DISTRIBUTION OF ODONATA （INSECTA） IN VARIOUS ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Odonata larvae and adults were collected from fourteen sites of various habitats including rivers, rice fields, mountain streams, freshwater and peat swamps, oil palm, sugarcane and rubber plantations and lake. Out of 51 species recorded, Libellulidae made up the most dominant of 10 families followed by Gomphidae and Coenagrionidae. Other families were less common. Riverine and stream ecosystems were the most diverse, both with six families and 19 and 13 species respectively. In the rice fields, Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae were represented by 17 and seven species respectively. The poorest fauna of Odonata was recorded from a lake system. A few of libellulids were found to be pollution tolerant and widespread in distribution. Many odonate species were restricted to preferred habitats or water parameter gradients that could be used as bioindicators of respective habitats or parameters.     

沙生濒危物种霸王的高频植株再生研究

实验选用霸王无菌苗的茎尖、子叶、下胚轴和胚根作为材料,研究霸王不同外植体的离体培养技术。结果表明,霸王茎尖是诱导丛生芽的良好外植体,而子叶、下胚轴和胚根是诱导愈伤组织的良好外植体;霸王茎尖的最适增殖培养基是:MS+6-BA 5.0 mg·L-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1;最适生根培养基是:MS+IAA 1.5 mg·L-1;最适愈伤组织诱导培养基是:MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1或MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1。沙质基质为霸王组培苗过渡的最佳基质。     

长春地区稻田甲烷排放量的估算研究

1995～ 1997年 3年的实验研究中 ,用静态箱法和气相色谱仪对长春地区不同水管理方式稻田的甲烷排放进行了采样和测量工作 ,1996年和 1997年逢晴天还同步进行了地面实验基地的卫星遥感数据 (TM和NOAA—AVHRR数据 )的接收工作。根据测算的稻田甲烷排放通量和用遥感数据提取的水稻种植面积 ,估算出区域尺度的稻田甲烷排放总量。 3年来的研究结果显示 ,长春地区水稻种植面积为 17.72 12× 10 4 hm2 ,稻田甲烷平均排放通量为 2 .984mg/(m2 ·h) ,长春地区稻田甲烷总排放量为 0 .0 2 0 3Tg/a。用灰关联方法分析了稻田甲烷排放的影响因子 ,建立了以水稻植被指数为参数的淹灌稻田的甲烷排放通量估算模型     

鄱阳湖区2004-2010年水稻种植制度时空变化(英文)

Rice cropping systems not only characterize comprehensive utilization intensity of agricultural resources but also serve as the basis to enhance the provision services of agro-ecosystems.Yet,it is always affected by external factors,like agricultural policies.Since 2004,seven consecutive No.1 Central Documents issued by the Central Government have focused on agricultural development in China.So far,few studies have investigated the ef-fects of these policies on the rice cropping systems.In this study,based upon the long-term field survey information on paddy rice fields,we proposed a method to discriminate the rice cropping systems with Landsat data and quantified the spatial variations of rice cropping systems in the Poyang Lake Region(PLR),China.The results revealed that:(1) from 2004 to 2010,the decrement of paddy rice field was 46.76 km2 due to the land use change.(2) The temporal dynamics of NDVI derived from Landsat historical images could well characterize the temporal development of paddy rice fields.NDVI curves of single cropping rice fields showed one peak,while NDVI curves of double cropping rice fields displayed two peaks an-nually.NDVI of fallow field fluctuated between 0.15 and 0.40.NDVI of the flooded field during the transplanting period was relatively low,about 0.20±0.05,while NDVI during the period of panicle initiation to heading reached the highest level(above 0.80).Then,several temporal windows were determined based upon the NDVI variations of different rice cropping systems.(3) With the spatial pattern of paddy rice field and the NDVI threshold within optimum tem-poral windows,the spatial variation of rice cropping systems was very obvious,with an in-creased multiple cropping index of rice about 20.2% from 2004 to 2010.The result indicates that agricultural policies have greatly enhanced the food provision services in the PLR,China.     

河南省原阳县引黄灌区水稻田信息提取研究

水稻田是一种人工湿地。快速、准确地获取水稻的种植和生长信息,对于加强水稻田管理具有重要的实践意义。以河南省新乡市原阳县引黄灌区的水稻田为研究对象,采用随机森林算法,利用2020年8月26日和9月11日的Landsat 8 OLI影像数据,提取研究区的地表水分指数(land surface water index,LSWI)、归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI),实现了研究区水稻田分布信息的遥感识别,并对提取结果进行验证。研究结果显示,分类结果的总体分类精度为96.8%,Kappa系数为0.952。     

Survey of larval Euphausia superba lipid content along the western Antarctic Peninsula during late autumn 2006

A survey of larval Euphausia superba (furcilia stages four and six) was conducted in waters along the western Antarctic Peninsula during late autumn (May and June 2006). Larvae were collected from stations in four regions to estimate dry weight and lipid content. There were no statistically significant differences in the dry weight or lipid content among the regions sampled. The overall average (±S.D.) dry weight was 1.51 ± 0.32 mg indiv.⁻¹ and 0.85 ± 0.12 mg indiv.⁻¹ for F6 and F4 larvae, respectively. The average (±S.D.) lipid content was 21.6 ± 9.6 %DW and 27.9 ± 13.7 %DW for F6 and F4 larvae, respectively.     

ODONATE COMMUNITIES （ODONATA： INSECTA） IN A TROPICAL RIVER BASIN, MALAYSIA

Odonata larvae were sampled from 16 tributaries of Kerian River in the Kerian River Basin (KRB) using a kick samphng technique from September 1998 to May 1999 encompassing both rainy and dry seasons. The distribution of odonate genera was significantly different ( F15.16 = 3.99) among rivers in both seasons ( F15.16 = 4.70) at P = 0.05. However, no seasonal influence was detected. Protoneuridae and Libellulidae were the most dominant families in this basin. Other families Gomphidae, Coenagrionidae, Macromiidae, Chlorocyphidae and Calopterygidae, were common but Aeshnidae and Eupheidae were rare. Several common species, Prodasineura autumnalis, Brachythemis contaminata, Macromia gerstaeckeri, Paragomphus, Orthetrum brunneum, Rhinocypha quadrimaculata and Copera marginipes were identified. The calculated values of biological indices ( H‘, D, E, R1 and R2) showed that the dragonfly fauna in this river basin was slightly poor. Varied physieo- chemical parameters of the river possibly as a result of human activities in surrounding areas were found to influence the distribution of the dragonfly larvae in the KRB. This study showed that the KRB provided favorable habitats for Protoneuridae and 1Libellulidae. Two most dominant species Prodasineura autumnalis and Brachythemis contaminata were obviously favoured slightly acidic water of the Kerian river tributaries.     

氯吡苯脲对红砂愈伤组织诱导和增殖的影响及响应面法优化

以红砂的一年生苗嫩茎为外植体,添加不同浓度的氯吡苯脲（CPPU）、6-BA和NAA,进行愈伤组织诱导试验,得出红砂愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为1/2MS+CPPU 0.1 mg·L-1+NAA1 mg·L-1。利用响应面分析法,设计CCD中心组合试验,对CPPU和NAA两个因素进行优化,得出愈伤组织最佳继代培养基为1/2MS+CPPU 0.1195 mg·L-1+NAA1.1 mg·L-1,在此条件下,实际增殖率可达到4.7414,为理论预测值的99.15%,愈伤组织的最适继代周期为30 d左右。利用响应面分析法可优化红砂愈伤组织继代培养基,得到理论最佳配方,验证结果表明该方法科学、高效。     

中国西南山区稻作梯田的时空演化——以苗岭西江镇和加榜乡为例

稻作梯田是中国南方山区重要的土地利用方式,分析其时空变化规律,对区域土地资源利用、生态环境保护以及农村农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于多源数据获取苗岭山区西江镇（1977—2020年）和加榜乡（1962—2020年）的土地利用分类图,运用景观指数、空间分析和样带分析等方法,研究稻作梯田时空格局与功能的演化特征,以揭示稻田利用与人地关系演变过程及其特殊性变化。结果表明：① 研究区稻田规模长期稳定发展,但近年整体规模有所缩小,斑块破碎化趋势逐渐凸显。在2000年前稻田分布表现出同时向高、低海拔及微坡至急陡坡扩展,2000年后呈反向收缩趋势,种植强度呈相同的变化规律。② 研究区稻田核密度的空间分布,表现出小规模高密度集聚与大规模中低密度分布并存的格局。自2000年以来,两地稻田核密度以小幅变化为主,有明显的“东北-西南”向分布特性。③ 在生产用地导向阶段,大面积林地转为稻田;在生态-经济复合用地导向阶段,稻田规模保持稳定。④ 聚田比指数显示研究区“人多田少型”占比不断上升,这表明部分地区人地矛盾日渐凸显,以西江镇的变化最为强烈。⑤ 依据“林-田-村-河”四素同构的样带分析,稻田功能经历了“生产-生态、经济”的演变过程,与旅游业发展关系密切。研究结果较全面反映了研究区稻作梯田的时空演化特征,有助于促进山区传统稻田资源优化利用和保护传承,在一定程度上为乡村振兴发展提供借鉴。     

Changing local land systems: Implications of a Chinese rubber plantation in Nambak District,Lao PDR

This paper investigates the direct and cascading land system consequences of a Chinese company's land acquisition for rubber cultivation in northern Laos. Transnational land acquisitions are increasingly acknowledged as an important driver of direct land use conversion with implications for local land‐based livelihoods. The paper presents an empirical case study of the village of Na Nhang Neua in Nambak District, Luang Prabang Province, using a mixed methods approach to investigate the positive and negative implications for household agricultural strategies, income generation and food security. Combining the conceptual lenses of land systems and livelihood approaches, this paper demonstrates how the land use system has changed substantially because of the establishment of the rubber plantation by the company, notably in the linkages between livestock rearing, upland shifting cultivation and lowland paddy rice cultivation. The changes go beyond the immediate competition for land caused by the rubber plantation: a penalty scheme introduced by the rubber company for damage to rubber trees caused by browsing animals has led the villagers to abandon livestock rearing, causing a cascade of negative effects on the entire land use system, especially on soil fertility, rice yields and food production.     

唐朝末年以来广西柳州干湿变化及人类活动演变

中世纪暖期和小冰期是近2 000年气候变化中重要的气候事件,厘清其在低纬度地区干湿变化特征及其对古代农业发展及人口增长的影响,具有重要的意义。通过对广西柳州岩溶洞穴中一60 cm岩芯进行孢粉、炭屑分析发现,研究区的气候、稻作农业从唐末以来先后经历了6个阶段演化：1）875―940 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：研究区气候整体偏干,水稻种植减少;2）940―1 050 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：夏季风增强,水稻种植稍增长,人口增加;3）1 050―1 140 a A.D.,C/P值及花粉记录指示：夏季风减弱,稻作农业及人口较前期有所增长;4）1 140―1370 a A.D.,C/P值及莎草科花粉含量指示：研究区当时气候处于“中世纪暖期”温暖湿润期,稻作农业面积扩大,人口增加;5）1 370―1 900 a A.D.,C/P值及莎草科花粉含量指示：“小冰期”气候变干,水稻种植及人口逐渐减少;6）1 900―2 009 a A.D.气候变暖湿,水稻种植扩大,人口迅速增长。进一步对研究区气候事件与稻作农业及人口关系研究发现：历史时期气候事件与水稻种植、人口具有耦合关系,即中世纪暖期,气候暖湿,水稻种植扩大,人口增殖;小冰期,气候冷干,水稻种植萎缩,人口锐减。在非原地沉积时,莎草科和C/P 对水分反映敏感,可以用来指示气候干湿变化。     

闽江河口感潮湿地入侵种互花米草甲烷通量及影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口湿地外来入侵种互花米草斑块甲烷通量进行测定。结果表明,互花米草甲烷排放通量有明显的季节变化,涨潮前和落潮后甲烷通量平均值分别为13.12和12.94mg/(m²·h);涨落潮过程,互花米草斑块排放到潮水的甲烷通量(3.07mg/(m²·h)大于排放到大气的甲烷通量(2.35mg/(m²·h),差异不显著;涨落潮过程中排向大气和潮水的甲烷通量之和(5.42mg/(m²·h)与涨潮前、落潮后甲烷通量差异显著;互花米草排向大气甲烷总通量86.86g/(m²·a),排向潮水甲烷总通量7.84g/(m²·a)。     

气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区水稻生产的影响

对宁夏引黄灌区10个测站1961\_2004年水稻生长发育期5～9月的气温进行分析,结果表明,宁夏引黄灌区水稻生长期的气候明显变暖。ｔ检验表明,5～9月日平均气温的突变发生在1993年,突变后的气温比突变前升高了0.8℃。在水稻生长发育各阶段,气温都有所升高,但没有超过水稻生长发育的适宜温度范围。引黄灌区水稻的温度敏感系数在5月、7~9月上旬为正值,尤其在7月下旬至8月中旬最大,此阶段气候变暖对水稻生产有利,6月、9月中下旬为负值,气候变暖对水稻生产有不利影响。气候变暖为高产品种的引进创造了条件,降低了水稻对温度变化的敏感性,使水稻单产变率减小,保证了水稻的高产稳产。就宁夏引黄灌区而言,气候变暖对水稻单产的贡献为2.51％。     

骆驼刺叶片再生体系的建立

以骆驼刺(Alhagi pseudalhagi Desv.)叶片为试验材料,研究了基本培养基、不同叶位、放置方式及植物生长调节剂配比等对不定芽再生的影响。结果表明:骆驼刺叶片再生的最佳取材位置是试管苗中部;不同放置方式对不定芽的再生无明显影响;叶片不定芽再生的最佳培养基为:MS+6-BA 0.5 mg\5L-1+IBA 0.1 mg\5L-1,其不定芽分化率为100%,分化系数达11.28。低浓度IAA有利于叶片再生茎段的生根,在1/2MS+IAA 0.15 mg\5L-1的培养基上生根率为100%,平均根数达10.2条。     

普里兹湾邻近海域大磷虾幼体的分布与丰度研究

198 9/ 1 990和 1 990 / 1 991南极夏季期间在普里兹湾邻近海域进行了拖网调查 ,对这一海域大磷虾 (Euphausia superba Dana)幼体的分布和丰度进行了研究。1 990年 1月幼体的平均密度为2 6个 / 1 0 0 0米 3 ,2月增至 1 6 2个 / 1 0 0 0米 3 ,3月初达到 2 0 1 1 3个 / 1 0 0 0米 3 (3月为表层高速采集器样品 )。幼体出现高峰看来是在 3月。分布和丰度的年际变化明显。1 990年仅 1 / 2测站出现大磷虾幼体 ,以原蚤状幼体 I期和 期占优势 ,未发现蚤状幼体。1 991年幼体较多 ,2 / 3的测站都有出现 ,而且在外海较普遍地采到蚤状幼体 I到 期。这一年际变化与水温有关。在同一纬度 1月的表层水温 1 991年比 1 990年为高 (高出 0 .0 5 - 1 .2 4℃ )。幼体的平均发育期 (∑ Si Ni/ ∑Ni)平面分布表明 ,愈向北平均性愈高 ,随纬度增加发育期降低。     

长江流域稻田生态系统的水分和养分转换过程

田间模拟施肥进步和灌溉模式的定位试验在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站进行。结果表明施肥制度和水分管理模式显著地影响水分和养分的转化过程和生产效益。单施N的产量效应为4.5 kg/kg,而NP或NPK配施养分总的产量效应分别为8.8 kg/kg和8.0 kg/kg;有机物料循环的增产率为56.8%,在有机物料循环的基础上配施NPK化肥最大的增产率可达到80.1%;化肥应用的进步可使水稻产量增长62.5%或通过施肥实现的水稻产量中由于化肥应用所占的贡献份额为38.4%,有机无机肥配合水稻产量增长80.1%,或通过施肥达到的产量中有机无机肥配合所占的份额为44.4%。本区双季稻年灌溉需水量为5838 m³/hm²,年变异C.V = 8.3%。晚稻灌溉占全年的71%,7~9月是灌溉需水高峰期,占全年灌溉量的68%。生产灌溉效率 (灌溉水量与产量之比)：生物量3.67 kg/m³,精谷量1.48 kg/m³。常规管理田间水分分配为：蒸散占1/2,翻耕整地占1/6,植物构成占1/21,田间渗漏占1/14,其它环境耗水 (维持) 占1/5。耕灌雨养管理翻耕整地和田间渗漏比例过高。不同灌溉处理试验表明：双季稻生产的灌溉,以早稻保持水层灌溉,晚稻按需配额灌溉的模式比较适宜。     

Palaeolimnological studies of the eutrophication of volcanic Lake Albano (Central Italy)

We use palaeolimnological techniques to reconstruct the eutrophication history of a volcanic lake (Lake Albano, central Italy) over the past three centuries. The presence of annual varves down to the bottom of the core (c. 1700 A.D.) indicated the lack of bioturbation and likely long-term meromixis. Sedimentation rates were estimated by varve counts (calcite/diatom couplets), indicating a mean rate of 0.15 cm yr^–1. The reconstruction of eutrophication was traced using past populations of algal and photosynthetic bacteria (through their fossil pigment), and geochemistry, as well as fossil remains of chironomids. Phaeophorbidea and the red carotenoid astaxanthin were used to detect past zooplankton development.The first sign of trophic change related to human activities is datedc. 1870 A.D. From that period onward a sharp increase of authigenic CaCO₃, nitrogen, N:P ratio, and dinoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid of Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae, is observed.Chironomid analyses showed the near absence of a deep water fauna throughout the core length. The populations of chironomid larvae are restricted to oxygenated littoral zones. In fact, the few fossil remains found are primarily of littoral origin, representing shallow water midges that were transported to profundal waters. The reduction of total chironomid in the uppermost layers of the core is to be related to human land uses.     

Prevalence of Trichinella sp. in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from northeastern Greenland

The occurrence of infections with Trichinella sp. in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from northeastern Greenland has been studied by examination of muscle samples, mainly diaphragm, from 38 animals shot during the period 1983-1987. Trichinella larvae were demonstrated in 12 bears (32%) with an average of 9.2 larvae/g muscle tissue. No bears younger than three years old were infected. The prevalence of Trichinella among bears of the age group 3-4 years was 25% and 53% among older animals.     

近20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻增产的贡献

研究过去的气候变暖对作物产量的影响是认识变暖对农业影响的有效途径,但如何定量区分出气候变化和技术发展对粮食作物的影响程度是目前研究的难点。本文提出的算法在一定程度上可以克服传统算法缺陷,用此方法估算过去20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻单产增加的贡献率,结果表明：20世纪80年代相对于70年代水稻单产增加了30.6%,其中由气候变暖带来的增产量占实际增产量的12.8%~16.1%,相当于使70年代的单产增加3.9%~4.9%。20世纪90年代水稻单产较80年代增产42.7%,其中,气候变暖对单产增加的贡献率约为23.2%~28.8%,相当于在20世纪80年代的单产水平上增产9.9%~12.3%。     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of sulphadimethoxine inArtemia (Crustacea,Anostraca)

To evaluate the effects of sulphonamide pollution in marine and brackish systems, and to assess the utility of a recently proposed test protocol, sulphadimethoxine toxicity was measured using naupli and cysts of anArtemia species. Nauplii mortality, evaluated between 24 and 96 h, indicated a relatively high toxicity of sulphadimethoxine toArtemia (96 h LC₅₀= 19.5 mg L⁻¹). In addition, test on cysts demonstrated that a nominal concentration of 300 mg L⁻¹ sulphadimethoxine significantly depressed hatching. Toxicity could depend on the high bioaccumulation rate of sulphadimethoxine measured in the organisms. The role of these tests in assessing the environmental risks of intensive farming and in determining suitable standards to improve water quality criteria is discussed together with the possible utilization of bioaccumulatingArtemia as ‘medicated feed’.