GNSS解算策略对平差与高程拟合精度的影响分析

以现代测绘基准建设的短基线GNSS网作为应用实例,研究比较采用对流层延迟估计与对流层延迟不估计两种短基线解算策略在GLOBK软件中的平差精度,并结合已有二等水准正常高,生成两套GNSS/水准点的成果,通过似大地水准面计算软件,利用地球重力场模型对两种策略下的平差结果进行模型拟合验证,以此评价其平差精度与拟合精度的影响.结果显示,采用对流层延迟不估计的基线解算策略的GLOBK平差精度更高,且其拟合效果更好.     

一种提高单历元解算大高差短基线精度的方法

单历元基线解算可以避开传统基线解算中周跳探测等复杂的数据预处理过程。但是当两站高差较大时,即使是短基线,通过双差技术也不能充分消除对流层延迟,且残余对流层误差对单历元基线解算的影响较大,定位精度无法达到毫米级水平。针对以上问题,该文提出了采用半参数广义补偿最小二乘对大高差短基线进行单历元解算,削弱残余对流层误差影响的方法。实际算例表明,与常规的最小二乘法相比,该方法能很好地分离GPS残余对流层误差,各方向定位精度能达到毫米级水平。     

GPS随机软件中的对流层模型及对基线处理的影响

介绍了对流层延迟的性质及常用GPS随机软件中对该项误差的处理方式，讨论了常用的对流层延迟处理手段，通过对实例数据的分析比较，说明对于某些工程测量项目，采用GPS随机软件的默认设置，仅仅依靠差分仍不能消除残余对流层延迟对高程精度的影响，必须认真处理对流层延迟误差。     

基于GAMIT的不同参数对北斗长基线精度的影响分析

针对较少利用GAMIT软件分析北斗基线的情况,首先利用GAMIT软件解算了北斗长基线,然后选取截止高度角、天顶对流层延迟参数、测站约束值三项控制参数对北斗长基线解进行了影响测试.解算结果表明:GAMIT(10.61)可以成功解算北斗长基线且相对精度在10-8量级;截止高度角的选择对解算精度影响较大;天顶对流层延迟参数个数的设置对解算影响不大但随着参数个数增多精度也有所提高;设置测站不同约束值对基线精度影响较大,选择适当的约束值尤为重要.      

EGNOS对流层延迟改正模型及其精度分析

对流层延迟是GPS定位中一个主要的误差源,目前处理对流层延迟的主要方法是通过模型法、差分法等;当基线的距离较短时,基线两端气象条件基本相同差分法可以很好地修正对流层延迟误差,当基线的距离很长时,由于基线两端的气象参数差别较大差分法不能很好地消除对流层误差,模型法却能很好地消除对流层误差.对EGNOS模型进行了详细的介绍...     

高精度GNSS服务中对流层映射函数的影响性分析

针对GNSS服务中如何获取高精度的大地高以及GNSS气象中对流层湿延迟项,文中采用3种试验方案,利用对流层变化复杂的香港区域CORS,分析不同映射函数存不同高度角时对精密服务的影响。结果表明：存高度角为15°时VMFl、GMF、NMF映射函数获取基线重复性相当,天顶延迟变化规律一致;在低高度角为10°时,基于VMFl映射函数的基线重复率更好,对大气变化的敏感性更强,GMF映射函数获取的天顶延迟精度较好,NMF映射函数获取的精度较弱。     

大型桥梁桥塔监测的GNSS相对对流层延迟估计

针对大型桥梁桥塔与基站高程差异较大,残余对流层延迟成为影响全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)监测成功率与精度的主要因素之一。该文基于随机过程理论,对桥梁监测GNSS残余对流层湿延迟进行参数估计,有效地提高了桥梁塔顶监测GNSS模糊度固定率。通过采用对流层经验模型改正对流层干延迟,将基准站和塔顶观测站对流层湿延迟组成相对对流层湿延迟,并联合位置参数和模糊度参数建立双差卡尔曼模型,最后利用最小二乘模糊度降低相关平差法(LAMBDA)对双差模糊度进行固定,并估计位置参数与相对对流层延迟参数。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效估计相对对流层延迟,有效提高GNSS模糊度固定率。     

对流层延迟在GAMIT解算短基线的应用分析

以华南沿海地区短基线GNSS-C级网为例,使用GAMIT软件,分别采用对流层延迟估计与对流层延迟不估计的解算策略,选取丘陵地区、海岛地区、平原地区三个区域短基线向量数据作为样例,比较分析两种策略在不同地理环境下的短基线数据解算精度,并结合整个短基线全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）控制网的数据进行解算分析．试验结果显示,对流层延迟估计与对流层延迟不估计的解算策略在三个区域的基线U分量精度均良好,但后者精度优于前者．整网的基线重复性方面,对流层延迟估计与对流层延迟不估计的解算策略精度均良好,但前者精度略优于后者.      

附加对流层约束的大高差区域短时GNSS网解及其性能EI北大核心CSCD

大落差高山区域GNSS监测严重受制于对流层延迟影响,导致定位精度降低。本文提出附加地面点对流层延迟先验信息约束方法,实现短时同步双差观测高精度解算。该方法能充分利用远距离地面站网的增强信息,显著减少高山区域监测的观测时长,增大站间距离,降低山区测量任务的作业成本。本文从观测时长、基线距离时空特性及基站数量3方面进行适用性试验验证,试验结果表明,以地面站点长期GNSS观测获得的高精度对流层延迟作为约束,可有效削弱大落差引起的残余对流层延迟的影响,提高整周模糊度固定率,实现山顶监测点的快速高精度定位和对流层延迟参数估计;与非约束法相比,对流层先验约束后各坐标分量精度均有所提高,高程方向精度提高明显。     

利用Multi-GNSS估计天顶对流层延迟

利用PPP技术估计对流层延迟,并设计实验对比分析了各单系统和多系统组合下对流层延迟的估计精度;讨论了不同对流层投影函数对对流层延迟估值的影响;最后以武汉市为例,探讨了对流层延迟与季节变化的相关性。结果表明,利用PPP估计的GPS ZTD、BDS ZTD、GLONASS ZTD、GPS/BDS ZTD、GPS/GLONASS ZTD、GPS/BDS/GLONASS ZTD精度均优于2 cm,且组合系统估计的对流层延迟明显比单系统稳定,精度明显提高;不同对流层投影函数对单系统估计影响较大,对组合系统估计影响较小;武汉市夏季对流层延迟大于冬季,但冬季对流层延迟的湿延迟变化较大,夏季对流层延迟的湿延迟变化小。     

Tropospheric parameters: combination studies based on homogeneous VLBI and GPS data

The combination of tropospheric parameters derived from different space-geodetic techniques has not been of large interest in geodesy so far. However, due to the high correlation between station coordinates and tropospheric parameters, the latter should not be neglected in combinations. This paper deals with the comparison and combination of tropospheric parameters derived from global positioning system (GPS) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations stemming from a 15-day campaign of continuous VLBI observations in 2002 (CONT02). The observation data of both techniques were processed homogeneously to avoid systematic differences between the solutions. We compared the tropospheric estimates of GPS and VLBI at eight co-location sites and found a very good agreement in the temporal behavior of the tropospheric zenith path delays (ZPD), reflected by correlation factors up to 0.98. Following this, a combination of the tropospheric parameters was performed. We demonstrate that the combination of tropospheric parameters leads to a stabilization of combined station networks. This becomes visible in the improvement of the repeatabilities of the station height components. Furthermore, the potential use of independent data from water vapor radiometers (WVRs) to validate space-technique-derived tropospheric parameters was investigated. Correlation coefficients of 0.95 or better were estimated between the tropospheric parameters of WVR and GPS or VLBI. Additionally, the utility of the tropospheric parameters for validation of local tie vectors was investigated. Both tropospheric zenith delays and tropospheric gradients were found to be very suitable to validate the height component and the horizontal components of the local tie, respectively.     

GPS超长基线解算的误差特性与精度分析

基于单基站的超长基线定位技术在地壳形变监测、高精度授时等领域具有广泛应用,但仍有诸多因素制约着超长基线解算精度。从观测方程出发,利用单差观测值对长（超长）基线(146～1 724 km)解算中的卫星轨道误差、对流层延迟误差、地球潮汐误差和相位缠绕误差等误差特性进行了详细分析。分析结果表明,当基线小于500 km时广播星历误差可忽略不计;超过500 km时需要采用精密星历,同时需要考虑地球潮汐误差的影响;利用参数估计法同时估计基线两端的天顶对流层延迟误差可获得1～2 cm精度;相位缠绕误差对基线小于2 000 km的解算影响可忽略。基于估计天顶对流层延迟的方法解算了5条长(超长)基线（146 km、491 km、837 km、 1 043 km和1 724 km）。实验结果表明,当基线小于500 km时,采用广播星历可获得水平方向优于0.05 m、高程方向优于0.08 m的定位精度;当基线小于2 000 km时,采用超快速精密星历可获得水平方向优于0.025 m、高程方向优于0.055 m的定位精度。解算的初始收敛时间随着基线长度增加而缩短。     

不同截止高度角对短基线高程方向精度的影响

基于2018年美国连续运行参考站（CORS）网,选择长度在11 km左右、测站间高差均不同的4条短基线数据进行实验. 在估计对流层延迟的情况下,通过设置不同的截止高度角进行基线解算,以标准化均方根误差（NRMS）、U分量基线重复性以及基线较差等指标对解算结果进行比较分析. 结果表明:对于测站间高差大于100 m的短基线,截止高度角的选择并不是影响高程方向解算准确性的主要因素;而测站大地高对短基线高程方向解算精度有一定的影响.      

Stochastic estimation of tropospheric path delays in global positioning system geodetic measurements

Water vapor radiometric (WVR) and surface meteorological (SM) measurements taken during three Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic experiments are used to calculate process noise levels for random walk and first-order Gauss-Markov temporal models of tropospheric path delays. Entire wet and combined wet and dry zenith delays at each network site then are estimated simultaneously with the geodetic parameters without prior calibration. The path delays and corresponding baseline estimates are compared to those obtained with calibrated data and stochastic residual delays. In this manner, the marginal utility of a priori tropospheric calibration is assessed given the ability to estimate the path delays directly using only theGPS data. Estimation of total zenith path delays with appropriate random walk or Gauss-Markov models yields baseline repeatabilities of a few parts in 10⁸. This level of geodetic precision, and accuracy as suggested by analyses on collocated baselines estimated independently by very long baseline interferometry, is comparable to or better than that obtained after path delay calibration usingWVR and/orSM measurements. Results suggest thatGPS data alone have sufficient strength to resolve centimeter-level zenith path delay fluctuations over periods of a few minutes.     

Modeling tropospheric wet delays with national GNSS reference network in China for BeiDou precise point positioning

During past decades, precise point positioning (PPP) has been proven to be a well-known positioning technique for centimeter or decimeter level accuracy. However, it needs long convergence time to get high-accuracy positioning, which limits the prospects of PPP, especially in real-time applications. It is expected that the PPP convergence time can be reduced by introducing high-quality external information, such as ionospheric or tropospheric corrections. In this study, several methods for tropospheric wet delays modeling over wide areas are investigated. A new, improved model is developed, applicable in real-time applications in China. Based on the GPT2w model, a modified parameter of zenith wet delay exponential decay wrt. height is introduced in the modeling of the real-time tropospheric delay. The accuracy of this tropospheric model and GPT2w model in different seasons is evaluated with cross-validation, the root mean square of the zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) is 1.2 and 3.6 cm on average, respectively. On the other hand, this new model proves to be better than the tropospheric modeling based on water-vapor scale height; it can accurately express tropospheric delays up to 10 km altitude, which potentially has benefits in many real-time applications. With the high-accuracy ZTD model, the augmented PPP convergence performance for BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) and GPS is evaluated. It shows that the contribution of the high-quality ZTD model on PPP convergence performance has relation with the constellation geometry. As BDS constellation geometry is poorer than GPS, the improvement for BDS PPP is more significant than that for GPS PPP. Compared with standard real-time PPP, the convergence time is reduced by 2–7 and 20–50% for the augmented BDS PPP, while GPS PPP only improves about 6 and 18% (on average), in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. When GPS and BDS are combined, the geometry is greatly improved, which is good enough to get a reliable PPP solution, the augmentation PPP improves insignificantly comparing with standard PPP.     

Application of ray-traced tropospheric slant delays to geodetic VLBI analysis

The correction of tropospheric influences via so-called path delays is critical for the analysis of observations from space geodetic techniques like the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). In standard VLBI analysis, the a priori slant path delays are determined using the concept of zenith delays, mapping functions and gradients. The a priori use of ray-traced delays, i.e., tropospheric slant path delays determined with the technique of ray-tracing through the meteorological data of numerical weather models (NWM), serves as an alternative way of correcting the influences of the troposphere on the VLBI observations within the analysis. In the presented research, the application of ray-traced delays to the VLBI analysis of sessions in a time span of 16.5 years is investigated. Ray-traced delays have been determined with program RADIATE (see Hofmeister in Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Geoinformation, Technische Universität Wien. http://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubtuw:1-3444, 2016) utilizing meteorological data provided by NWM of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In comparison with a standard VLBI analysis, which includes the tropospheric gradient estimation, the application of the ray-traced delays to an analysis, which uses the same parameterization except for the a priori slant path delay handling and the used wet mapping factors for the zenith wet delay (ZWD) estimation, improves the baseline length repeatability (BLR) at 55.9% of the baselines at sub-mm level. If no tropospheric gradients are estimated within the compared analyses, 90.6% of all baselines benefit from the application of the ray-traced delays, which leads to an average improvement of the BLR of 1 mm. The effects of the ray-traced delays on the terrestrial reference frame are also investigated. A separate assessment of the RADIATE ray-traced delays is carried out by comparison to the ray-traced delays from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA GSFC) (Eriksson and MacMillan in http://lacerta.gsfc.nasa.gov/tropodelays, 2016) with respect to the analysis performances in terms of BLR results. If tropospheric gradient estimation is included in the analysis, 51.3% of the baselines benefit from the RADIATE ray-traced delays at sub-mm difference level. If no tropospheric gradients are estimated within the analysis, the RADIATE ray-traced delays deliver a better BLR at 63% of the baselines compared to the NASA GSFC ray-traced delays.     

A proposed GPS method with multi-antennae and single receiver

A method based on multi-antennae linked to a common GPS receiver is proposed. The goal of the technique is to improve height determination for baselines a few kilometres in length. The advantage of this technique resides in the elimination of relative clock parameters in the between-antenna single difference observations. Because single difference observations are free of clock errors more geometrical strength remains to determine the baseline components. This statement is valid as long as intercable biases can be carefully calibrated. For millimetre height determination, the intercable calibration must be done at the same level of accuracy. Under this assumption it is shown that in general the height standard deviation improves by a factor of about three compared to standard GPS data processing. With the proposed method, the effect of relative tropospheric zenith delay errors becomes a bit smaller (in absolute value), compared to standard data processing. To absorb this error, a relative tropospheric zenith delay parameter may be estimated. Even with this additional parameter in the solution the height standard deviation remains two times smaller than the results of standard processing techniques (without tropospheric zenith delay parameter), and at least five times smaller than in the results obtained from standard processing including one tropospheric zenith delay parameter.     

非差虚拟观测值的网络RTK实现

网络RTK是利用多基准站观测值实现流动站附近的误差建模,其中包括对流层、电离层延迟和卫星轨道等误差。讨论了利用VRS技术实现网络RTK中的几个关键技术,包括将多基准站插值所得的双差大气延迟添加到非差模式的VRS观测值中,利用IGS的超快速星历中的预报部分改正广播星历误差和利用恒星日滤波改正VRS的伪距多路径效应。24 ...