地下水污染风险源识别与分级方法

由于目前缺乏一套完整成熟的地下水污染风险源准确识别与分级方法, 在综合解析污染源结构、污染物输移过程评价的基础上, 构建了涵盖地下水易污性和地下水污染源两部分多因素耦合的风险源识别模型, 其中从污染源特性和污染物性质两方面建立了污染源危害性评价参数体系.以地下水易污性指数和污染源潜在危害性评价指数作为风险源分级指标, 采用乘积模型进行了风险源的评价与分级.选择某水源地对所建方法进行实例分析, 确定了地下水污染的高风险源区.结果表明, 污染源和地下水易污性共同决定了地下水污染的风险源, 所建方法对地下水污染的预防及污染源的有效监管有重要意义.      

北方某经济开发区地下水污染调查评价

本文应用污染指数法,对北方某经济开发区及周边地下水水质进行了污染评价,结果表明研究区地下水水质以轻污染和中污染为主,局部地区出现较重污染,主要指标为硝酸盐氮、三氯甲烷和三氯乙烯。通过对工业废水、再生水、河水水质的检测,发现研究区地表水水质与污水处理厂再生水排放密切相关,地下水污染很可能与开发区企业排污有关。由于开发区所处位置的环境敏感性和脆弱性,建议今后在开发区及附近继续开展相关研究,进一步查明地下水的硝酸盐氮及有机污染物来源、污染途径,建立完善的监测体系,以便及时切断污染源,保障城市及当地供水安全。     

地下水水质监测与评价

地下水由于分布广、水质好且开发费用低而成为全世界重要的供水水源。中国北方生活供水的一半来自地下水,地下水也是干旱期重要的农业灌溉水源。然而,地下水水质日益面临来自农业、工业和城市污染源的威胁。地下水水质监测是评价水质状况最可靠的方法,并可作为供水水源保护的早期预警系统。它为水管理部门和水用户提供可靠的科学数据以便更好地管理和保护地下水资源。世界上正在执行两个巨大的地下水质监测和评价项目:一个是欧盟的水框架计划;另一个是美国的国家水质评价计划。文章评述了地下水水质监测的现状,介绍了地下水易污性评价、地下水污染源分级和地下水污染风险评价的方法。地下水易污性分区图是土地利用规划和供水水源保护的基础。地下水污染源分级结果为污染源治理提供了优先顺序。地下水污染风险分区图圈划出地下水污染的高风险区,为地下水资源保护和地下水污染监测提供重要的依据。     

Potential pollution of groundwater in the valley of the Seybouse River,north-eastern Algeria

In north-eastern Algeria, the Seybouse River is an important source of water used mainly for irrigation of large agricultural areas extending from the Guelma region to Annaba city. Industrial activities in this region contribute substantial water pollution to the river and the groundwater. Based on the different sources of pollution, mapping of areas vulnerable to groundwater pollution has been accomplished by combining land use and data on groundwater levels. The resulting maps show that the most vulnerable areas are those with large industrial activities—in Meboudja, Bouchegouf and Guelma. Infiltration and runoff contribute to pollution, and the highest infiltration rate is generally observed in areas of agricultural and industrial activities. Pollution of the aquifers in this area is of concern. Mountains, such as the Edough and Gelaat Bou Sbaa, contribute high runoff that carries pollutants towards the groundwater.     

关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染的健康风险评价

为了研究关中盆地浅层地下水氮污染对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,在研究区采集和测试了232个水样,采用单因子污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对浅层地下水氮污染进行了评价。结果表明,在浅层地下水中硝态氮污染程度相对较重,呈面状分布;而铵态氮和亚硝态氮污染程度较轻,以点状存在。浅层地下水中硝态氮对人体健康的慢性毒害指数较高,高风险区占研究区面积的78.2%,主要分布在农业活动强烈的灌区和人口居住密集、工业相对发达的城镇区;硝态氮含量大于12.6mg/L的三类地下水对人体健康也是高风险的,即传统意义上可以饮用的三类水对人体健康并不都是安全的。上述成果对地下水资源管理和保护具有重要的参考价值。     

山东博山地下水污染研究

博山是山东省中部的一个工业城市，完全依靠地下水供水。主要的供水水源为中奥统碳酸盐岩石中的裂隙－喀斯特水。城区附近的水源受到相当程度的污染，本文研究了主要的污染源及其污染途径，地下水中主要污染成分及其空间分布特征，用模糊数学方法进行地下水的水质评价，用地质统计学中的趋势面分析和Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法模拟地下水中污染组分的空间分布，用灰色系统方法和对流弥散方面的特征有限元解进行地下水污染的预测，最后提出了     

Comprehensive evaluation of shallow groundwater quality in Central and Southern Jiangsu Province,China

Evaluation of the shallow groundwater quality in Central and Southern Jiangsu Province (CSJ) in China is important not only to public health but also to sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources. In this work, 968 groundwater samples were collected by field surveys during 2006 to 2010 to investigate spatial distribution and extent of pollution. The single factor pollution standard index method, considering the values of both the natural groundwater background and the standard of safe drinking water, was used to assess the groundwater quality in the study area. Results showed that the shallow groundwater was severely polluted with Grade V and VI (i.e., severe and extremely severe pollution) groundwater covered about 1/3 and 1/4 of the study area, respectively. The main groundwater contaminants that cause the severe and extremely severe pollutions were manganese, iron, arsenic, and nitrogen. Findings from this work showed that natural hydrogeochemical processes were the main causes of the iron and manganese pollution, however, human activities (e.g., industrial, agricultural, and domestic pollutions) mainly contributed to the nitrogen pollution in the study area.     

Modeling coupled unsaturated and saturated nitrate distribution of the aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria

The aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria, is a significant resource for regional and supraregional drinking water supply for more than 100,000 inhabitants, but the region also provides excellent agricultural conditions. This dual use implicates conflicts (e.g., non-point source groundwater pollution by nitrogen leaching), which have to be harmonized for a sustainable coexistence. At the aquifer scale, numerical models are state-of-the-art tools to simulate the behavior of groundwater quantity and quality and serve as decision support system for implementing groundwater protecting measures. While fully and iteratively coupled simulation models consider feedback between the saturated and unsaturated zone, sandy soil conditions and groundwater depths beneath the root zone allow the use of a unidirectional sequential coupling of the unsaturated water flow and nitrate transport model SIMWASER/STOTRASIM with FEFLOW for the investigation area. Considering separated inputs of water and nitrogen into groundwater out of surface water bodies, agricultural, residential and forested areas, first simulation results match observed groundwater tables, but underestimate nitrate concentrations in general. Thus, multiple scenarios assuming higher nitrogen inputs at the surface are simulated to converge with measured nitrate concentrations. Preliminary results indicate that N-input into the groundwater is strongly dominated by contributions of agricultural land.     

塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征及成因

地下水氮元素污染是一个全球性的环境问题,其来源和迁移转化特征是国内外研究的热点。文章以新疆塔城盆地80组地下水样品水化学组分测试结果为依据,研究塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征。结果表明:塔城盆地地下水质量总体较好;对比2017年发布的地下水质量标准,深层承压水“三氮”均未超标;浅层地下水“三氮”污染较轻,“三氮”超标点零星分布于地下水的中下游冲洪积平原区,其中,NO3-N超标率最高,超标率为8.8 %;NO2-N和NH4-N次之,超标率均为1.3 %。沿着地下水流向,从山区到盆地中央的平原区,地下水污染逐渐变重。“三氮”重污染点主要分布在塔城市、额敏县及其周边地区。区内地下水污染点的分布与工矿企业污染源、污水处理厂、垃圾填埋场等大型污染源的分布具有一定的相关性。城市化进程中,生活污水的不合理排放是塔城盆地“三氮”污染的主要来源,而通过排污河流下渗是研究区地下水“三氮”污染的重要途径;氧化还原条件、pH值、包气带岩性结构、补径排条件等是“三氮”迁移转化及其空间分布的主要影响因素。     

垃圾堆埋对石家庄地下水源的污染及其防治对策

石家庄冲积扇含有优质的地下水,是石家庄市区200多万人和工农业用水的主要供水水源.但其地表堆埋了大量的城市垃圾,对地下水源构成严重的污染威胁.通过卫星遥感图像数据解译、现场取样测试等工作,对该地下水源地的环境水文地质条件和垃圾堆放、填埋、分布状况及其对地下水的污染进行了评价,并针对性地提出了应对措施和对策.     

A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the Ordos Plateau, China

Groundwater plays a key role in arid regions as the majority of water is supplied by it. Groundwater pollution is a major issue, because it is susceptible to contamination from land use and other anthropogenic impacts. A study was carried out to build a vulnerability map for the Ordos Plateau using the DRASTIC model in a GIS environment. The map was designed to show the areas of the highest potential for groundwater pollution based on hydrogeological conditions. Seven environmental parameters, such as depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone media, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, were incorporated into the DRASTIC model and GIS was used to create a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the available data. The results of this study show that 24.8 % of the study area has high pollution potential, 24.2 % has moderate pollution potential, 19.7 % has low pollution potential, and the remaining 31.3 % of the area has no risk of groundwater pollution. The regional distribution of nitrate is well correlated with the DRASTIC vulnerability index. In contrast to this, although the DRASTIC model indicated that the western part had no risk, nitrate concentrations were higher in some of these areas. In particular, higher nitrate concentrations were recorded along river valleys and around lakes, such as the Mulin River valley. This is mainly caused by the intensive agricultural development and favorable conditions for recharge along river valleys.     

广西南宁朝阳溪对浅层地下水污染特征研究

文章利用5个钻孔和3个水井监测资料,分析了广西南宁朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水产生了明显的污染,特征污染物为氨氮,浓度超过地下水环境质量Ⅲ类水质标准1~65.75倍,氨氮浓度随距朝阳溪的距离增大而逐渐减小,且具有季节变化特征,丰水期污染程度明显低于枯水期。分析认为,浅层地下水的三氮主要来源于排入朝阳溪的人畜粪便;多环芳烃主要来源于草、木、煤燃烧;DDT来源于历史残留,BHCs则来源于上游林丹的使用和远距离大气沉降。      

广州市花都区地下水应急水源地研究

广州市花都区地下水资源较丰富,根据地下水的赋存条件,地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水、红层孔隙裂隙水、层状岩类裂隙水及块状岩类裂隙水。其中供水意义较大的地下水类型为松散岩类孔隙水和碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水。依据应急水源地圈定依据,圈定四处地下水应急水源地,对潜在供水能力、水质及地下水开采风险进行评价。结果显示:各应急水源地地下水水质总体良好,经相应处理后可满足应急供水水质需求,地地下水开采风险主要有地质灾害风险、地下水污染风险及开采技术风险。应急状态下,各水源地地下水总允许开采资源为72 119.13 m^3/d,可满足花都区63.86%常住人口的应急供水。     

Current situation and human health risk assessment of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau: A case study of Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau, China. By taking Dali County, Shaanxi Province, China as an example, this study obtains the following results through field investigation and the analyses of water, soil, and crop samples. (1) The groundwater can be divided into two major types, namely the Quaternary pore-fissure water and Karst water. The Karst area and sandy area have high-quality groundwater and serve as the target areas for optional water supply. The groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and highly saline. Meanwhile, high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed in the loess and river alluvial plains in the depression area of the Guanzhong Basin and the discharge areas of the groundwater, with the highest fluoride concentration exceeding seven times the national standard. (2) Fluoride in groundwater mainly originates from a natural source and human activities. The natural source refers to the fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks and soil, and the fluoride from this source is mainly controlled by natural factors such as climate, geologic setting, pH, specific hydrochemical environment, ion exchange, and mineral saturation. Human activities in modern life can be further divided into industrial and agricultural sources primarily. (3) The health risks of fluoride contamination are very high in the Loess Plateau, especially for children compared to adults. Meanwhile, the risks of fluoride exposure through food intake are higher than those through drinking water intake. The authors suggest selecting target areas to improve water supply and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area. Besides, it is necessary to plant crops with low fluoride content or cash crops and to conduct groundwater treatment to reduce the fluoride concentration in drinking water. These results will provide a theoretical basis for safe water supply in the faulted basin areas in the Loess Plateau.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Evaluation of the health risk from water contamination in the city of Tandil, Argentina

The paper focuses on the concentration of nitrates detected in superficial waters (lake and streams) and groundwater (wells) used as sources of water supply. It attempts to determine the level of risk due to the presence of urban industrial uses and correlate it with the quality of urban life, in order to determine social vulnerability to the risk of industrial contamination. A geographic information system (GIS) was constructed with layers for various census data, topographic and landuse features and the location of water samples. An index of quality of life was developed using selected variables. This was then compared to the essential services provision data and the results of the water sample analyses. The concentration of nitrates (mg/l or ppm) in the water samples was determined. These values were translated into maps of contaminants, which were then correlated with their possible sources and with the quality of life of the population affected. The concentration of nitrates in wells has been considered alarming, but more concern has been expressed about concentrations in the public water supply network. Spatial correlation between areas with high risk of contaminated water and areas with the worst quality of life, indicates the importance of controlling chemical contamination, and demands improvements in the public water supply network and revision of the theory of social vulnerability.     

西南典型地下河系统无机-有机指标特征及健康风险评价

岩溶地下水为全球约25%的人口提供饮用水源,地下河作为主要岩溶地下水类型,是中国西南岩溶区重要供水水源,掌握其水质污染状况及人体健康风险,对岩溶区水资源保护与安全用水具有重要意义。本文以广西桂林会仙狮子岩地下河系统为例,采集地下河水样品22组(无机和有机样品各11组),采用电感耦合等离子体质谱、离子色谱、气相色谱-质谱等方法测定11项无机离子、10项金属元素及41项有机指标的质量浓度,运用单指标污染标准指数法、健康风险评价模型揭示了研究区无机与有机指标分布、污染及健康风险。结果表明：(1)狮子岩地下河水中无机超标指标有NH~+₄(1.33倍)、Fe(1.2倍)、Al(1.5倍)和Mn(1.01倍),超标点多位于地下河排泄区;检出18项有机物,其中挥发性有机物(VOCs)、半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)检出率分别为18.75%、30.77%和91.67%,研究区存在普遍的农药残留(49.14～109.83ng/L)。(2)与地下水对照值相比,研究区受到10项无机指标的轻度～中度污染、14项有机指标的轻度污染,个别采样点受到NO~-_3<...     

宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析

宿州矿区由于长期煤炭开采,不仅形成了浅层地下水降落漏斗,而且造成了不同程度的地下水污染,其污染现状及主要形成原因尚不清楚。为此,本文利用研究区水土污染调查获取的21个地下水样品的 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}等13项污染指标开展地下水污染源解析工作。在采用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法对研究区浅层地下水环境质量进行评价的基础上,利用因子分析和反距离权重插值方法对研究区浅层地下水进行污染源及空间分布特征解析。研究结果表明:(1)研究区浅层地下水受到了重度污染,以Ⅳ类水为主,污染较严重的指标为 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Mn、Fe和F^-。(2)研究区浅层地下水主要包括4个污染源:原生地质环境(F1),其高值区分布在桃园煤矿及其周边;矿坑排水和矸石山淋溶作用下形成的矿业废水(F2),其在桃园和钱营孜煤矿及其周边地区污染较为严重,其余矿区也存在一定程度的矿业废水污染;由生活垃圾、人畜排泄物造成的农村污水(F3),其污染地区主要为朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿一带; 由化肥施用引起的农业污染(F4), 其高值区集中在朱仙庄煤矿及其周边区域。地下水水质的主要影响因素是浅层地下水原生地质环境和矿业废水,其中约有51.040%的污染来源于原生地质环境及煤矿矿业污染的混合污染,约有11.841%的污染来自煤矿矿业废水,其余污染主要来源于农村生活和生产污水以及农业面源污染。(3)研究区浅层地下水主要污染区域为桃园和钱营孜煤矿一带,祁南和祁东煤矿污染相对较轻,朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿水质较好。(4)建议对矿区地下水主要污染源及污染途径进行综合防治:加强矿坑排水口的污水达标排放监管力度;煤矿企业采用生产建筑材料等方法提高矸石的综合利用率;进一步加强与矿区污水、垃圾填埋处理等相关的基础设施建设。     

城市地下水污染成因分析——以山西省太原市为例

太原市属于我国北方的半干旱地区,地下水资源是区内最重要的供水水源。然而,该地区代表性地下水的水质演化趋势与常规污染物分布特征表明,区内地下水已经遭受污染,在研究区南部,地下水污染问题尤为突出。分析了研究区地下水污染的原因,结果表明人类活动是最主要的因素,包括地下水开采、工业与生活废弃物的排放、农业污灌、化肥及农药的施用、采矿活动等。     

Groundwater vulnerability and contamination risk assessment of the Weining Plain,using a modified DRASTIC model and quantized pollution loading method

Groundwater resources have become more vulnerable to contamination due to rapid population growth and economic development. This study aimed to assess the groundwater contamination risk in the Weining Plain, China. Based on the specific conditions of the Weining Plain, a new model DRTSWI with a weighting scheme determined by analytic hierarchy process was developed to evaluate the intrinsic groundwater vulnerability for the study area. An integrated approach, combining the toxicity, the release possibility, and the potential release quantity of the pollutants, was used to estimate the pollution loading. The groundwater contamination risk results were obtained by overlaying the intrinsic vulnerability and pollution loading maps. These indicated that two industrial parks pose the main threat to groundwater quality, due to their unfavorable hydrogeological setting and potential pollution sources on the surface. Some areas in and around the industrial parks exhibit groundwater pollution, which was identified on the contamination risk map using buffer analysis. High risk areas are industries with high or medium vulnerability. The vulnerability and contamination risk maps developed for this study are valuable tools for environmental planning and can be used for predictive management of groundwater resources.     

Arsenic-rich groundwater in an urban area experiencing drought and increasing population density,Perth, Australia

Groundwater in the Gwelup groundwater management area in Perth, Western Australia has been enriched in As due to the exposure of pyritic sediments caused by reduced rainfall, increased groundwater abstraction for irrigation and water supply, and prolonged dewatering carried out during urban construction activities. Groundwater near the watertable in a 25–60 m thick unconfined sandy aquifer has become acidic and has affected shallow wells used for garden irrigation. Arsenic concentrations up to 7000 μg/L were measured in shallow groundwater, triggering concerns about possible health effects if residents were to use water from household wells as a drinking water source. Deep production wells used for public water supply are not affected by acidity, but trends of progressively increasing concentrations of Fe, SO₄ and Ca over a 30-a period indicate that pyrite oxidation products extend to the base of the unconfined aquifer. Falling Eh values are triggering the release of As from the reduction of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide minerals near the base of the unconfined aquifer, increasing the risk that groundwater used as a drinking water source will also become contaminated with high concentrations of As.