青藏高原表土孢粉定量重建的气候参数探讨

孢粉在古环境研究中具有重要价值,尤其是在重建古气候方面,既可以定性地恢复过去的植被类型变化,也能定量地重建气候变化规律,是古气候研究中最常用、较可靠和较成熟的环境代用指标。现代类比法是探讨表土孢粉与气候定量关系的方法之一,适用性较为广泛。本文利用青藏高原及其毗邻地区495个现代表土样点的孢粉谱,及现代气象站点器测资料,采用现代类比法得到气候参数的模拟值,并分析模拟值与气候参数观测值之间的关系。结果表明:相关性最高的气候因子是年均降水(r=0.894),其次为年均相对湿度(r=0.863)和年均蒸发量(r=0.801),最低的是干燥度(r=0.18)。因此在重建古气候时降水的可信度较高,相对湿度和蒸发量也具有一定的可信度。并选用相关性较好的年均降水指标,分析其与11个孢粉类型之间的相关性,然后将相关性较高的孢粉组合与降水之间建立孢粉-气候函数模型,用以重建该地区过去气候变化。     

植被-表土花粉定量关系研究的一种方法

表土花粉与植被-气候的关系一直是孢粉学、生态学研究者关注的热点。孢粉资料是恢复植被演替、重建古环境和古生态的重要资料。孢粉能够在不同的时间和空间尺度上反映植被史。在时间尺度上,孢粉既能反映几千年中长时间尺度的植被史,也能反映高分辨率的几百年的植被变化;从空间尺度上,可开展全球尺度的Biome、区域尺度的植被变迁史及局部范围的群落演替研究。表土花粉研究是正确再造植被史的关键。但表土花粉数据受多种因素影响,它与植被并非呈简单的线性关系。许多研究者用不同的方法进行花粉-气候-植被关系研究,提出了一些定量化参数。简单、定性地说,植被-花粉有三种基本关系：1)在某一区域有某种植物的分布,表土中亦有该植物     

中国及其邻区现代孢粉数据:空间分布特征和定量古环境重建中的应用

现代孢粉数据及其关联的古环境信息是第四纪孢粉定量气候重建的基础,本研究对中国及其邻近区域现代孢粉进行了补充采样与分析鉴定和数据收集,初步建立了较大尺度的东亚地区孢粉数据库。该数据库现拥有2858个现代样点和孢粉谱数据,覆盖的国家和地区包括中国、蒙古、日本、越南、柬埔寨、泰国、印度、俄罗斯远东部分地区以及东海和南中国海海域。数据库的孢粉种类数为729个,本文对48个代表性的孢粉类型进行了等值线作图,其结果清晰显示出绝大部分孢粉的地理分布范围明确,与相关植被和气候具有紧密的关系。本研究对该数据集进行了最佳类比法重建气候可行性的验证,结果表明无论年降雨和年平均温度,重建结果都具有较高的可信度,与观测值的相关系数均达到0.9以上。该研究首次展示覆盖东亚区域的大陆尺度孢粉空间分布特征,并检验了数据资料用于气候重建的可行性,本研究提供的现代孢粉数据将有利于提高第四纪孢粉定量气候解释的研究水平。     

第四纪孢粉分析的时间序列与空间模型

论述了第四纪孢粉时间序列和孢粉空间模型在不同尺度上的时空代表性,同时介绍了一些相关的研究方法和主要成果。利用数理统计方法来定量恢复古气候已成为目前第四纪孢粉时间序列研究的一个发展趋势。各种尺度的第四纪孢粉空间模型图可以反映植被对第四纪气候变化的响应。根据孢粉数据与气候变量之间的函数关系还可换算成古气候图。此外,在全球气候模拟和植被模拟中,孢粉数据成为必不可少的诊断工具。     

喜马拉雅山脉中段南坡孢粉垂直分布特征及影响因素

研究现代孢粉沿海拔梯度分布、传播特征及其驱动因素,有助于提高基于孢粉重建古植被和古气候的可靠性。喜马拉雅山是全球中纬地区落差最大的山脉之一,其中段南坡植被垂直带谱完整,目前尚缺乏该垂直带谱孢粉现代过程研究。本研究通过喜马拉雅山脉中段南坡不同海拔26个表土样品(海拔梯度为3551～4444 m)的孢粉分析并整合前人表土孢粉数据(n=138,海拔梯度涵盖132～5000 m),系统分析了孢粉(包括组成、百分比含量、浓度及多样性)的垂直分异规律及其与气候、土地利用之间的关系。研究结果显示孢粉组合垂直分布特征能很好地代表植被垂直分布特征,年降水和暖季气温是影响孢粉分布的重要气候要素。孢粉丰富度沿海拔梯度无明显分异特征;而孢粉均匀度随海拔升高而显著降低(特别是海拔3500 m以上区域),能够代表植被群落随海拔的变化特征。常见乔木植物花粉(松属、云杉属、桦木属和栎属等)存在明显的向高海拔传播现象,且不同类型间传播能力差异较大;而柏科花粉传播能力差,能很好地指示局地植被。表土样品孢粉浓度随海拔升高呈现降低趋势,且高海拔地区较低的孢粉浓度一定程度上放大了由低海拔传播而来的乔木植物花粉对孢粉组合的影响。...     

青藏高原现代表土中冷杉和云杉花粉的空间分布

文章通过对青藏高原北纬25°～45°,东经75°～106°范围内海拔1000～5700m的地区所采集的598个表土样品的孢粉分析,研究了现代表土中冷杉和云杉花粉的分布与植被、气候和海拔之间的关系。表土样品中冷杉和云杉花粉高含量范围对应着青藏高原南部和东部山地暗针叶林分布区,花粉等值线图较准确地反映了冷杉和云杉的丰富程度及其与植被、环境的关系;冷杉和云杉花粉百分含量随海拔和气候梯度变化表现出单峰分布模式,冷杉和云杉花粉百分含量大于20%的最适宜海拔高度是2500～4000m,最高含量中心限制在海拔3200m左右、年均温2～3℃范围内;较高的花粉百分含量带出现在年均温0～8℃、年均降水量400～850mm的区域。结果显示了青藏高原现代冷杉和云杉花粉的空间分布与植被、气候、海拔的空间变化之间很好的相关性,为利用花粉资料进行青藏高原地区的古气候重建提供了有益的资料     

运用Grichuk方法重建山西张村晚上新世古温度

本文介绍了前苏联Grichuk教授及其合作者提出的古气候定量重建方法——Grichuk法,并运用该方法重建了山西张村晚上新世的温度参数,反映当时气候(年均温8.7～18.3℃,最冷月均温-3.0 ～ 9.5℃)远比今天(年均温8.8℃,最冷月均温-6.8℃)更温暖.同时,对同一套孢粉数据,采用不同方法得到的结果数据对比...     

晚更新世晚期以来滇西北高原的孢粉记录与我国南方石笋记录的气候变化对比研究

运用古气候参数方法对滇西北高原YXL剖面进行孢粉分析,结合定年数据,重建了该地区晚更新世晚期以来的植被变化和气候变化并与我国南方石笋记录等进行对比分析。研究表明:从大约31570cal.yrBP以来,滇西北高原总体经历了温凉偏干-冷干-略转暖湿-冷干-转暖增湿-冷干-转为暖湿-温和偏干-温凉偏干的气候变化历程,其间多有反复;YXL剖面孢粉记录与董哥洞、葫芦洞石笋记录在古气候变化大趋势上基本一致,对H2、H1、YD、MWP、LIA等气候事件反映明显;YXL剖面孢粉记录中全新世大暖期升温增湿的速度慢于石笋记录和冰芯记录,其干冷气候期持续时间较长,这些特点均与高原环境有关,并受到青藏高原的影响,具有一定的区域性意义。      

东海内陆架泥质体远端表层沉积物孢粉分布规律及其环境意义

东海内陆架泥质沉积区是全新世高海平面时期以来形成的重要地貌单元,其包含了高分辨率沉积环境与气候变化信息,对该地区现代沉积环境及其影响条件的分析,将有助于长时间尺度古记录识别与反演。孢粉是研究植被和气候环境的重要代用指标,通过对东海内陆架泥质沉积区远端海域150个表层沉积物样品的孢粉分析,揭示了孢粉特征的分布规律,并探讨了其影响因素和传播机制。结果显示:研究区内共鉴定出93个孢粉类型,其中木本植物花粉47个,草本植物花粉28个,蕨类植物孢子12个,藻类孢子6个。松属花粉含量占有绝对优势,其次为禾本科;研究区孢粉浓度呈现近岸浓度高,随着离岸距离的增加而降低的整体规律。进一步研究表明,各孢粉类型的分布和传播机制不同,主要是受邻岸植被和水流作用影响。松属花粉在近岸区域呈现高浓度分布,可能是受季风和水流强度的共同影响;栎属、草本植物花粉的传播都和洋流有关;蕨类孢子仅仅出现一个高值区,可能是海底地形和海流相互作用的结果。孢粉指示的现代沉积环境研究结果将有助于泥质区沉积记录识别与古环境重建。     

桦甸盆地始新世孢粉特征及其古气候指示意义

系统研究了桦甸盆地始新世植物孢粉的特征,并采用共存因子分析法定量重建该区始新世气候变化。通过详细鉴定和统计,桦甸盆地始新世桦甸组共鉴定出孢粉85属100种,以被子植物花粉占绝对优势,其中栎粉、椴粉、桤木粉和榆粉含量较高,裸子植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子含量较低,孢粉组合中热带-亚热带分子较多,但含量低于温带及亚热带,属北亚热带温暖湿润气候。通过共存分析获得的桦甸盆地始新世气候参数:年均温为13.6℃~18.4℃、最热月均温23.6℃~27.9℃、最冷月均温5.5℃~7.8℃、年降雨量887~1 206 mm、最湿月降雨量187~236 mm、最干月降雨量16~41mm、最温暖月降雨量45~143 mm。相比较于吉林东部珲春盆地始新世的孢粉植物群和古气候,差异不大,均属典型的温暖湿润的气候环境。     

青海共和盆地达连海湖泊流域的表土孢粉研究

对青海共和盆地内的达连海湖泊流域54个样点进行植被调查及表土花粉分析,研究了植被与表土花粉之间的关系. 结果显示： 表土花粉组合可反映出该区植被的总体特征;达连海湖泊流域花粉沉积来源于整个流域植被,花粉与主要植被类型之间相关性良好,但不能完全反映出群落的建群种、优势种和盖度等. 蒿属和藜科花粉具有超代表性,禾本科表现为低代表性,蒿/藜比具有区域植被生态特点与气候指示意义,在不同的植被区域A/C变化明显;影响达连海湖泊流域表土花粉组合的主要控制因素是风力作用.     

Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments and their environmental implications on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The relationships amongst modern pollen assemblages, vegetation, climate and human activity are the basis for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental changes using pollen records. It is important to determine these relationships at regional scales due to the development of vegetation under different climatic conditions and human activities. In this paper, we report on an analysis of modern pollen assemblages of 31 surface lake samples from 31 lakes (one sample per lake) on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau where the knowledge of modern pollen and their relationships with vegetation, climate and human activities is insufficient. The region includes five vegetation zones: sub‐alpine shrub steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow and steppe ecotone, mountain desert and alpine desert. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (50–500 mm) and mean annual temperature (?8 to 6 °C). Modern pollen assemblages from our samples mainly consist of herb taxa (Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, etc.) and some tree taxa (Pinus, Fagaceae, Alnus, etc.). The results indicate that modern pollen assemblages are able to reflect the main vegetation distribution. Redundancy analysis for the main pollen types and environmental variables shows that precipitation is the leading factor that influences the pollen distribution in the study area with the first axis capturing 13.7% of the variance in the pollen data set. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is valid for separating the desert component (<2) from the steppe and other vegetation zones (>2) but is unable to distinguish moisture variations. The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio is able to identify meadows (<1) and steppes (>1) and can be used as a moisture index on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that an appropriate range is needed for a modern pollen data set in order to perform pollen‐based quantitative climate reconstructions in one region. It is essential to perform modern studies before using pollen ratios to reconstruct palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate at a regional scale.     

Pollen distribution in large freshwater lake of arid region: a case study on the surface sediments from Bosten Lake,Xinjiang, China

The interpretation of the pollen records from lake sediments is always hampered by a lack of information relating to different pollen production, transportation, deposition, and preservation. It is important to understand the modern process of pollen sedimentation and its climatic implications. This paper presents results from a palynological study on 61 surface sediments samples from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China. Our results suggest that Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia dominate the modern pollen assemblages and have stable percentages at most sites of the lake basin except for the estuary area. Pollen Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is about 0.5, indicating the dry climate of the region. Principle Components Analysis (PCA) of pollen data can identify the pollen samples as several ecological groups from different parts of the lake. Pollen transportation dynamics and the mixing effect of lake currents and waves on pollen deposition have affected the pollen assemblages. The distribution of Typha pollen seems to be affected by the location where the parent plants grow. Picea pollen has higher percentages at estuary area, suggesting fluvial transport. Pollen concentration has high values at the central part of the lake basin due to the sedimentation focusing process effect. Our results suggest that the pollen assemblages of the sediment core from the central part of the lake can potentially record the regional vegetation history.     

青藏高原与黄土高原毗邻地区晚更新世以来孢粉植物群及沉积环境

本文对青藏高原与黄土高原毗邻地区近20个剖面(点)的黄土沉积进行了孢粉分析表明,自晚更新世以来,研究区黄土剖面中古土壤层的孢粉种类、数量以及木本植物花粉成分均比黄土中多得多,反映了该时期研究区的气候条件比现今要温和湿润,植被较繁茂,以后逐渐旱化,但并不连续。此阶段研究区主要植物群的演替规律是:针叶林→森林草原→草原。     

黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉与累积花粉组合特征初步研究*

对从2011年9月至2012年6月在黄河兰州段采集的24个水样进行了孢粉分析,并探讨了河流搬运花粉组合随时间变化的特征以及累积花粉的组合状况。结果表明,河流中花粉组合和花粉浓度随时间具有明显的变化,春夏时段花粉组合以榆属、杨属、柳属和桦属等乔木花粉为主,秋冬时段以蒿属、藜科等草本花粉为主,且花粉浓度和河流含沙量有较好的正相关关系。根据河水流量与花粉浓度积分计算得出样品采集时段的累积花粉通量,其组合特征与各时间点的花粉组合具有明显的差异,表明单个时间节点花粉组合由于影响因素较多不能够反映流域植被状况,而累积花粉组合可以指示泥沙和花粉源区的植被状况。本研究中黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉可能指示黄河兰州段以上至刘家峡水库之间黄土区的植被情况。     

The importance of plant macrofossils in the reconstruction of Lateglacial vegetation and climate: examples from Scotland,western Norway,and Minnesota,USA

Lateglacial and early Holocene (ca 14–9000 ¹⁴C yr BP; 15–10,000 cal yr BP) pollen records are used to make vegetation and climate reconstructions that are the basis for inferring mechanisms of past climate change and for validating palaeoclimate model simulations. Therefore, it is important that reconstructions from pollen data are realistic and reliable. Two examples of the need for independent validation of pollen interpretations are considered here. First, Lateglacial-interstadial Betula pollen records in northern Scotland and western Norway have been interpreted frequently as reflecting the presence of tree-birch that has strongly influenced the resulting climate reconstructions. However, no associated tree-birch macrofossils have been found so far, and the local dwarf-shrub or open vegetation reconstructed from macrofossil evidence indicates climates too cold for tree-birch establishment. The low local pollen production resulted in the misleadingly high percentage representation of long-distance tree-birch pollen. Second, in the Minnesotan Lateglacial Picea zone, low pollen percentages from thermophilous deciduous trees could derive either from local occurrences of the tree taxa in the Picea/Larix forest or from long-distance dispersal from areas further south. The regionally consistent occurrence of low pollen percentages, even in sites with local tundra vegetation, and the lack of any corresponding macrofossil records support the hypothesis that the trees were not locally present. Macrofossils in the Picea zone represent tundra vegetation or Picea/Larix forest associated with typically boreal taxa, suggesting it was too cold for most thermophilous deciduous trees to grow. Any long-distance tree pollen is not masked by the low pollen production of tundra and Picea and Larix and therefore it is registered relatively strongly in the percentage pollen spectra.Many Lateglacial pollen assemblages have no recognisable modern analogues and contain high representations of well-dispersed ‘indicator’ taxa such as Betula or Artemisia. The spectra could have been derived from vegetation types that do not occur today, perhaps responding to the different climate that resulted from the different balance of climate forcing functions then. However, the available contemporaneous plant-macrofossil assemblages can be readily interpreted in terms of modern vegetation communities, suggesting that the pollen assemblages could have been influenced by mixing of locally produced pollen with long-distance pollen from remote vegetation types that are then over-represented in situations with low local pollen production. In such situations, it is important to validate the climate reconstructions made from the pollen data with a macrofossil record.     

Modern Vegetation and Pollen Relationships in Four Southwestern Atlantic Coastal Lagoons

Pollen studies and their relationship with modern vegetation facilitate paleoecological reconstructions while changes in pollen abundance are indicators of environmental fluctuations. We analyzed the relationships between recent pollen deposits in the sediments of four Uruguayan coastal lagoons and catchment vegetation and analyzed the temporal dynamics of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). We mapped terrestrial vegetation, sampled SAV biomass, and analyzed the pollen record in each lagoon. The sediment samples represented the last 49–76 years of deposition, and most vegetation types were well represented in the pollen records. Pollen of Chenopodiaceae, proposed as indicators of saltmarshes, decreased in the surface samples of all lagoons, possibly due to the salinity reduction promoted by precipitation changes in the region. Pollen of SAV was found in all lagoons but with gaps in the record, and a submerged vegetated phase was recorded. Simultaneous botanical and pollen analyses better captured the large fluctuations of SAV in coastal lagoons.     

Vegetation and Climate Inferred from Pollen Record in East Asian Region During MIS 5: A Review

The last interglacial, Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5, about 71~128 ka BP), is the closest to modern interglacial period, in which there are identifiable patterns that could give us clues into what will happen in the future. Pollen analysis, the study of fossil pollen and spores, is one of the key methods for the reconstruction of past vegetation and environment. Pollen data from 23 sites in eastern Asian region were reviewed to document regional patterns of vegetation and climate change during MIS 5 and to understand the large-scale controls on these changes. The regional patterns of vegetation during MIS 5 can be compared with the present-day vegetation. The climate, inferred from pollen record, was not stable during MIS 5. The substages (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and 5e) of MIS 5 can be identi?ed by pollen assemblages in some areas, which describe the imprint of orbital-scale climate oscillations. East Asian monsoons have significantly contributed to the environment of modern eastern Asian monsoon region during MIS 5. However, the climate in Japan is also affected by the ocean currents and westerly circulation. The climate of the Tibetan Plateau is controlled by interactions of competing factors, including Indian monsoons, westerlies, and topography. In eastern Asian region, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, the high-resolution pollen records need to be further studied for the better understanding of the climate change.     

东亚地区MIS 5时期孢粉记录的植被与气候研究进展

末次间冰期(深海氧同位素5阶段,MIS 5,71~128 ka BP)离现代间冰期最近,对其认识有助于预测未来环境,而化石孢粉是恢复古植被与古气候的重要指标。通过对选择出的东亚地区孢粉记录的具有年代数据和孢粉图谱的古植被和气候研究的综合分析,初步认为:①MIS 5的植被格局可与现代间冰期即全新世的植被格局对比。②各区孢粉记录了MIS 5气候波动,部分地区可划分出5a,5b,5c,5d和5e,存在轨道尺度变化,千年尺度事件较少发现。③东亚季风是影响现代东亚季风区环境的主要因素,但日本可能还受到西风环流和洋流的影响;西风、印度季风和地形是影响青藏高原环境的主要因素。④东亚地区,特别是干旱半干旱区,分辨率较高的孢粉记录的环境变化仍需更深入的研究。