北京市平谷盆地地下水三维数值模拟及管理应用

为缓解北京城区的用水紧张问题,平谷区建立了王都庄和中桥两个应急水源地。持续过量的开采导致盆地内水位急剧下降。为研究大规模开采对平谷盆地地下水系统的影响,并分析不同地区的开采潜力,本文建立了合理刻画三维地下水流动特征的数值模型,对五种不同的开采方案进行模拟。模拟结果表明,丰水条件下地下水位回升明显,王都庄水源地补给条件优越,尤其是盆地上游地区,具有更大的开采潜力;而盆地中下部应适当限制开采,避免水位下降过快。高仿真的数值模型可作为强有力的管理辅助工具,为地下水资源分析及合理利用提供科学的技术支持。     

基于GIS的地下水及其环境问题分析

以地下水及其环境评价模型体系为支撑的、基于GIS的水文地质空间信息系统（HSIS）,由空间数据管理、应用模型管理、空间分析、数据转换、空间数据查询与检索、系统管理6大模块组成。应用于河西走廊地下水及环境评价,实现了对地下水及其环境信息的动态管理,得到了区域地下水化学成分的形成及分布规律。计算、分析了区域地下水资源量及开采潜力与地下水数值模拟模型集成,实现了计算过程的自动化、计算结果的可视化。利用HSIS提供的综合评价模型评价了黑河流域地质生态环境质量。评价结果显示：黑河中、上游环境质量较好,下游额济纳盆地环境质量较差,基本反映了区内地质生态环境现状。     

地表水与地下水联合数值模拟系统在阜阳市水资源优化管理中的应用

在综合研究阜阳市水资源系统特征、地面沉降等环境地质问题的基础上,对研究区地表水系统与地下水系统进行概化,建立该市城市地表水和地下水联合数值模拟模型和优化管理模型。通过优化管理模型的运行和应用,确定了研究区水资源合理开发利用的规划方案。模型预测结果表明,应用该文所选的规划方案,不仅可使研究区地表水和地下水资源得到合理调度和优化开采,还可控制地面沉降的进一步发展。     

乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地地下水可持续开采方案分析

针对柴窝堡盆地与河谷区水资源开发过程中引起的水质恶化,湖泊面积萎缩及生态环境恶化等一系列问题,设计了地下水开发的情景模拟方案:现状开采方案,增加补给量方案,减少开采量方案和增补减采联合方案。运用柴窝堡盆地与河谷区数值模型对这些方案进行了模拟,分析了各种开采方案下地下水水均衡状态以及地下水水位的动态变化。结果表明:增补减采联合方案既实现了最大开采量的目标,又保证了最小入湖量和最低水位的约束条件,是可持续开发方案。因而,柴窝堡盆地与河谷区水资源开发利用的重点应放在恢复天然河道水流增加地下水的补给量,充分利用地下水库的调蓄功能保证城市供水安全,同时改善水生态环境。     

公主岭市地下水水质水量多目标联合管理模型研究

本文通过对公主岭市地下水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题的分析,确定了水资源管理的目标,建立了水质、水量联合优化管理的多目标线性规划模型。并采用加权函数法对模型进行了求解研究,得到了公主岭市地下水资源的最优开采方案。     

北京平原地下水可持续开采方案分析

地下水过量开采已经引起北京平原地下水位持续下降,降落漏斗逐年扩大以及一系列环境问题。控制地下水开采,增加地下水补给以达到地下水可持续开采应当成为北京市水资源管理的重要任务。本文根据北京市中长期供水规划、水资源特点和地下水开采现状设计了4种地下水开发利用开采方案:即维持现状开采、增加补给量、减少开采量以及联合方案。运用已建北京平原地下水数值模拟模型对4个方案进行了模拟,分析了地下水系统水均衡量变化,地下水流场变化以及地下水动态变化,以此确定可能的可持续开发方案。结果表明,维持现状开采必将使含水层地下水疏干;增补和减开单独实施虽能改善现状,但难以实现。只有应用增补和减开的联合方案,才有可能实现地下水可持续开发。其为北京平原地下水资源的合理开发提供重要的依据。     

长春市城区基岩裂隙水开采优化决策研究

论文阐述了长春市城区基岩裂隙水开采区地下水位、水质状态的变化特征。在研究区地下水流数值模拟的基础上建立地下水资源优化管理模型,确定了地下水优化开采方案,并提出实现地下水合理开采、优化管理的决策。     

天津市地热资源可持续利用管理模型研究

以天津潘庄凸起区为例,利用TOUGH2.0模拟软件建立了地热流体的数值模型,并利用2002年10月至2014年10月的水位动态资料进行了模型的识别与验证,针对18眼雾迷山组热储层地热井开发利用现状,以区域地热资源发挥最大的经济、环境和社会效益为目标函数,以区域水位降深最小、不超过限制水位埋深及满足实际需水量为约束条件,建立了区域地热资源优化管理模型,利用MATLAB软件求解模型得到了最优开采方案。通过与现状开采方案对比,说明所制定的优化开采方案合理。     

我国北方主要平原地下水潜力评价

通常用地下水开采系数反映地下水资源潜力,只考虑了地下水的持续开采,使地下水资源评价与开发利用相互脱节,不便于地下水资源的管理与利用。地下水潜力系数是综合了地下水可开采盈余量、咸水、微咸水可利用量以及在水资源利用过程中节水量等,对各平原（盆地）地下水潜力进行了评价。指出了不同地区地下水开发利用方向：西北内陆盆地突出要解决地表水、地下水的相互涵养保护和对生态环境保护的问题,应充分利用水资源相互转化和重复循环的规律,扩大地下水开采量,提高水资源的重复利用率。华北及东北地区应从水资源现状、环境和社会经济的特点出发,综合治理,开源节流,保护环境．合理调整开采方案,应加强浅层微咸水综合开发利用研究。     

REMAX在吉林省西部地下水资源管理中的应用

吉林省西部位于半干旱半湿润生态脆弱带 ,地下水是主要的供水水源。近年来 ,农业迅速发展 ,对地下水的需求量日益增加。加上开采布局不合理 ,导致区域地下水位持续下降、局部地区形成季节性漏斗和次生盐碱化加重等一系列问题 ,严重制约着农业发展和生态环境建设。针对上述问题 ,建立地下水优化管理模型 ,运用REMAX模型软件求解 ,确定地下水资源最优开采方案     

应用环境示踪剂探讨巴丹吉林沙漠及古日乃绿洲地下水补给

巴丹吉林沙漠位于我国西北部的阿拉善高原。近年来,许多中外学者应用天然水样及土壤水分的水化学、同位素等技术手段研究了该地区地下水补给及环境演化。基于这些研究,试图给出巴丹吉林沙漠和古日乃绿洲一个完整的二维地下水系统概念模型。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水在浅埋区和出露区蒸发,同时接受少量当地降水补给,其最终的排泄区是古日乃绿洲。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水垂向补给微弱,地下水很可能是更新世晚期至全新世早期周边的雅布赖山区降水径流及发源于祁连山的河流古河道补给的古水。在全新世中-晚期,地下水得到有限的降水补给,并且经受蒸发作用。随着千年尺度的气候转型,两千年以来,巴丹吉林沙漠干旱化加剧,正在经历地下水位下降、湖泊绿洲逐渐萎缩消亡的过程。     

A regional-scale groundwater flow model for the Leon-Chinandega aquifer,Nicaragua

Groundwater flow in the Leon-Chinandega aquifer was simulated using transient and steady-state numerical models. This unconfined aquifer is located in an agricultural plain in northwest Nicaragua. Previous studies were restricted to determining groundwater availability for irrigation, overlooking the impacts of groundwater development. A sub-basin was selected to study the groundwater flow system and the effects of groundwater development using a numerical groundwater flow model (Visual MODFLOW). Hydrological parameters obtained from pumping tests were related to each hydrostratigraphic unit to assign the distribution of parameter values within each model layer. River discharge measurements were crucial for constraining recharge estimates and reducing the non-uniqueness of the model calibration. Steady-state models have limited usefulness because of the major variation of recharge and agricultural pumping during the wet and dry seasons. Model results indicate that pumping induces a decrease in base flow, depleting river discharge. This becomes critical during dry periods, when irrigation is highest. Transient modeling indicates that the response time of the aquifer is about one hydrologic year, which allows the development of management strategies within short time horizons. Considering further development of irrigated agriculture in the area, the numerical model can be a powerful tool for water resources management.     

黑河流域水循环过程中地下水同位素特征及补给效应

通过环境同位素及其Tamers、IAEA模型应用研究表明,黑河流域水循环过程中地下水同位素特征与补给源属性和数量密切相关,具有非均一性;东部以山区降水通过出山地表径流补给为主,西部冰川雪融水和山区基岩裂隙水是主要补给源,下游区依赖中游区河水下泄状况,蒸发特征明显。东部同位素较新且地下水更新较快,西部同位素较老且地下水更新较慢;祁连山前戈壁带地下水同位素与山区河水相近,细土平原带地下水补给河水;高台一带受酒泉低氚值地下水补给影响而河水和地下水氚值都偏低;近河道带地下水年龄较新,远离河道则较老。因此,充分利用地下水与地表水之间转化规律,联合优化调控,有利于该区地下水资源可持续利用。     

阿拉善诺日公地区地下水系统水化学特征分析

阿拉善左旗诺日公是我国典型干旱区,地下水是该区主要的供水水源。水化学研究对地下水流动过程具有指示意义。以阿拉善诺日公地区地下水为研究对象进行水文地球化学特征分析,研究表明:从北部基岩隆起区到豪斯布尔都盆地中心,地下水水化学特征呈现一定的规律性,水化学类型由低矿化度的Na-HCO_3·Cl、Na-Cl·HCO_3型,逐渐过渡到盆地中心排泄区高矿化度的Na-SO_4·Cl、Na-Cl·SO_4型水,水质状况变差,由淡水逐步过渡到微咸水。区域地下水整体从西北向东南排泄,TDS的升高较好地指示了地下水的径流方向。蒸发作用是本区地下水化学构成的主控因素,同时溶滤作用、离子交换作用及人类活动对地下水化学成分也有影响。本研究为该地区水资源评价及优化配置提供了科学依据。     

石羊河流域水资源开发利用与补给之间的协调性评判

在甘肃省石羊河流域历史水资源开发利用情况简述基础上,结合城镇化进程,提出目前武威市的农业用水来源于祁连山山前水库拦蓄地表水,景电二期延伸工程向民勤所调黄河水及部分地方开采地下水;工业、生活用水均取自地下水,水量供给与天然补给上已处于严重失调状态。就城市地下水源地保护区划分而言,以传统的地下水开采影响半径为基本依据所进行的现代地下水源地保护区划分是不合理、不够科学的,应当在地下水补给、径流、排泄条件分析基础上,将水源地上游整个流域划定为保护区,以永久性解决城市地下水供水中存在的水源地安全问题。另外,针对石羊河流域重点治理规划中的调水方案,比较科学、合理的做法是：应从石羊河流域地下水文地质条件出发,遵循第四世地质历史时期形成的地下水补给、径流、排泄通道,在全流域实施压减灌溉面积、减少地下水开采量的同时,将景电二期延伸工程所调黄河水与祁连山山前部分水库地表水部分地或全部地从石羊河上游———武威盆地上游区域通过灌溉或其它方式下渗,补给进入地下水系统中,最终达到六河水系及下游地下水位停止下降,石羊河下游民勤盆地地下水位持续回升的综合治理规划目标,而不是将水直接调入下游民勤盆地。     

Water resources assessment in the Minqin Basin: an arid inland river basin under intensive irrigation in northwest China

The Minqin Basin is at the lower reach of the Shiyang River of Gansu province in northwest China. Dramatic decline in groundwater level has resulted from over-abstraction of groundwater since the late 1950s to satisfy increasing irrigation and other demands. Severe water shortage led to environmental degradation. To better understand the spatial–temporal variation of groundwater levels and to evaluate the groundwater resources in the region, a three-dimensional regional groundwater flow model was built and calibrated under transient condition. The MODFLOW program was used and the research area was discretized as a square network with cell size of 400 × 400 m. The model showed that the aquifer was under destructive stress, with a groundwater resource deficit of 260 million cubic meters per year (Mm³/year) on average. Since the inflow of surface water from the upstream basin has declined to about 100–150 Mm³/year in recent decades, the irrigation return flow had become the main recharge and accounted for 60.6% of total recharge; meanwhile, abstraction by pumping wells took 99.2% from the total groundwater discharge.     

Groundwater flow modelling of Hindon-Yamuna interfluve region, Western Uttar Pradesh

The study area Hindon -Yamuna interfluve region is underlain by a thick pile of unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits and host multiple aquifer system. Excessive pumping in the last few decades, mainly for irrigation, has resulted in a significant depletion of the aquifer. Therefore, proper groundwater management of Hindon-Yamuna interfluve region is necessary. For effective groundwater management of a basin it is essential that careful zone budget study should be carried out. Keeping this in view, groundwater flow modelling was attempted to simulate the behavior of flow system and evaluate zone budget. Visual MODFLOW, pro 4.1 is used in this study to simulate groundwater flow. The model simulates groundwater flow over an area of about 1345 km² with a uniform grid size of 1000 m by 1000 m and contains three layers, 58 rows and 37 columns. The horizontal flows, seepage losses from unlined canals, recharge from rainfall and irrigation return flows were applied using different boundary packages available in Visual MODFLOW, pro 4.1. The river — aquifer interaction was simulated using the river boundary package. Simulated pumping rates of 500 m³/day, 1000 m³/day and 1500 m³/day were used in the pumping well package.The zone budget for the steady state condition of study area indicated that the total annual direct recharge is 416.10 MCM and the total annual groundwater draft through pumping is of the order of 416.63 MCM. Two scenarios were considered to predict aquifer system response under different conditions. Sensitivity analysis on model parameters was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the impact of varying model inputs. Based on the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis, it was found that the model is more sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and recharge parameter. Present study deals with importance of groundwater modelling for planning, design, implementation and management of groundwater resources.     

Groundwater resources management under environmental constraints in Shiroishi of Saga plain, Japan

A sinking of the land surface due to the pumping of groundwater has long been recognized as an environmental issue in the Shiroishi plain of Saga, Japan. Land subsidence can have several negative economic and social implications such as changes in groundwater and surface water flow patterns, restrictions on pumping in land subsidence prone areas, localized flooding, failure of well casings as well as shearing of structures. To minimize such an environmental effect, groundwater management should be considered in this area. In this study, a new integrated numerical model that integrates a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model coupled with a one-dimensional soil consolidation model and a groundwater optimization model was developed to simulate groundwater movement, to predict ground settlement and to search for optimal safe yield of groundwater without violating physical, environmental and socio-economic constraints. It is found that groundwater levels in the aquifers greatly vary from season to season in response to the varying climatic and pumping conditions. Consequently, land subsidence has occurred rapidly throughout the area with the Shiroishi plain being the most prone. The predicted optimal safe yield of the pumping amount is about 5 million m³. The study also suggests that pumping with this optimal amount will minimize the rate of land subsidence over the entire area. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Pumping decisions for sustainable development of groundwater resources in areas of grassland degradation: a case study in Lanqi Banner, Inner Mongolia, China

The best planting alternatives for satisfying high water use demands of forage and fodder crops in a region of Inner Mongolia, China, were determined by a multiobjective distributed-parameter groundwater management model. These alternatives took account of different cropping patterns and pumping decisions associated with both temporal and spatial aspects of water allocation. The model was developed for phreatic, homogenous, and isotropic aquifers using the response matrix technique of quadratic programming theory and, in this case, using the alternative direction implicit (ADI) scheme. Model solutions using effective rainfall with a probability of 50%, show that average water table drawdown in the planning period (2006–2017) is 0.22 m and the groundwater fluctuation in each pumping well is very low. In order to evaluate the pumping decisions under an effective rainfall with a probability of 75%, a sensitive analysis was also conducted. Analysis shows that it is useful to apply the results from the proposed model to control the landscape degradation due to overgrazing and overpumping activities.     

大连周水子海水入侵区地下水多目标优化管理模型

将改进后的遗传算法GA（添加了小生境、Pareto解集过滤器等模块）与变密度地下水流及溶质运移模拟程序SEAWAT-2000相耦合,新开发了变密度地下水多目标模拟优化程序MOSWTGA。将MOSWTGA应用于求解大连周水子地区以控制抽水井所在含水层不发生海水入侵为约束的地下水开采多目标优化管理模型,得到地下水最大开采量与海水入侵面积之间一系列Pareto近似最优解。研究成果不仅为实行合理的地下水资源配置提供了科学的实用模型,同时也为解决多个优化目标下的变密度地下水优化管理问题提供高效可靠的模拟优化工具,具有重要的潜在环境经济效益。