于泰国和越南;2012—2019年核密度高值区具有朝高海拔、向内陆与趋边境等分布特征,且柬埔寨东北部长居高值区。② 活跃火核密度中值区变化集中在1—4月,且多分布在低、高值区周围;高值区变化集中在2—4月,由柬埔寨东北部逐渐向缅甸东/西部、泰国西北部以及老挝北/南部转移。③ 半岛与5国活跃火核密度在旱季具有显著空间正相关性,空间集聚类型以“高—高”型和“低—低”型集聚为主,越南、柬埔寨等国局部自相关性强于泰国和老挝。     

Land use dynamics and land cover structure change in Thailand (as exemplified by mountainous Nan Province

Changes in the land use pattern and in the land cover structure for the time interval 1995–2012 in Thailand are considered by using, as an example, Nan Province located in the northern mountainous part of the country. Interpretation of satellite images and vector data that were provided by the Land Development Department (Thailand) revealed the main directions of change in the region’s land use: deforestation, expansion of areas under crops, transition from slash and burn cultivation to permanent cultivation, and intensive utilization of agrochemicals. In spite of a decrease in the deforestation rate across Thailand in general, it is shown that for the period under review the proportion of natural forests in Nan Province decreased by nearly one half. On the other hand, the agricultural lands increased for the same period by more than 50%. The highest deforestation rates were recorded during 2009–2012. It was found that the changes in the land use pattern disturbed the existing centuries-old balance of man–natural environment interaction within the framework of the traditional system of slash and burn agriculture which is well adapted to local conditions. The study revealed the chief causes for such changes: an ineffective monitoring of forests; an unclear character of the boundaries separating lands of rural communities and protected territories, and possibilities for sales of commercial products (maize, cassava, etc.) cultivated in illegal fields. It is shown that rapid changes in land cover due to deforestation and plowing of mountainous areas for cultivation of commercial crops led to an intensification of slope processes (landslides and solifluction), an increase in overland runoff, and to an enhanced hazard of heavy floods during the monsoon season. To keep track of deforestation and deal with nature management conflicts requires a continuous monitoring of the land cover dynamics.     

土地利用/覆盖变化空间变异特征与遥感影像空间分辨率的选取——以北京地区为例

遥感数据为土地利用/覆盖变化提供了海量数据来源,如何选择合适空间分辨率的遥感影像进行特定地区的土地利用/覆盖变化研究,成为土地利用/覆盖变化研究的一个重要内容。地统计学方法已经广泛应用与遥感图像处理以及土地覆盖分类研究中,但应用于土地利用/覆盖变化的研究还比较缺乏。北京地区为研究区,运用遥感和地统计分析方法对该区土地利用/覆盖变化的空间结构的变异特征和合理的遥感影像数据源的选取问题做了初步探讨。研究表明地统计学方法能够揭示土地利用/覆盖变化的空间变异特征,有助于选择有效的遥感影像数据进行不同地区的土地利用/覆盖变化分析。     

中南半岛地缘综合风险评价与机制分析

中南半岛是“一带一路”建设的重要区域。从政治、经济、社会和自然环境四个维度构建综合风险评价指标体系,采用AHP-模糊综合评价法对中南半岛及五个主要国家的综合风险及演变进行评估。研究结果表明：①中南半岛整体综合风险属于中等偏高风险,其中政治风险和经济风险较高。②中南半岛综合风险存在明显的空间分异,综合风险指数平均值由高至低依次为缅甸、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国和越南。③2012—2018年间,中南半岛五国综合风险整体较为平稳且呈现略微下降的趋势,其中政治风险和社会风险波动较大。④关键风险因子及作用机制在不同国家存在较大分异。最后,提出了不同国别的风险防范建议。     

Rubber plantation and its relationship with topographical factors in the border region of China, Laos and Myanmar

Rubber plantation is the major land use type in Southeast Asia. Monitoring the spa- tial-temporal pattern of rubber plantation is significant for regional land resource development, eco-environmental protection, and maintaining border security. With remote sensing tech- nologies, we analyzed the rubber distribution pattern and spatial-temporal dynamic; with GIS and a newly proposed index of Planted Intensity （PI）, we further quantified the impacts and limits of topographical factors on rubber plantation in the border region of China, Laos and Myanmar （BRCLM） between 1980 and 2010. The results showed that： （1） As the dominant land use type in this border region, the acreage of rubber plantation was 6014 km2 in 2010, accounting for 8.17% of the total area. Viewing from the rubber plantation structure, the ratio of mature- （〉10 year） and young rubber plantation （〈 10 year） was 5：7. （2） From 1980 to 2010, rubber plantation expanded significantly in BRCLM, from 705 km2 to 6014 km2, nearly nine times. The distribution characteristics of rubber plantation varied from concentrated toward dispersed, from border inside to outside, and expanded further in all directions with Jinghong City as the center. （3） Restricted by the topographical factors, more than 4/5 proportion of rubber plantation concentrated in the appropriate elevation gradients between 600 and 1000 m, rarely occurred in elevations beyond 1200 m in BRCLM. Nearly 2/3 of rubber plantation concentrated on slopes of 8~-25~, rarely distributed on slopes above 35~. Rubber plantation was primarily distributed in south and east aspects, relatively few in north and west aspects. Rubber planted intensity displayed the similar distribution trend. （4） Comparative studies of rubber plantation in different countries showed that there was a remarkable increase in area at higher elevations and steeper slopes in China, while there were large appropriate topog- raphical gradients for rubber plantation in Laos and Myanmar which benefited China for rubber trans-boundary expansion. （5） Rubber plantation in BRCLM will definitely expend cross borders of China to the territories of Laos and Myanmar, and the continuous expansion in the border region of China will be inevitable.     

中国老挝跨境生物多样性保护区的林地变化(英文)

This paper analyzed forest land use change in Trans-Boundary Laos-China Biodiversity Conservation Area which is called Namha National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (Namha NBCAs), with 1992 and 2002 TM (ETM). Based on GIS and statistical methods, the intensity, state index of land use change and transfer matrix were used to study spatiotemporal land use change in the region. The results showed that the area of forest land decreased greatly, also the area of bamboo and grassland decreased. The other way round, the area of unstocked forest, slash and burn and rice paddy land increased. As a whole, the intensity of forest land change was higher, but others were lower. From the transfer matrix, most of the forest land changed into unstocked forest and urban area, some to slash and burn. The grassland and bamboo were mainly transferred to forest and unstocked forest. The unstocked forest land mostly came from forest land and grassland. It was showed there were three main causes of the land use change namely: opium poppy cultivation, rubber plantation and also ecotourism activities and finally some policies were developed in order to address the land use change in the study areas.     

Forest land use change at Trans-Boundary Laos-China Biodiversity Conservation Area

This paper analyzed forest land use change in Trans-Boundary Laos–China Biodiversity Conservation Area which is called Namha National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (Namha NBCAs), with 1992 and 2002 TM (ETM). Based on GIS and statistical methods, the intensity, state index of land use change and transfer matrix were used to study spatio- temporal land use change in the region. The results showed that the area of forest land decreased greatly, also the area of bamboo and grassland decreased. The other way round, the area of unstocked forest, slash and burn and rice paddy land increased. As a whole, the intensity of forest land change was higher, but others were lower. From the transfer matrix, most of the forest land changed into unstocked forest and urban area, some to slash and burn. The grassland and bamboo were mainly transferred to forest and unstocked forest. The unstocked forest land mostly came from forest land and grassland. It was showed there were three main causes of the land use change namely: opium poppy cultivation, rubber plantation and also ecotourism activities and finally some policies were developed in order to address the land use change in the study areas.     

Detecting and mapping annual newly-burned plots (NBP) of swiddening using historical Landsat data in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA) during 1988–2016

Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia (SEA), as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots (NBP) of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4/5/7/8 family sensors including Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), in combination with local phenological features of swiddening and topographical data. The results showed that: (1) an annual average of 6.08×10⁴ km² of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. (2) Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, Western Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. (3) A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×10⁴ km². (4) The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in using slash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based (30 m) reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps (including extent and area) of the NBP of swidden agriculture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.     

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Suitability of Agricultural Land in Myanmar

Myanmar is a country with an economy based on agriculture. It has rich agricultural resources and great potential for development. The development of agriculture in Myanmar is becoming increasingly important to international food security. Assessments of agricultural land resources in Myanmar are the basis for the country’s agricultural development and for food security evaluations. In this paper we used the MaxEnt model to analyze the relationship between the suitability of land for agricultural reclamation and the main environmental variables in Myanmar, and then constructed a model to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of land for agriculture in Myanmar. The results show that: 1) the overall accuracy of the MaxEnt model is high (AUC>0.8), which means there is a high correlation between the database of selected environmental indicators and the true distribution of cultivated land in Myanmar. 2) Soil depth is the most important factor affecting the suitability of land for agriculture in Myanmar. When the thickness of soil layer is less than 100 cm, the suitability of land for agriculture is low. With respect to topographic conditions, slope is the main factor affecting suitability. When the slope is greater than 20 degrees, the suitability of land for agriculture is low. With respect to climate conditions, precipitation is the main influencing factor. There is a positive correlation between river network density and land suitability. 3) Currently, 400 000 km² of the land resources in Myanmar are suitable for agriculture, and of this amount 290 000 km² are highly suitable, accounting for nearly 40% of the country's land area. The highly suitable land is distributed mainly in Magway, Sagaing, Ayeyarwady and Yangon provinces. The provinces are also important grain production areas in Myanmar, and this serves to validate the effectiveness of the method used in this paper.