我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应

利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。     

黑河地区大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响

利用１９９１年２月下旬至５月中旬ＨＥＩＦＥ张掖绿洲和沙漠站大气浑浊度观测和地面辐射平衡各个分量观测资料,分析和估算了大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响,晴天大气透过率和达地面的短波辐射与大气浑浊度系数有产好的负相关,大气军浊系数增大时透过率和地面总辐射减少,大气浑浊度系数增大０．１,地面总辐射减少１．３％～１．９％,４月大气浑浊度由０．１增大到０．６,正午时刻地面总辐射减少６７．６～８５．８Ｗ／ｍ＾２     

中国西北大气沙尘对地气系统和大气辐射加热的影响

利用ＨＥＩＦＥ地面辐射平衡观测资料以及ＮＯＡＡ１１／ＡＶＨＲＲ卫星测量资料,三算我国西北大气沙尘对地－气系统和大所中辐向 热率的影响。１９９１年２月下旬－５月中旬１１天的计算表明,春季大气沙尘的辐身躯效应与地表状况有关;在高地表反照率的沙漠上空,大气沙尘的短波辐射效应为减小行星反照率增暖气－气系统,同时吸收太阳辐射增暖大气大气顶射出长波辐射对大气沙尘的变化并不敏感,但大气尘尘增加大气的长波冷却;在     

秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究

利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。     

东莞市辐射强度特征及影响因子

东莞观测站采用地面辐射基准站网(BSRN)通用的荷兰Kipp & Zonen设备,进行太阳短波辐射和地面、大气长波辐射观测。利用2010年8月—2011年7月的观测数据,用统计分析的方法,得到地面太阳短波辐射和地面、大气长波辐射强度的变化特征,并初步分析了影响辐射强度变化的因子。结果表明,东莞市各月的太阳总辐射平均值呈现单峰值变化,且夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,短波辐射各分量的日变化也呈明显单峰型变化特征;长波辐射的日、月变化趋势较平缓;东莞市全年各月净辐射通量平均值均为正值。云是影响太阳辐射强度变化的显著因子,对直接辐射的衰减更明显,多云天气的总辐射、直接辐射全年平均衰减率分别为11%、34%,阴天总辐射、直接辐射全年平均衰减率分别达到47%、83%。大气透明度对短波辐射和长波辐射强度变化均产生影响,无霾日总辐射、直接辐射、反射辐射强度均比灰霾日强,而散射辐射则较弱,灰霾日的天空长波辐射及地面长波辐射强度稍强于无霾日。还探讨了总辐射观测值与理论值的差异,推测水汽对短波辐射的衰减是造成太阳短波辐射平衡存在差异的原因之一。      

酒泉绿洲夏季大气边界层加热(冷却)特征初探

利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究”的观测资料和酒泉站的地面和探空气象资料,计算了酒泉绿洲夏季大气边界层的加热（冷却）率,分析了酒泉绿洲近地面层和行星边界层的大气加热（冷却）率逐日变化,研究了不同典型天气下大气加热（冷却）率的变化特征。结果表明,酒泉绿洲近地面层和行星边界层内,大气加热（冷却）率具有明显的逐日变化特征;近地面层和行星边界层及整个大气层白天的大气加热率和夜晚的大气冷却率基本相当,大气能量基本守恒;日照时数、云量和特殊天气过程（如冷空气活动、沙尘天气和降水等）对大气加热（冷却）率有很大影响。     

东莞市典型天气的辐射特征及影响因子分析

通过对东莞观测站进行太阳辐射观测,得到2011年1—12月数据,来统计分析地面太阳短波辐射和地面、大气长波辐射的变化特征。分析典型天气的辐射特征及影响这些辐射变化的因子。结果表明:晴天向下短波辐射、反射辐射、地面长波辐射日总量最大,阴天次之,雨天最小。阴天和雨天的大气长波辐射均大于晴天。有云、雨的天气,净辐射的量值及其日变化特征都受到不同程度的影响。     

藏北高原地面辐射收支的初步分析

利用“全球能量与水循环亚洲季风之青藏高原试验”GAME／Tibet(GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment in the Tibetan Plateau)1998年加强期(IOP)观测资料,分析研究了藏北高原地区草甸下垫面在季风前、季风中、季风后的太阳短波向下辐射、大气长波向下辐射、地面长波向上辐射、地面短波向上辐射、净辐射及地表反射率等特征,得到了藏北高原地区草甸下垫面辐射特征的新认识。     

干旱地区大气与地表特征对辐射加热场的影响

本文利用美国犹他大学气象系的辐射和云参数化模式，对ＨＥＩＦＥ期间张掖地区１９９１年春、夏、秋、冬四季资料进行了计算，讨论了晴天条件下的大气状况态地表反射率与地表比辐射率等因子对地气系统的太阳辐射收支以及短波加热率与长波冷却率分布的影响；揭示了不同季节的整层大气反射、透过与吸收特征，分析了大气中各主要吸收成分对加热率与冷却率的贡献，同时就辐射模式的垂直分辨率对加热率与冷却率的影响亦作了讨论。     

西藏羊八井和纳木错太阳辐射特征分析

为了研究青藏高原地区太阳短波辐射,特别是其与大气因子、天空状况定量关系对高原辐射收支及其对东亚天气气候的作用,利用羊八井和纳木错2个高原腹地站一年的高时间分辨率观测资料并结合NCEP/DOE再分析资料,分析了太阳总辐射的变化特征,并通过短波通量透过率分析了各因素对短波辐射的作用.结果表明,羊八井和纳木错晴天通量透过率均较高,分别达0.807和0.817,且变动性很小,与两站地形高度和纬度有明显关系;云的存在使两站接收到的短波辐射的差异减小,羊八井和纳木错的年平均通量透过率分别为0.674和0.675,高原云的存在与变化使通量透过率产生强烈的时间变化.与地面观测的太阳短波辐射资料相比,在完全无云的晴天,NCEP同化太阳短波辐射资料对高原地区的模拟效果较好,但存在偏小的误差,羊八井和纳木错分别平均偏小5.74％和8.49％;考虑云天后,NCEP再分析值与实测值对比关系的离散度大,并总体偏高,在应用时需特别注意.     

Long-wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere

Results from measurements of long-wave radiative flux divergence on calm, cloudless nights from within an urban canyon are presented. Results show the existence of three-dimensional (volume) radiative divergence in the canyon-air system. The results are compared with air temperature cooling rates (energy storage change) in the canyon. With calm, cloudless conditions, radiative divergence is the dominant mechanism controlling air temperature changes. In the early part of the night this results in air cooling, but radiative warming was commonly observed after midnight. Canyon-air volume radiative divergence is found to be considerably less than that observed previously above roof-level, and in rural areas. Measured cooling rates in the canyon are poorly predicted by a surface-oriented cooling approach. This again points to the importance of the atmospheric radiation balance.     

A mathematical note on the slow diffusive character of the long-wave radiative transfer in the stable atmospheric nocturnal boundary layer

A simple equation of diffusion is derived from the longwave radiative flux transfer equation for the atmospheric stable nocturnal boundary layer. This simplification is valid with clear-sky conditions, light wind speeds and near the top of the inversion layer which has already been established.The known physical behavior of such a layer in the given conditions (the weak and slow destabilization, and spreading of the top of the inversion layer) is explained by this simple equation of mathematical physics instead of a complicated expression written in terms of the net longwave radiative flux divergence.     

On the interaction of turbulent and radiative transfers in the surface layer

The turbulent heat flux is usually assumed constant with height in the atmospheric surface layer. The validity of this hypothesis is known to be questionable, due to a possible variation along the vertical of the infrared radiative heat flux.This problem is approached theoretically, using semi-empirical expressions for emissivities, and assuming logarithmic temperature and humidity profiles. A first approximation of the radiative heat flux divergence is thus obtained analytically, as a function of the surface layer parameters. Numerical application to the case of an underlying water surface reveals appreciable variations of the radiative and turbulent heat fluxes in the first ten meters of the atmosphere, especially when wind velocity is low and humidity is high.These preliminary results are presented here for discussion. If accepted, they could lead to a reinterpretation of some experimental data, and should permit an extension of turbulent transfer theories to the case of a variable heat flux.Chargé de Recherches au C.N.R.S.Assistant I.N.R.A., Station de Bioclimatologie de Montfavet.Contributed paper to IUGG-IAMAP-AMS Conference on Planetary Boundary Layers, Boulder (Colorado), March 18–21, 1970.     

Vertical fluxes in katabatic flows

Katabatic flow is a dynamical process occurring on relatively calm, clear nights above sloping terrain. Its existence is dependent on long-wave radiative transfer, particularly radiative flux divergence within the air itself, for both its generation and (it is concluded here), along with advective warming, for much of its retardation.Utilising sounding data closely spaced in time, a discussion is presented of the importance of surface shear, interfacial shear, advective warming and radiative divergence in a strong katabatic flow. It is concluded that radiative divergence is important in generating static and dynamic instabilities in the flow. The role of radiative cooling in mixing of momentum has largely been ignored so far, and might explain why higher-order models tend to overestimate katabatic speeds on smooth slopes.     

Aircraft Observations of Sea-Surface Turbulent Fluxes Near the California Coast

Aircraft turbulence data from the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network project were analyzed and compared to the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parametrization of turbulent fluxes in an ocean area near the coast of California characterized by complex atmospheric flow. Turbulent fluxes measured at about 35 m above the sea surface using the eddy-correlation method were lower than bulk estimates under unstable and stable atmospheric stratification for all but light winds. Neutral turbulent transfer coefficients were used in this comparison because they remove the effects of mean atmospheric conditions and atmospheric stability. Spectral analysis suggested that kilometre-scale longitudinal rolls affect significantly turbulence measurements even near the sea surface, depending on sampling direction. Cross-wind sampling tended to capture all the available turbulent energy. Vertical soundings showed low boundary-layer depths and high flux divergence near the sea surface in the case of sensible heat flux but minimal flux divergence for the momentum flux. Cross-wind sampling and flux divergence were found to explain most of the observed discrepancies between the measured and bulk flux estimates. At low wind speeds the drag coefficient determined with eddy correlation and an inertial dissipation method after corrections were applied still showed high values compared to bulk estimates. This discrepancy correlated with the dominance of sea swell, which was a usually observed condition under low wind speeds. Under stable atmospheric conditions measured sensible heat fluxes, which usually have low values over the ocean, were possibly affected by measurement errors and deviated significantly from bulk estimates.     

Etude de la couche limite de surface sahelienne — Experience Yantala

This paper presents data concerning the energy budget in the surface layer in the Sahel region (a semi-desert area). The results are drawn from a measurement campaign made in the Niamey region in the Niger, in April–May 1984 (the Yantala Campaign). The sensible heat flux is computed with the profile method, the ground heat flux is deduced from measurement of the temperature field, and the radiative net flux is measured directly with a balancemeter. The latent heat flux, which is deduced from the energy budget balance is very weak and within the accuracy limit of the method. The diurnal variation of the net flux is symmetrical, with a maximum at noon. On the other hand, the sensible heat flux variation is asymmetrical, with an afternoon decrease much slower than the morning increase. After 3.30 pm, it becomes higher than the net flux. This is compensated for by the sign change of the ground heat flux, whose maximum is found in the morning at 11 am. The second part of this paper shows the importance of one term in the surface-layer energy budget: the long-wave radiative divergence between the ground and the top of the surface layer in high superadiabatic conditions. We show, with a radiative model on the one hand and direct measurement of the radiative divergence on the other hand, that this term reaches several tens of W m^-2 in the superadiabatic conditions found in the Sahel region.      

Global energy budget changes to high latitude North Atlantic cooling and the tropical ITCZ response

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in atmospheric general circulation models (coupled to slab ocean) shift southwards in response to northern extratropical cooling. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of diagnosing the atmospheric energy fluxes in interpreting this teleconnection. This study investigates the nature of global energy flux changes in response to North Atlantic high latitude cooling applied to the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 coupled to a slab ocean, focusing on key local and remote feedbacks that collectively act to alter the energy budget and atmospheric energy transport. We also investigate the relative roles of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and energy flux changes in the ITCZ response to North Atlantic cooling. Using a radiative kernel technique, we quantify the effects of key feedbacks—temperature, cloud and water vapor, to the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux changes. The results show only partial local energy flux compensation to the initial perturbation in the high latitudes, originating from the negative temperature feedback and opposed by positive shortwave albedo and longwave water vapor feedbacks. Thus, an increase in the atmospheric energy transport to the Northern extratropics is required to close the energy budget. The additional energy flux providing this increase comes from top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux increase over the southern tropics, primarily from cloud, temperature and longwave water vapor feedbacks, and largely as a consequence of increased deep convection. It has been previously argued that the role of tropical SST changes was secondary to the role played by the atmospheric energy flux requirements in controlling the ITCZ shifts, proposing that the SST response is a result of the surface energy budget and not a driver of the precipitation response. Using a set of idealized simulations with the fixed tropical SSTs, we demonstrate that the ITCZ shifts are not possible without the tropical SST changes and suggest that the tropical SSTs are a more suitable driver of tropical precipitation shifts compared to the atmospheric energy fluxes. In our simulations, the ITCZ shifts are influenced mainly by the local (tropical) SST forcing, apparently independent of the actual high latitude energy demand.     

On the Contrasting Decadal Changes of Diurnal Surface Temperature Range between the Tibetan Plateau and Southeastern China during the 1980s–2000s

The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.     

利用简单生物圈模式SiB2模拟锡林浩特草原地表湍流通量

利用简单生物圈模式SiB2模拟了2007年7月1日至9月30日期间锡林浩特草原的地表能量分配、CO2通量、地表有效辐射温度和土壤湿度.采用锡林浩特国家气候观象台野外试验基地实地测量资料确定SiB2所需要的参数和初始值后,由该资料中30 min一次的太阳短波辐射、大气长波辐射、水汽压、气温、水平风速和降水驱动SiB2,最...     

Statistics of shallow convection on Mars based on large-eddy simulations. Part 1: shearless conditions

Results of large-eddy simulations of shallow, quasi-steady, shear-less convection in the Martian boundary layer are presented and discussed. In the considered three cases, turbulence is forced by the radiative flux divergence, prescribed as given functions of height, and the strength of the surface heat flux. It is constrained by the temperature inversion at the boundary-layer top. The resulting convective boundary layer exhibits horizontal cellular structures. The presence of radiative heating causes dimensionless statistics of turbulence to depend on the parameter F, defined in terms of the integrated radiative and turbulent heating rates in the boundary layer.