Impact of horizontal diffusion, radiation and cloudiness parameterization schemes on fog forecasting in valleys

Fog and low stratus forecasting experiments have been carried out with the numerical weather prediction model ALADIN on a case of long lasting fog. The model has been used with different radiation, cloud diagnosing and horizontal diffusion schemes, different representation of orography, increased vertical resolution and with or without prognostic condensates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Some of the numerical set-ups are able to reproduce the fog (low stratus) field as seen in the satellite images as well as the measured 2m temperature and relative humidity diurnal cycles. The results show that cloud diagnosing schemes and overlap assumptions play a more important role than a more sophisticated radiation scheme, or introduction of prognostic cloud water, ice, rain, snow or TKE. More realistic orography representation and a more physical horizontal diffusion scheme significantly improve the modelled low stratus and 2m temperature in the areas with variable orography.     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION ON THE GENERATION OF THE ASYMMETRIC MOTION IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By utilizing the barotropic vorticity equation including effects of orography and horizontal diffusion,the linearized equations describing symmetric and antisymmetric motions and their analytic solutions are pre-sented.It can be found from the solutions that no matter what kind of motion may be,each solution consistsof three waves,namely,Rossby wave related to initial values,marching wave propagating at Rossby wavevelocity and stationary wave.The latter two are closely related to orography and horizontal diffusion.However,if the motion is symmetric at the initial instant,then the antisymmetric components of orographyand of horizontal diffusion are likely to lead to the generation of antisymmetric motion.In the steady state,the symmetric flow is connected with symmetric orography and horizontal diffusion and the antisymmetricflow with antisymmetric orography and horizontal diffusion.Further,in order to verify the above analysis,three numerical experiments have been made.The results show that antisymmetric orography can produceantisymmetric motion.Finally,the atmospheric interactions between Northern and Southern Hemispheresare discussed.     

Effect of wind vertical shear on diffusion characteristics in the mesoscale range

Using the turbulent statistical form of the vertical vortex diffusion coefficient K, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Ekman spiral wind profile, the three-dimensional diffusion equation is solved by the numeri-cal method. The influences of vertical shear of both wind direction and wind speed on pollution trajectory and horizontal diffusion parameters σy are numerically analysed. The expressions of both pollution trajectory and σy, including the factor of wind shear, are obtained. The results show that the vertical shear of wind is important among all factors affecting the mesoscale dispersion. Specifically, from neutral to stable atmospheric conditions, vertical shear of wind makes greater contribution to σy than turbulence, thus it is the most important factor. In this paper, we have compared horizontal dispersion pattern with both Pasquill's dispersion pattern considering wind direction shear, and experimental data collected at 9 different sites rang-ing from 10 to 100 km, and the results show that our dispersion pattern is closer to the experimental values than Pasquill's results, and his correction to shear of wind direction is too large under the stable conditions.     

Large-Eddy Simulation of air Pollution Dispersion in the Nocturnal Cloud-Topped Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Effects of stratocumulus clouds on the dispersion of contaminants are studied in the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer. The study is based on a large-eddy simulation (LES) model with a bulk parametrization of clouds. Computations include Lagrangian calculations of atmospheric dispersion of a passive tracer released from point sources at various heights above the ground. The results obtained show that the vertical diffusion is non-Gaussian and depends on the location of a source in the boundary layer.     

在正压过滤模式大气中地形和水平扩散对非对称运动形成的作用

利用考虑地形和水平扩散作用的正压涡度方程,在线性情况下,给出了描写对称运动和反对称运动(都是对赤道来说的)的方程和它们各自的解析解。分析这些解可以看出,不论对于对称运动或反对称运动,解都由三部份组成:一是与初始流场有关的Rossby波;一是以Rossby波波速传播的,与地形和水平扩散有关的行进波;另一是与地形和水平扩散有关的定常波。但是,如初始时刻运动是对称的,则地面拔海高度和水平扩散系数的反对称分布可以引起反对称运动,从而,引起非对称的运动。在定常情况下,则对称的流场,和地面拔海高度、水平扩散系数的对称分布有关,反对称的流场,和地面拔海高度、水平扩散系数的反对称分布有关。最后,还用数值试验,证明反对称地形可以引起反对称运动;还讨论了南北半球的相互影响的问题。     

EXPERIMENT ON THE FORECAST OF CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BY MESOSCALE MODEL MM5

In nested nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5,the characteristic quantities of atmosphericturbulence,i.e.,the standard deviations of the turbulent fluctuated speeds for three directions inPBL are computed by Mellor-Yamada's level 2.5 closure scheme.The magnitudes and the verticalprofiles of these quantities computed from the model are closely connected with temperature andwind speed profiles as well as the type of the ground with a significant diurnal variation,and are inagreement with known magnitudes and regularities in different stratification conditions.Hence themethod in this paper is reasonable and convincible.Their horizontal distribution depends on thehorizontal distribution of the stratification.The method of predicted characteristic quantities ofturbulence from mesoscale model in this paper can be used in the problem of atmospheric diffusionand atmospheric environment.     

EXPERIMENT ON THE FORECAST OF CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BY MESOSCALE MODEL MM5*

In nested nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5,the characteristic quantities of atmospheric turbulence,i.e.,the standard deviations of the turbulent fluctuated speeds for three directions in PBL are computed by Mellor-Yamada's level 2.5 closure scheme.The magnitudes and the vertical profiles of these quantities computed from the model are closely connected with temperature and wind speed profiles as well as the type of the ground with a significant diurnal variation,and are in agreement with known magnitudes and regularities in different stratification conditions.Hence the method in this paper is reasonable and convincible.Their horizontal distribution depends on the horizontal distribution of the stratification.The method of predicted characteristic quantities of turbulence from mesoscale model in this paper can be used in the problem of atmospheric diffusion and atmospheric environment.     

北京秋季一次重污染过程的成因分析

近年来,北京的大气环境问题日益受到关注。以2002年10月8—13日北京地区一次重污染过程为例,采用中国气象局的MICAPS系统和美国的HYSPLT模式,分别从污染过程产生的天气条件、污染物输送轨迹等方面分析研究此次空气污染的形成原因。结果表明：造成此次重污染过程的不利因素主要包括三个方面,一是较强的海平面高压、均压场控制导致北京地区垂直大气层结稳定,不利于污染物垂直扩散;二是北京地区三面环山,导致近地面为弱的偏南气流控制,不利于污染物水平扩散;三是近地面弱的偏南气流从江苏、山东、河北、天津等地携带了大量的污染物向北京地区输送。     

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC MOTIONS IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By expressing the stream function in terms of the symmetric and the antisymmetric components with respect to the equator,the barotropic vorticity equation can be separated into two equations,one describing the behaviours of the atmospheric symmetric motion,and the other those of the atmospheric antisymmetric motion.From them,for the entire global surface at the equivalent barotropic level,the conservations of several basic quantities,such as vorticity,angular momentum etc.in the symmetric and antisymmetric cases,have been discussed.In addition,the energy budget equations and the energy conservation expressions for the two kinds of motion are given.It can be seen from them that there are not only the conversion between the zonal mean kinetic energy and the disturbed kinetic energy in the atmosphere,but also the conversion between the kinetic energy generated by the symmetric and antisymmetric motions.In the case of including orography and horizontal diffusion into the vorticity equation,a mechanism of the generation of asymmetric behaviours of the atmosphere is proposed.The results show that the asymmetric distribution of orography and that of horizontal diffusion coefficients are likely the causes leading to the asymmetric motion.Finally,a theoretical comparison between the global model and the hemispheric one from the physical point of view is made.     

The impact of different vertical diffusion schemes in a three-dimensional oil spill model in the Bohai Sea

Vertical transport is critical to the movement of oil spills in seawater. Breaking waves play an important role by developing a well-defined mixing layer in the upper part of the water column. A three-dimensional （3-D） Lagrangian random walk oil spill model was used here to study the influence of sea surface waves on the vertical turbulence movement of oil particles. Three vertical diffusion schemes were utilized in the model to compare their impact on oil dispersion and transportation. The first scheme calculated the vertical eddy viscosity semi-empirically. In the second scheme, the vertical diffusion coefficient was obtained directly from an Eulerian hydrodynamic model （Princeton Ocean Model, POM2k） while considering wave- caused turbulence. The third scheme was formulated by solving the Langevin equation. The trajectories, percentages of oil particles intruding into water, and the vertical distribution structures of oil particles were analyzed for a series of numerical experiments with different wind magnitudes. The results showed that the different vertical diffusion schemes could generate different horizontal trajectories and spatial distributions of oil spills on the sea surface. The vertical diffusion schemes caused different water-intruding and resurfacing oil particle behaviors, leading to different horizontal transport of oil particles at the surface and subsurface of the ocean. The vertical diffusion schemes were also applied to a realistic oil spill simulation, and these results were compared to satellite observations. All three schemes yielded acceptable results, and those of the third scheme most closely simulated the observed data.     

Analysis of flow and pollutant dispersion by tracer experiments in south alpine valleys

Summary Dispersion and transport over complex terrain have been recognized as an important research field. In July 1988, for studying atmospheric dispersion in a mountain area, a tracer experiment has been performed in south alpine valleys near a mountain (Campo dei Fiori, 1226 m.a.s.l.). In this area air masses circulation in wind breeze conditions is frequent. This paper analyses the meteorological situation and the tracer dispersion during those experiments. First a reconstruction of the three-dimensional wind fields overCampo dei Fiori area, taking into account the effects of orography, surface thermal gradients, atmospheric stability and energy of air masses, has been performed. Then the tracer concentrations have been evaluated by means of suitable models and the results have been discussed.With 11 Figures     

Urban Dispersion Modelling and Experiments in the Daytime and Nighttime Atmosphere

An analytical model of atmospheric dispersion in urban areas in both daytime and nighttime conditions is presented. The model is based on a Gaussian formulation where the horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients are determined according to analytical theories. The model is validated with dispersion measurements from field experiments conducted in Oklahoma City, Salt Lake City, St. Louis and London, U.K. The theory is in good agreement with the data for both daytime and nighttime conditions. The data support the conclusion that the magnitude of the nighttime stratification in the urban atmosphere is weak; however, its effects on dispersion are not negligible. The predicted existence of two distinct dispersion regimes, in the near and in the far field, is also confirmed by the data. The good collapse of the data suggests that urban dispersion is governed by the characteristic length scales of atmospheric boundary-layer turbulence, rather than urban canopy length scales that are more likely to affect dispersion only in the vicinity of the source.     

基于欧拉观测的大气扩散参数计算方法

利用超声风速仪对吉林省敦化市大石头镇进行了夏、冬季各10 d的观测。根据大气湍流扩散参数统计理论,利用欧拉观测的风速资料求解正态扩散模式中的大气扩散参数。结果表明:2005年夏季和2007年冬季B—F类稳定度的σy和σz均呈减小趋势,横轴y方向的总体扩散水平大于垂直方向z轴的总体扩散水平。夏季的σy在B—D类明显高于冬季的σy,且随着水平距离的增加更为明显;E—F类,夏季的σy在x=100 m处,略低于冬季,但随着水平距离的增加,夏季的σy比冬季的σy增加更快;夏季的σz在B—F类均高于冬季的σz,且随着水平距离的增加更为明显。该计算方法具有可操作性和实用性,可作为研究该地区大气湍流扩散规律和污染模式选取参数的依据。     

The 15‐km version of the Canadian regional forecast system

Abstract

A new mesoscale version of the regional forecast system became operational at the Canadian Meteorological Centre on 18 May 2004. The main changes to the regional modelling system include an increase in both the horizontal and vertical resolutions (15‐km horizontal resolution and 58 vertical levels instead of 24‐km resolution and 28 levels) as well as major upgrades to the physics package. The latter consist of a new condensation package, with an improved formulation of the cloudy boundary layer, a new shallow convection scheme based on a Kuo‐type closure, and the Kain and Fritsch deep convection scheme, together with a subgrid‐scale orography parametrization scheme to represent gravity wave drag and low‐level blocking effects. The new forecast system also includes a few changes to the regional data assimilation such as additional radiance data from satellites.

Objective verifications using a series of cases and parallel runs, along with subjective evaluations by CMC meteorologists, indicate significantly improved performance using the new 15‐km resolution forecast system. We can conclude from these verifications that the model exhibits a marked reduction in errors, improved predictability by about 12 hours, better forecasts of precipitation, a significant reduction in the spin‐up time, and a different implicit‐explicit partitioning of precipitation. A number of other features include: sharper precipitation patterns, better representation of trace precipitation, and general improvements of deepening lows and hurricanes. In mountainous regions, several aspects are better represented due to combined higher‐resolution orography and the low‐level blocking term.     

The Role of Planetary Boundary-Layer Parameterizations in the Air Quality of an Urban Area with Complex Topography

The effect of different planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization schemes on the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollution over the complex topography of the greater Athens area is investigated. Four PBL schemes originally implemented in a numerical meteorological model and a fifth one simulating the urban effect are examined. Two different atmospheric conditions are analyzed; a typical summer and a typical winter pollution episode. The relative importance of chemical and physical processes of the pollution predictions is discussed using process analysis. It is revealed that, for primary pollutants, a local scheme seems more adequate to represent the maximum observed concentrations while, completely different in structure, a non-local scheme reproduces the mean observed values in the basin. Concerning secondary pollutants, peak concentration differences, due to the different PBL schemes, are smoothed out. Nevertheless, the PBL scheme selection shapes the horizontal and the vertical extension of maximum values. The non-local and semi non-local schemes are superior to the others, favouring strong vertical mixing and transport towards the surface. The stronger turbulence accommodated effectively by the semi non-local urban scheme enhances ozone production along the sea-breeze axis and preserves the high ozone concentrations during the nighttime hours in the urban core.     

正压过滤模式大气中的对称运动和非对称运动

把流函数分成对赤道对称和对赤道反对称的两部分,可以把正压涡度方程分离为描写大气对称运动和反对称运动的两个方程。根据它们,讨论了在全球范围内几种基本物理量,如涡度和绝对角动量等在对称和反对称情况的守恒性。还给出了这两类运动的能量收支方程和能量转换表达式。可以看出,在大气中不仅有纬圈平均动能和扰动动能之间的转换,也有对称运动产生的和反对称运动产生的动能之间的转换。 还在涡度方程中考虑地形和水平扩散的情形下,提出了大气非对称性质产生的机制。结果表明:非对称的地形分布和水平扩散系数的分布可能是导致非对称运动的原因。 最后,还对全球预报和半球预报,从物理观点作了理论比较。     

2017年冬季长沙一次重度霾污染天气过程气象成因分析

利用空气质量监测资料、常规气象资料,根据气象条件的水平和垂直扩散能力,以及地面湿度和动力条件等分析了2017年1月27—29日长沙地区这次严重空气污染事件的污染特征。结果表明:污染发生时段,南支槽不断加深东移,槽前势力强盛的西南气流将孟加拉湾一带的水汽向长沙地区输送,进一步增加了该地区的空气湿度。同时,持续东移的脊前暖平流对长沙中低层大气增温有显著影响,为稳定的大气层结创造了有利条件。长沙处于弱高压的底后部,受大范围的弱鞍型场及均压场控制,地面有暖倒槽发展,且由于高压较弱,导致地面和低空的风速较小,不利于污染物的水平扩散,同时有利于夜间地面的辐射降温。稳定的大气环流形势为霾天气和严重污染提供了持续稳定的大气环境场,逆温结构和稳定温度层结在一定程度上减弱了大气在垂直方向上的湍流交换和热力对流,大气中的污染颗粒不易扩散,为此次污染事件的维持、加剧提供了重要的气象条件。长沙地区处在罗霄山脉和雪峰山脉之间的湘江故地,受周边地形阻挡的影响,污染物在下沉气流的控制下聚集到长沙地区后,很难通过水平输送离开,这也是造成此次霾污染的原因之一。     

A numerical study of atmospheric pollution over complex terrain in Switzerland

A pollution-related study has been carried out for the Swiss city of Bienne that is located in complex terrain at the foot of the Jura mountains. The study consists of an analysis of pollutant transport and dispersion from various emittors located in the city, using a coupled system of mesoscale and micro-scale atmospheric numerical models. Simulations of atmospheric flow with the mesoscale model over a 20 × 20 km domain (horizontal resolution: 500 m; vertical resolution: 250 m) are used to initialize a microscale model centered over the city. The domain of this latter model is 4 × 4 km (horizontal resolution: 100 m; vertical resolution: 10 m). Plume trajectories are computed in the micro-scale model, and are a function of the regional-scale flow field previously calculated by the mesoscale model. Results show that the flow — and hence the plume trajectories embedded within this motion field — an sensitive not only to channeling effects by the local valley systems, but also to local or regional meteorological effects resulting from cloud activity, urban heat island, and the direction of the synoptic scale flow with respect to the orientation of the Jura mointains.     

大连区域海陆风环流的数值模拟

本文基于海陆风环流的形成机制,在研究分析海陆风环流形成的物理模型基础上,建立了海陆风环流的数学模型。根据此基础,以大连地区海陆风环流为计算实例,模拟了海陆风形成的压力场、速度场、温度场和湍流动能场的日变化及太阳辐射日变化的过程地面的能量变化及导致的湍流动能的变化,预测出海陆风环流的水平湍流扩散系数和动量、温度和湍流动能的垂直湍流扩散系数,为求解海陆风中的污染物扩散浓度以进行环境污染损失评价提供参考。应用此模型,对大连地区的海陆风环流进行了数值模拟,定性与定量地给出了海陆风场中的速度、压力、温度及湍流动能分布情况和主要参数值。结果表明,海陆风环流的大气压力场局地日变化较小,温度场变化较明显。在中午前后,动量、温度和湍流动能的垂直扩散系数达到了最大值。模拟结果与其他文献模拟结果的对比表明,本文建立的模型模拟与实验的结果相符,但预测精度仍需要进一步检验。