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1.
于1993年7月-1995年7月,基于隐虾亚科绝大部分属的分类学,系统学、比较形态学研究及部分生物学文献资料并对17个属的标本进行解剖分析,以支序分析地隐虾亚科作了系统发育初步探讨。结果表明,隐虾亚科为一单系类群,起源于原始的行自由生活的长臂虾类祖先,该类群因躲避敌害而在石珊瑚形成的小空间中营隐蔽生活,逐渐发展到可与腔肠动物、棘皮动物、海绵动物、双壳类软体动物等营共栖生活与海绵动物和双壳类共栖才可  相似文献   

2.
隐虾类与海洋无脊椎动物的共栖关系(Ⅱ)   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
4隐虾类与腔肠动物的共栖关系隐虾类似乎对腔肠动物特别感兴趣,与之共栖者最多,达30属,但绝大多数是与珊瑚虫纲(Anthozoa),特别是石珊瑚目(Scleractinia)、柳珊瑚目(Gorgonacea)和海葵目(Actiniaria)共栖,这与珊瑚虫纲动物固着生活的习性,是珊瑚礁构造的主体,其结构,特别是群体的结构可形成大量的小空间,极适于隐虾类的生活习性大有关系以下分别简述隐虾类与腔肠动物各类群的共栖关系。4.1珊瑚虫纲4.1.1石珊瑚目隐虾类共有18属42种已确定与石珊瑚共栖,其中滨虾属…  相似文献   

3.
综述了我国海域无脊椎动物的分类学和系统演化研究的历史和概况,以及我国分类系统学工作者在海洋无脊椎动物分类学、区系与动物地理学、系统发育与分子系统学领域的主要工作,重点介绍了中国科学院海洋研究所的海洋无脊椎动物分类学工作。涉及类群包括原生动物、海绵动物、刺胞动物、线虫、多毛类环节动物、星虫、螠虫、软体动物、节肢动物、苔藓动物、毛颚动物、棘皮动物、半索动物等主要的无脊椎动物门类。涉及海域以我国管辖海域,特别是中国近海为主,也涉及了西太平洋、西南印度洋等深海环境的无脊椎动物类群的分类学报道。本文总结过去,展望未来,对于在我国在海洋无脊椎动物分类与系统演化研究领域成就基础上,发现薄弱环节,研讨今后本学科的发展方向,填补研究空白,赶超本领域国际前沿,都有重要借鉴意义。  相似文献   

4.
鼓虾Alpheus主要产于热带和亚热带浅海,以印度-西太平洋区的种类最为丰富。这类虾体型不大(有的种体长还不到10毫米,最大的也不超过100毫米),多为穴居或与其他无脊椎动物共栖,在潮间带或潮下带的泥沙底、碎石下、珊瑚礁的洞穴、海藻管内、某些海绵动物和腔肠动物的体内或体外,都可以找到它们。特别在珊瑚礁环境中,鼓虾不仅种类多,而且数量常常较大,是珊瑚礁生物群落的主要成员,因此成为珊瑚礁生态研究者特别注意的一个类群。 鼓虾及其近缘类群,如假鼓虾属Synalpheus,第一对步足特化成独特的螯足,左右一大一小,构造不同。大螯两指有特殊的发声结构,两指骤然合拢时,可动指上的突起打入不动指的臼窝,射出一股强劲的水流,同时发出响亮的爆音,是有力的御敌武器。它们大量成群时发出的声响此起彼落,形成相当强的噪声,能干扰水下通讯、声制导武器和潜艇的侦察等活动,因此,自第二次世界大战以来,这类虾的发声习性和所发声响的性质,引起了海洋生物学和水声学工作者的重视和研究。 体型较大的鼓虾,有些种在浅海的近岸区形成较密集的群体,如我国北方海区的鲜明鼓虾Alpheus heterocarpus (Yu),日本鼓虾A. japonicus Miers,南方海区的特异鼓虾A. distinguendus de Man 等种,成为沿岸渔业的捕捞对象,有一定的经济价值,水产工作者也希望了解它们的生物学特点和资源情况。因此,对鼓虾的分类、分布和生态进行研究,无论在海洋生物学或渔业资源开发方面都有一定的意义。 我国西沙群岛鼓虾的种类相当丰富,中国科学院海洋研究所和南海海洋研究所搜集了大量资料标本,正在整理研究。本文是根据南海海洋研究所1974和1975年两次西沙群岛调查所采集的标本写成,共描记18种和亚种,其中发现1新种,有14种为我国近海的新记录。这次采集的标本中数量最多的是细角鼓虾A. parvirostris Dana,其次是珊瑚鼓虾A. lottini Guerin、突脊鼓虾A. diadema Dana、珠脊鼓虫虾A. seurati Coutiere和牛头鼓虾A. bucephalus Coutiere 等。 另外的调查材料表明,我国南部海区鼓虾的种类很多,远远超过本文报道的数目,其研究结果将另行报道。  相似文献   

5.
2012年春季和夏季大潮期间在舟山嵊泗10个无居民海岛布设10个岩相潮间带断面进行底栖动物样品采集。经实验室鉴定,春季共采集到23种潮间带底栖动物,其中软体动物16种、甲壳动物6种、腔肠动物1种,潮间带底栖动物的平均生物量范围为907.52~3 402.43g/m2,优势种为鳞笠藤壶、厚壳贻贝和日本菊花螺;夏季共采集到34种潮间带底栖动物,其中软体动物23种,甲壳动物8种,腔肠动物、海绵动物和多毛类各1种,潮间带底栖动物的平均生物量范围为358.09~4 790.95g/m2,优势种为厚壳贻贝、疣荔枝螺和紫贻贝。潮间带底栖动物的区系按温度性质可分为沿海广温广布种、亚热带种、暖温带种三大主要类群。春季和夏季潮间带底栖动物的多样性指数均较低,分布不均匀。通过ABC曲线分析发现,潮间带底栖动物已受到一定程度的环境污染或人为干扰。  相似文献   

6.
张志峰 《海洋通报》1994,13(2):50-54
对青岛东风盐场东半区底栖动物的各类组成和数量分布进行了调查。共获得底栖动物28种,其中腔肠动物1种,多毛类8种,软体动物9种,甲壳动物7种,昆虫幼虫2种,鱼类1种;总平均生物量为68.47g/m^2;总栖息密度为5048个/m^2。生物量组成以软体动物 为主要类群,占总生物量的50.9%,栖息密度组成以甲壳动物为优势类群,占95.33%;底栖动物分布不均,高生物量和高栖息密度均集中在2号站,且该站底栖动物种类也相对多样化。  相似文献   

7.
黄河口黄盖鲽的食性及摄食的季节性变化   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
窦硕增  杨纪明 《海洋学报》1992,14(6):103-112
923尾黄河口黄盖鲽Pseudo pleuronectes yokohamae(Gunther)成鱼的胃含物分析结果表明,黄盖鲽系广食性、底栖生物食性,主要摄食多毛类、软体动物类、棘皮动物类、甲壳类及腔肠动物类50余种食物,它终年摄食,仅在产卵期间稍有减弱,其食物类群及种类组成均有明显的季节性变化,表明鱼类的摄食与食物保障密切相关.  相似文献   

8.
渤海底栖动物种类组成和数量分布   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文报道了渤海底栖动物的种类组成和数量分布。调查共获得276种底栖动物,其中腔肠动物9种,多毛类115种,软体动物75种,甲壳类59种,棘皮动物12种和脊索动物6种。生物量和栖息密度分布趋势基本一致,平均分别为22.76g/m~2和343个/m~2。生物量组成中主要是软体动物,平均为13.37g/m~2,占总生物量的58.7%。栖息密度组成中主要是甲壳类,平均为132个/m~2,占总栖息密度的38.6%。  相似文献   

9.
长臂虾科(Caridea:Palaemonidae)是真虾类中最大的科级单元之一,为了探索长臂虾科内部的系统演化关系,作者采用从Genbank中下载的长臂虾科两亚科(Palaemoninae,Pontoniinae)14属30种长臂虾的线粒体16s rRNA基因序列片段,以鼓虾科(Alpheidae)细足鼓虾(Alpheus gracilipes)为外群分析长臂虾亚科和隐虾亚科之间的系统发育关系。在获得的466个序列位点中,变异位点263个,简约信息位点213个。DNA序列分析显示,隐虾亚科的德曼隐虾属(Manipontonia)与长臂虾亚科的遗传距离(0.211)要小于其与所在亚科的遗传距离(0.245);此属在基于贝叶斯法(BI)和邻接法(NJ)构建的系统发育树中也与长臂虾亚科的种属聚合为一支,然后与隐虾亚科种属聚合的一支成为姊妹群。结合此属与长臂虾亚科尾瘦虾属(Urocaridella)形态相似的特征,建议对德曼隐虾属在长臂虾科中的分类地位进行重新评估。除隐虾亚科德曼隐虾属聚合到长臂虾亚科聚类簇外,两亚科所属的其他种属各自聚合为一支,在系统树中互为姊妹群,支持将长臂虾分为两亚科的分类系统。  相似文献   

10.
在相同的分离培养条件下,为比较地域差别较大的福建海域海绵动物(山海绵Mycale sp.和网架海绵Stylissa sp.)和海南海域海鞘动物(皱瘤海鞘Styela plicata和乳突皮海鞘Molgula manhattensis)之间可培养放线菌多样性的差异,作者采用5种放线菌分离培养基和1种细菌通用培养基,对海绵和海鞘中的放线菌进行分离培养。采用16S rRNA 基因限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP)分析和序列分析,揭示其多样性。共获得可培养放线菌198株,其中从海绵中分离到87株放线菌,从海鞘中分离到111株放线菌。RFLP分析表现为38种不同的图谱类型。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,从海绵中分离到的放线菌包括6个放线菌属,其中有2株菌的16S rRNA基因序列与最相近的菌株相似性低于97%,可能是潜在的新菌株;从海鞘中分离到的放线菌包括7个放线菌属,有8株可能是潜在的新菌株。比较海绵和海鞘中可培养放线菌的多样性发现,从海绵中分离到的放线菌,除节细菌(Arthrobacter)以外,均包括在海鞘分离的放线菌属中。海鞘相关放线菌多样性水平不容忽视,是除海绵之外另一获得新型放线菌资源以及药用天然活性产物的重要来源。  相似文献   

11.
细胞系的构建在生物学领域具有重要意义,与其他动物(如昆虫)不同,经过数十年的发展,海洋无脊椎动物细胞研究仍停留在原代培养水平,没有建立起克隆化的永生细胞系。本文主要介绍了近年来海洋无脊椎动物细胞培养的研究进展,还介绍了一个基本原理,即海洋无脊椎动物永生细胞系的建立,可以通过捕获细胞的干性而实现。捕获细胞干性的第一条途径是利用转录因子等直接由体细胞制备海洋动物的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)。第二条途径是获取海洋动物的成体干细胞(ASC)。这些细胞在维持机体活性、再生、无性克隆、体内增殖等方面起重要作用。当培养条件正确时,海洋无脊椎动物iPS细胞和ASC将会保持其原始状态,利用干细胞自我复制的固有能力、不分化地进行增殖而形成永生细胞系。  相似文献   

12.
Current knowledge of the biodiversity of the symbiotic marine siphonostomatoids from South African waters (136 species) is sparse compared to that globally (1 388 species). The difference is especially apparent when taking into account the diversity of fish (more than 2 000 species) and invertebrates (approximately 12 914 species) found in South African waters, all of which are all potential hosts of symbiotic siphonostomatoids. Most reports of symbiotic siphonostomatoids from South African waters are from Chondrichthyes and represent 80% of the currently known families and about 66% of the known genera. Taxonomic studies on the siphonostomatoids also provide information about their morphology, biology, habitat preference and host association, as well as the distribution of species and their associated host taxa. Molecular analysis, especially sequencing, provides additional information on the existence of cryptic species and population structure, but has high financial costs and a very low success rate in DNA isolation and PCR amplification. Reported declines in abundance of piscivorous fish species, for example, as a result of fishing pressure, with possible synergistic effects of environmental changes, and also the reported potential effects of anthropogenic and climate change on the broader coastal biota, may result in the loss of siphonostomatoid species before they can be described. Furthermore, in South Africa, there is a lack of professional taxonomists to study poorly known groups and this situation will not improve while research emphasis remains on commercially important groups and while taxonomic studies are not recognised for their value in research programmes.  相似文献   

13.
Fluorescent dyes and inhibitor compounds are commonly used to detect activity of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) efflux pumps in marine invertebrates. We here address the question whether compounds acting as specific inhibitors of certain mammalian transporters can be used in dye efflux assays to distinguish different transporter activities in gill tissue from a marine mussel. We quantified effects of PSC833, a specific inhibitor of mammalian P-gp (P-glycoprotein, ABCB1), and MK571, which blocks MRP (Multidrug resistance associated protein, ABCC) type transporters, on calcein-am efflux in gill tissue of Mytilus californianus. Calcein-am acts as a substrate of both P-gp and MRP. Effects of single compounds and mixtures were determined and combined effect models predicting independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) of the chemicals were applied. Effect values predicted by IA showed better correspondence with the experimentally obtained data. This indicates that the inhibitor compounds target different mechanisms of calcein-am efflux and points to P-gp and MRP activities in mussel gills. Our approach could be a simple way for identifying the efflux transporter types targeted by chemosensitizers, including environmentally relevant compounds, in native tissues from marine invertebrates.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, seawater samples were collected from Goseong Bay, Korea in March 2014 and viral populations were examined by metagenomics assembly. Enrichment of marine viral particles using FeCl3 followed by next-generation sequencing produced numerous sequences. De novo assembly and BLAST search showed that most of the obtained contigs were unknown sequences and only 0.74% of sequences were associated with known viruses. As a result, 138 viruses, including bacteriophages (87%), viruses infecting algae and others (13%) were identified. The identified 138 viruses were divided into 11 orders, 14 families, 34 genera, and 133 species. The dominant viruses were Pelagibacter phage HTVC010P and Roseobacter phage SIO1. The viruses infecting algae, including the Ostreococcus species, accounted for 9.4% of total identified viruses. In addition, we identified pathogenic herpes viruses infecting fishes and giant viruses infecting parasitic acanthamoeba species. This is a comprehensive study to reveal the viral populations in the Goseong Bay using metagenomics. The information associated with the marine viral community in Goseong Bay, Korea will be useful for comparative analysis in other marine viral communities.  相似文献   

15.
生物多样性的研究和保护首先从认识物种开始,并需要内容全面的的基础资料,这很大程度上依赖于通过现场调查和文献研习所获得的物种编目和分布图集研究成果。由于分类学人才储备不足,重要标本的收集和鉴定变得越来越困难。西太平洋是全球海洋生物种源中心,许多海洋生物类群的最高物种多样性都出现于该区域。本文在西太平洋及其边缘海(105-152°E,0–45°N)701个测站获取的6203份浮游动物样品分类鉴定基础之上,对1965-2008年该区浮游动物主要类群的系统分类、物种多样性和新物种新纪录进行了汇编和总结。本文共记录和编入西太平洋及其边缘海10个浮游动物类群206科686属2657种(含亚种)。包括水螅水母类99科251属697种,栉水母类12科22属59种,浮游软体动物14科36属85种,介形类8科91属416种,桡足类51科156属908种,糠虾类4科60属202种,磷虾类2科8属56种,十足类8科23属105种,毛颚类5科13属48种,被囊类5科26属81种。文中详细列举了10大类群的主要优势种,并记述了筒螅水母科2新种以及棒状水母科1新属2新种。许多赤道热带海、高纬度寒带海、深海深层的浮游动物物种在我国首次记录,较以往我国所记录的1852种增加了806种,增录43.5%,包括赤道热带种增录1.4%,高纬度冷水种增录3.5%,深海深水种增录3.2%。作者还对中国海洋浮游动物研究的5个主要领域进行了展望。本文的定性系统分类信息对海洋浮游动物多样性和生物地理学研究具有重要意义,特别是对2008年以后中国海洋生物种类全面系统总结的专著而言。  相似文献   

16.
Biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine polychaetes   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Deposit-feeding polychaetes constitute the dominant macrofauna in marine environments that tend to be depositional centers for organic matter and contaminants. Polychaetes are known to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from both particulate and dissolved phases but less is known about the mechanisms underlying elimination of accumulated PAHs. An important pathway of elimination is through biotransformation which results in increased aqueous solubility of the otherwise hydrophobic PAHs. Biotransformation in marine polychaetes proceeds in a two phased process similar to those well studied in vertebrates, phase I enzymes belonging to the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family, along with a few phase II enzymes have been identified in marine polychaetes. In this review we aim at highlighting advances in the mechanistic understanding of PAH biotransformation in marine polychaetes by including data obtained using analytical chemistry and molecular techniques. In marine polychaetes induction of CYP enzyme activity after exposure to PAHs and the mechanism behind this is currently not well established. Conflicting results regarding the inducibility of CYP enzymes from polychaetes have led to the suggestion that induction in polychaetes is mediated through a different mechanistic pathway, which is corroborated by the apparent lack of an AhR homologous in marine polychaetes. Also, none of the currently identified CYP genes from marine polychaetes are isoforms of those regulated by the AhR in vertebrates. Relatively few studies of phase II enzymes in marine polychaetes are currently available and most of these studies have not measured the activity of specific phase II enzymes and identified phase II metabolites but used an extraction technique only allowing determination of the overall amount of phase II metabolites. Studies in insects and various marine invertebrates suggest that in invertebrates, enzymes in the important phase II enzyme family, UDP-glucuronosyl transferases primarily use glucoside as co-substrate as opposed to the vertebrate cosubstrate glucuronic acid. Recent studies in marine polychaetes have however identified glucuronidation of PAHs indicating no mechanistic difference in co-substrate preference among UDP-glucuronosyl transferases between vertebrates and marine polychaetes but it might suggest a mechanistic difference between marine polychaetes and insects.  相似文献   

17.
刘恒 《海洋科学集刊》1996,(37):195-197
约80%的海洋无脊椎动物在生活史中具浮游幼体阶段,其中甲壳动物的幼体最为多样化。十足类甲売动物具典型的浮游幼体阶段,而后是由浮游到底栖这一生活习性转变的关键一一定居过程(settlement)。十足类幼体阶段持续的时间在不同的类群相差很大,影响其定居的因子也多种多样。 有关海洋无脊椎动物浮游幼体阶段存在机制的研究已进行了约半个世纪,这种普遍存在的浮游幼体被认为:(1)有利于种的分布与扩散;(2)由于浮游幼体采取多变的生活方式而避免了许多底栖捕食者;(3)增加种群间的基因交换,保持其遗传变异性和适应性;(4)浮游幼体以浮游生物为饵,减轻了卵子所需携带的卵黄量,从而增加了产卵量。浮游幼体也有其不利的一面,如幼体在漂移过程中的高死亡率等。然而浮游幼体阶段在海洋底栖无脊椎动物中的普遍存在,从进化角度讲,对种群发展利大于弊,是物种演化过程中一种选择性的折衷。 十足类幼体定居过程的研究多集中在龙虾和蟹类上。有关对虾类的研究很少见,仅有 Haghes (1966), Staples 等(1985), Coles 等(1987)和 Loneragan 等(1994)报道过对虾仔虾和稚虾的分布与栖息地海草分布的相关性。 由于甲壳动物栖息地的多样性,其幼体定居过程的研究对了解甲壳动物种群和群落动态具有十分重要的意义。影响定居过程的因子通常被分为三类,即生物因子、物理因子和化学因子。鉴于三者之间的密切相关性,本文将对其进行综合分析,并讨论有关幼体定居过程的两种假说:栖息地选择(habitat selection)学说和被动沉降(passive deposition)学说。  相似文献   

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