利用时域反射仪测定的土壤水分估算农田蒸散量

简要介绍了时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量的原理和方法,根据TDR实测的土壤水分和农田水量平衡原理,估算了冬小麦生育期内不同供水条件下的农田蒸散量,探讨了TDR探针不同埋设方式对测定土体贮水量以及对估算的农田蒸散量的影响,根据充分供水区测定的最大可能蒸散量、非充分供水区的实际蒸散量,以及用气象资料计算的参考作物蒸散量,分别计算了冬小麦生育期内的作物系物Kc和土壤水分胁迫系数Ks。     

渍水麦田土壤水分动态模型研究

根据土壤水分平衡原理，建立了一个反映土壤渍水、可与小麦生长模型耦合的土壤水分动态模型，尤其考虑了因地下水位较浅而引起的毛管上升水量和土壤导水率的变化对土壤含水量的影响。采用盆栽小麦水分试验资料验证了日蒸散量的模拟值，利用湖北荆州农业气象试验站和江苏金坛农业气象试验站的土壤水分历史资料对建立的模型进行了综合测试和验证，结果表明:蒸散量、地下水位和0～50 cm土壤含水量的模拟值与实测值具有较好的一致性，模型能可靠地预测多雨和渍水地区麦田土壤水分的变化动态     

旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡的模拟

从农田土壤水分平衡方程出发，综合考虑了农田水分的主要收支项，特别是对水分渗漏量估算进行了必要的改进，建立了旱地农田土壤水分的动态模型。运用地处半干旱气候区的甘肃天水和陕西经阳气象站气象资料和非灌溉作物地土壤水分观测资料摸拟了农田土壤水分的逐旬变化，其结果比较理想地描述了实际农田土壤水分变化规律。     

基于涡度相关的春玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散模拟

作物系数是计算作物蒸散量的关键参数。利用2006—2008年和2011年辽宁锦州玉米农田生态系统的涡度相关、气象、作物发育期及叶面积指数观测数据,分析不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数特征及其与叶面积指数的关系。研究表明:作物系数与玉米农田实际蒸散均呈单峰型变化,约在7月末至8月初达到最大值 (玉米开花吐丝期)。在此基础上,建立了不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数与叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平), 同时,采用积温表示的标准化生育期方法模拟相对叶面积指数,并建立了逐日作物系数与相对叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平),解决了无叶面积观测地区玉米逐日实际蒸散量的计算。研究结果可为玉米农田用水管理以及灌溉措施的制定提供参考。     

怀来地区蒸渗仪测定玉米田蒸散发分析

利用2012年和2013年怀来遥感综合试验站蒸渗仪、涡动相关仪和自动气象站观测资料,分析了土壤蒸发和玉米农田蒸散的日、季节变化,用多元回归分析法研究了气象因子(净辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、风速)、土壤水分和农田蒸散量的关系,并将蒸渗仪蒸散观测值与涡动相关仪蒸散量观测值进行了比较。结果表明,土壤蒸发和玉米农田蒸散日变化曲线较一致,季节性差异明显;怀来地区日蒸散量与净辐射和土壤水分相关性较好,与其他影响因子相关性不明显;蒸渗仪的农田代表性受其观测范围内的作物长势影响显著,涡动相关仪观测的蒸散量与蒸渗仪观测值相关关系较好,蒸渗仪观测值较涡动相关仪观测值高10.5%,这是由于不能同周围农田进行热交换,蒸渗仪内平均土壤温度较农田高了9.5%,导致蒸渗仪对蒸散量的相对高估。     

内蒙古雨养农业区土壤水分动态监测模式

文章根据多年实际观测资料,在土壤水分平衡参数模拟方法的基础上,利用初始土壤有效水分贮存量、降水量和实际蒸散量3要素,建立了0～50 cm土层的土壤水分动态监测模式,确定了各项参数的计算方法。通过11个站点两年的检验和试用,对主要农作物春小麦和春玉米农田的水分状况监测准确率达80%以上。同时,对两个站点的土壤水分进行了预报,准确率平均为92%。     

内蒙古河套灌区春玉米作物系数试验研究

作物系数曲线是估算作物生长季耗水量变化的重要参数。基于2013年4—9月内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区田间水分试验和1994—2013年气象站观测资料,利用水量平衡法反求春玉米作物系数,分析生长季内的变化规律, 建立动态模拟方程,并与联合国粮农组织 (FAO) 分段直线法结果进行比较, 提出胁迫条件下作物系数的叶面积修正方法。结果表明:玉米作物系数随发育进程可用三项式曲线描述,变化趋势与产量水平无关, 但随产量增高而变幅增大;以出苗后相对积温为时间变量建立模拟方程效果较好,决定系数 (R2) 均在0.92以上;模拟计算出各站点最大 (1.30~1.48) 和平均 (0.831~0.919) 作物系数,与FAO分段直线法计算的典型值和区间值基本一致,生长中期平均相对误差为3.4%~7.2%;提出利用相对叶面积指数修正作物系数的计算方法;通过2014年实例检验,土壤水分模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差为6.3%,相对误差小于15%的占95.8%。     

锦州地区玉米农田生态系统水汽通量变化特征及其调控机制

基于2014年辽宁省锦州地区雨养玉米农田生态系统涡度相关观测数据,分析了锦州地区玉米农田生态系统水汽通量的变化特征,并结合小气候观测数据探讨了水汽通量的调控机制。结果表明:2014年锦州地区玉米农田生态系统各月水汽通量均呈明显的单峰型变化规律,玉米农田生态系统生长季日平均水汽通量可达非生长季的10.31倍。锦州玉米农田生态系统7月水汽通量最大,日最大水汽通量可达0.1202 g·m-2·s-1。玉米农田年蒸散量为417.37 mm,非生长季蒸散总量为49.57 mm,略大于同期降水量;生长季前期5月和6月玉米农田蒸散量占降水量的比例分别为52.0%、71.0%;7月、8月和9月玉米农田的蒸散量大于降水量,其中7月玉米农田的蒸散量为降水量的3.00倍,而此期间正值玉米开花授粉阶段,水分胁迫严重影响玉米产量。玉米农田生长季的水汽通量与净辐射存在显著的正相关关系,同时水汽通量在一定程度上受气温和饱和水汽压差的调控影响。     

半干旱区不同类型土地利用的蒸散量及水分收支差异分析——以通榆为例

利用吉林通榆半干旱区农田站和退化草地站2008年的外场试验观测资料,对比分析了不同土地利用方式对蒸散和地表水分收支的影响。结果表明：从全年来看,尽管两个站点相距仅5 km,但农田站的全年总蒸散量比代表自然土地覆盖状况的退化草地站高28.2 mm;且生长季两种下垫面的蒸散量较为接近,差异主要发生在非生长季。同时,农田站的年水分收支总量为51.1 mm,比退化草地站低35.6％。具体来说,生长季,两个站点的水分收支均有盈余;但在非生长季,退化草地站的水分收支仍有盈余,而农田站则处于水分亏损状态。这说明在半干旱区,代表人为土地利用状况的农田站面临着更大的水分供给压力,人类活动导致的土地利用会加剧该地区的干旱化趋势。
　　进一步的分析表明,水分盈余并不代表地表的水分状况良好。从 Priestley-Taylor 系数来看,两个站点的Priestley-Taylor系数均远小于1.0,说明在半干旱区,由于表层土壤水分条件的限制,实际蒸散量远未达到平衡蒸散量,土壤面临着水分供给的压力。其可能的原因是,对半干旱区而言,尽管水分收支有盈余,但是由于土壤沙化严重,土壤孔隙度大,大气降水很容易下渗,并以地下水的形式存储起来,使得表层土壤水分供应反而不足。     

科小麦分层农田土壤水分平衡模型

由土壤水分平衡方程出发，综合考虑农田土壤水分的主要收支项，加以适当处理，建立了旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡模型，模拟了地处半干旱地区的甘肃西峰地区1981－1985年冬小麦全生育期农田分层土壤水分的逐日变化，与实测值相比较，模式模拟效果较好。     

Prairie agroclimate boundary‐layer model: A simulation of the atmosphere/crop‐soil interface

Abstract

This paper describes a 1‐D agroclimatic model of the atmosphere/crop‐soil interface. Vertical profiles of wind, potential temperature and water vapour are constructed twice daily for the overnight‐low and maximum temperature times by combining 1200 and 0000 UTC upper‐air standard‐level grid‐point data with climatological observations. The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer has a surface constant‐flux layer that is usually topped by a mixed layer by day but not at night. The crop‐soil boundary layer consists of a shallow top‐zone and a growing root‐zone. Vegetation cover and root depth depend upon crop type and phenological stage. Water‐balance accounting tracks the moisture contents of both the top‐ and root‐zones. Evapotranspiration or the vertical flux of water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer is tied to the evolution of the crop‐soil boundary layer.

The model was calibrated using field data from the Regional Evaporation Study's primary site in an agricultural area of central Saskatchewan. The evolution of 1991's wheat‐soil boundary layer from the crop's heading to ripe stages was then successfully simulated at two additional sites in the same geographical area.     

一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式

将美国学者,Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｒｉｔｃｈｉｅ等研制的作物生长模拟模式（ＣＥＲＥＳ－小麦模式）中的土壤水分平衡子模式应用于我国半干旱地区甘肃省西峰市农业气象试验站固定地块麦地土壤水分的模拟,对原有模式中潜在蒸散、地表蒸发和作物蒸腾加以修正,同时,为增强模式的应用性能,引入一种由作物生育期来估算作物根系最大深度和土壤各层相对根密度的方法。改进后的土壤水分平衡模式取得较好的应用效果,为旱地农田土壤水分管理提供了一     

Effects of Crop Growth and Development on Land Surface Fluxes

In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model (CERES3.0) was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China: one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

作物生长对流域水文过程与区域气候的影响

利用区域气候模式RegCM3以及考虑作物生长过程的耦合模式RegCM3_CERES对东亚区域进行20年模拟,研究作物生长对流域水文过程与区域气候的影响。结果表明：考虑作物生长过程的耦合模式模拟海河流域、松花江流域、珠江流域多年平均降水效果明显改进,在除黑河流域外的各流域模拟的温度负偏差有所减小,其中在海河流域、淮河流域的夏季改进尤为明显。各流域夏季（6、7、8月）月蒸散量最高,其中长江流域、海河流域、淮河流域、珠江流域的夏季月蒸散量基本上在100 mm左右,并且七大流域蒸散发的季节变化趋势跟总降水基本一致。多数流域考虑作物生长过程的耦合模式模拟得出蒸散发减少且进入的水汽增加,导致局地水循环率减小;黑河流域与黄河流域降水有所增加,其他流域均有不同程度的减小。针对长江流域,比较耦合模式RegCM3_CERES与模式RegCM3模拟结果显示,叶面积指数减少1.20 m²/m²,根区土壤湿度增加0.01 m³/m³,进而导致潜热通量下降1.34 W/m²（其中在四川盆地地区减少16.00 W/m²左右）,感热通量增加2.04 W/m²,从而影响到降水和气温。     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

Application of a water balance model to estimating hay growth in the peace river region

Abstract

A model that uses daily climate data for calculating hay crop growth in the Peace River region of British Columbia was developed and evaluated using data obtained over four growing seasons. The performances of the ratio of growth to transpiration and the ratio of growth to transpiration (J) divided by vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in estimating crop growth were compared. Transpiration was calculated by subtracting evaporation losses from the soil and foliage from the calculated evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration was calculated using solar radiation and air temperature, and a one‐layer root zone water balance model, which accounted for soil water supply limitation. Soil water storage measurements showed that the water balance model worked well. The model provided satisfactory estimates of growing season yield of above‐ground dry matter. The use of the ratio of growth toT/ vpd showed no improvement in growth estimation over the ratio of growth to transpiration.     

陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。