PSP总日射表灵敏度系数的热偏移订正方法

PSP总日射表在我国一直作为标准总日射表和质量优良的辐射仪器在使用,2006年以前还曾作为国家散射标准,在太阳辐射量值传递中测量标准散射辐射,通过成分和法计算标准总日射辐照度。总日射表的校准在晴天条件下进行,此时天空无云,由于热偏移为负值,导致对短波灵敏度系数被低估。2011年10月14日—11月15日在北京密云上甸子大气本底站进行了对比观测试验,通过对不同总日射表热偏移订正方法的试验与研究,进行了5种热偏移订正方法的比较。通过订正,在用于室外成分和法校准时,PSP表的灵敏度系数的准确度可提高1%,进而提高总辐射的测量准确度。     

总日射表热偏移订正方法研究进展

准确的太阳总辐射测量对于校准卫星观测数据、验证辐射传输模式以及研究气候变化、定量评估太阳能资源是非常重要的。由于大部分总日射表采用热电堆原理制成,环境热噪声不可避免地影响了总日射表的测量精度,造成"热偏移"误差。近年来随着气候变化研究的深入开展,对于地面观测辐射的精度要求越来越高,有关总日射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究引起了国内外诸多学者的关注。该文综述了国内外有关研究进展:①总日射表热偏移的提出;②总日射表热偏移特征及其物理机制;③总日射表热偏移订正方法。并对存在的问题进行适当的评述,从而为我国的国产总辐射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究工作提供一定的参考和启示。     

黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦地表辐射和能量平衡特征

利用2006年4～7月黄土高原陆气相互作用试验实际观测资料,分析了黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦生长过程中不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现在不同天气条件下辐射平衡和能量平衡特征有很大变化。地面向上长波辐射在晴天、阴天、降水天时依次减小,到达峰值时间约滞后总辐射峰值到达时间1 h左右。大气向下长波辐射与地表向上长波恰恰相反,晴天量值最小,基本稳定在300 W·m-2左右,阴天和降水天依次增大。潜热是能量通量的主要消耗项,在夜间也大于零,夜间感热则为负值。土壤热通量达到峰值时间滞后于净辐射峰值到达时间约1.5 h,其日平均值晴天为正,阴天约为零,降水天则为负值。日平均波文比阴天大于晴天和降水天。植被覆盖度高时,土壤植被系统截留的总辐射也高。     

FS-J1四分量净全辐射表在北极地区的性能评测

在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。     

影响太阳总辐射各主要因子的分析

本文通过分析北京地区１９９０年１－１２月晴天与实际天气条件下的太阳辐射和常规气象观测资料，得到了描述晴天和实际天气条件下的太阳总辐射的一种关系式，并着重分析了影响到达地面的太阳总辐射各因子的主次作用。     

净全辐射表两种校准方法比较

该文介绍了净全辐射表的两种校准方法。使用长短波辐射表组成的净全辐射标准器组, 在不同环境条件下对现用标准净全辐射表和6台气象台站用工作级净全辐射表的灵敏度进行了测试, 通过试验了解检定环境条件下新的标准器组与现用标准器之间的关系, 分析了通过不同标准器组得到的工作级净全辐射表的测量结果, 得到了新的标准器组使用后检定结果的随机误差。通过数据对比分析, 得出使用新的标准组检定的净全辐射表, 其不确定度白天降低9.2%, 夜间降低5.2 %。     

东台西瓜大棚内外温度关系及高低温预警方法研究

根据东台大棚西瓜生产普遍模式和研究目的,建立相应的试验观测站,分别选择夜间低温样本和白天晴天条件样本,对资料序列进行分析。结果表明：夜间塑料大棚内温度与外界温度密切相关;白天晴天条件下大棚内温度与外界温度、太阳高度角、太阳光通过大气对流层的斜距等因子有着显著的相关关系。运用统计回归方法建立夜间低温条件下和白天晴天条件下大棚内外温度关系,达到较高的准确率和精度;结合冻害温度指标和发生冻害的可能性大小,确定夜间低温预警指标等级及温度范围,并对白天晴天条件下大棚内指标温度出现时间进行尝试性预测,有针对性地服务于大棚西瓜的生产过程。     

敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表热量和辐射平衡特征的研究

利用2000年5月25日～6月17日"敦煌试验"在戈壁的微气象观测资料,分析了极端干旱地区晴天、阴天和降水等天气条件下的地表辐射平衡、热量平衡和土壤温度等微气象特征的日变化规律.发现在不同天气条件微气象特征有很大变化.但观测期间的平均微气象特征与晴天比较接近,天气过程的影响不是很大,平均的总辐射、净辐射和感热通量与晴天的比值在白天基本大于0.8.观测期间的平均Bowen比全天大于1,在白天都在10以上,最大超过100.     

南疆沙漠腹地夏季晴天与沙尘日小气候观测对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2006年8月13-31日近地层微气象资料以及常规地面观测资料,选取晴天与沙尘日个例,采用波文比能量平衡方法,对比分析了晴天与沙尘日沙漠腹地的小气候和地表能量平衡特征.结果表明,晴天气温、地温日变化幅度均大于沙尘日,各深度地温极值出现时间滞后于沙尘日;晴天夜间近地层存在逆温,沙尘日具有等温性;晴天夜间比湿较大,白天较小,沙尘日夜间比湿变化平缓,在沙尘暴发生时,比湿急剧增大,并有弱的逆湿现象存在;沙尘日总辐射、反射辐射、净辐射和感热通量比晴天明显偏小,向下长波辐射却大于晴天,但潜热变化差异不太明显.     

青藏高原东部冬季小气候特征及地表辐射特征分析

利用玛曲地气相互作用试验2005年11月25日至2006年1月15日梯度站的观测资料,分析研究了青藏高原东部玛曲地区冬季小气候特征和地表辐射特征。结果表明,冬季玛曲地区存在较明显的局地环流,夜间有辐射逆温和逆湿现象存在。辐射各分量均小于青藏高原北部的观测值,晴天条件下太阳短波向下辐射和地面短波向上辐射均有明显的日变化规律。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;