青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟

将大陆岩石层视为由幂指数律控制的一层薄层,它上伏在粘滞性较低的软流层之 上蠕变流动,其运动限制在与东亚大陆构造形态较相似的边界模型的梯形框架之中．设印度 板块以一恒定的速度向北推进,并被视为青藏高原挤压隆升的主要动力．用数值模拟的方法 研究了青藏高原的挤压隆升演化过程,并对数值模拟的隆升过程作了剥蚀修正．结果表明, 由挤压模型所产生的地形和现代青藏高原及其邻区的地形格局比较吻合．同时也表明,挤压 隆升过程受多种因素（如岩石层的力学特性、边界条件以及剥蚀作用）的制约,无论从空间还 是从时间上看,模拟所反映的高原隆升都是不均匀的演化过程．     

青藏高原新生代构造隆升阶段的时空格局

青藏高原不同部位低温热年代学记录、沉积记录和构造变形记录揭示出存在60~35,25~17,12~8Ma（藏南17~12Ma）和大约5Ma以来4个主要强构造隆升剥露阶段.除了藏南地区在17~12Ma发生藏南拆离系的活动及其所控制的高喜马拉雅结晶基底岩系的快速抬升剥露这一特殊情况外,青藏高原不同地区主要强构造隆升剥露阶段具有准同时性.几个强隆升剥露阶段对应于几个强构造变形活动时期,反映隆升剥露主要受构造动力控制.新生代以砾岩为代表的粗碎屑物的分布、前陆盆地或走滑拉分盆地的分布及其沉积充填、角度不整合的发育和地层间断缺失,以及受断裂控制的盆山地貌变迁和高原扩展与青藏高原几个强构造抬升剥露阶段也具有良好的匹配关系.本文还讨论了青藏高原作为地表隆升的高原形成过程,揭示高原的形成是随时间演变不断扩展的过程.     

上新世以来构造隆升对亚洲夏季风气候变化的影响

大量地质证据表明,上新世以来(最近5 MaB.P.)青藏高原北部及非洲东部和南部地区出现过显著的构造隆升,而与此同时亚洲季风也经历了显著变化,这两者之间是否存在着因果联系一直是地学界所关心和争论的一个重要科学问题.本文利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的公用大气模式(CAM 3.1)就上新世以来青藏高原北部及东-南非高原的构造隆升对亚洲夏季风气候变化的影响进行了数值试验研究.结果表明,上新世以来亚洲夏季风的增强与两地构造隆升密切相关,但两者隆升对于亚洲季风子系统的作用是有区别的.青藏高原北部隆升主要造成东亚北部夏季风的增强及季风降水的增多,但对南亚夏季风的作用较小;东-南非高原的隆升明显增强南亚夏季风,但对东亚北部夏季风的影响有限.     

青藏高原东南缘的新生代盆地古高度重建研究与进展

掌握青藏高原的高程演化历史对检验高原边界的变形机制和理解深部地球动力学具有重要意义。文中对青藏高原东南缘的囊谦盆地、贡觉盆地、芒康盆地、黎明-剑川-兰坪盆地、洱源盆地、怒河盆地和岔科-小龙潭盆地等不同区域的典型新生代盆地的古高度重建研究成果进行了系统梳理、总结以及部分重新计算后,恢复了青藏高原东南缘新生代隆升过程的时空分布历史,讨论了青藏高原东南缘新生代期间的主要隆升阶段与幅度。综合分析表明,青藏高原东南缘北段—中段地区存在始新世—渐新世准高原,而南段地区的地势相对较低。中新世期间,南段地区呈现出差异化的隆升趋势。在此基础上,文中进一步定量化约束了高原东南缘新生代的隆升过程,为青藏高原东南缘构造、地貌演化的动力学机制探讨提供制约。     

青藏高原中部错鄂湖晚新生代以来的沉积环境演变及其构造隆升意义

错鄂湖200m深井岩芯古地磁测年表明,错鄂湖形成于约2．8Ma年前．沉积岩性组合、粒度特征和磁化率变化揭示了约3次大的沉积环境变化过程,反映了至少2次剧烈的青藏高原隆升过程;同时,孢粉组合也揭示了构造隆升导致的植被组合的变化．初步研究认为,大的湖泊沉积环境变化主要是在青藏高原不断隆升的背景上进行的．2．8-2．5Ma和0．8Ma以来的沉积环境演化主要受构造运动的控制,而2．5-0．8Ma环境演化过程更多的受到冰期-间冰期旋回气候变化的影响．     

基于精密水准数据的青藏高原东缘现今地壳垂直运动与典型地震同震及震后垂直形变研究

发生在新生代早期的印度板块和欧亚板块间的碰撞不仅形成了喜马拉雅造山带,还造就了一个以独特的地势高度、地貌、地质环境、自然环境等特征而闻名于世的青藏高原.自19世纪中期普拉特和艾利等创立地壳均衡论以来,青藏高原的形成、演化及隆升机制的问题一直就是国际大陆动力学理论研究的核心和前缘热点.目前,已有许多学者提出了各种动力学模型试图解释青藏高原的隆升、演化之谜,这些模型和模式的提出对我们理解青藏高原的隆升机制起到了积极的启发和推动作用.不同的隆升机制会在青藏高原周缘尤其是东缘地区产生完全不同的形变模式.因此,研究青藏高原东缘三维地壳形变可为高原深部结果和动力学演化过程提供重要的定量数值边界条件,有助于理解高原隆升的地球动力学机制.     

祁连山区中西段沉积物粒径和青藏高原隆升关系模型

通过对祁连山中西段河流沉积物粒径的测量统计, 探寻其与青藏高原北缘主峰和高原高度的相关关系, 建立相应的关系模型, 并将模型应用到老君庙剖面, 最后得出青藏高原北缘自8.35 Ma以来高原隆升过程曲线. 据此认为青藏高原北部自8.35MaBP隆升以来, 从平均海拔约900 m隆升到现在的约3700 m, 其中8.35~3.1 MaBP隆升较慢, 幅度较小, 总抬升了420 m, 3.1 MaBP至今, 隆升加剧, 表现为明显的后期加速过程, 共抬升了约2400 m. 0.9 Ma左右, 青藏高原北部抬升到平均海拔约3000 m, 进入冰冻圈; 主峰达到4000 m以上, 指示主峰发育冰川.     

剥蚀及地幔作用下青藏高原隆升过程的数值模拟

修改了England和Mckenzie的黏性薄层流变模型中控制大陆形变的连续性方程,将剥蚀作用对高原隆升演化的影响直接引入该方程,并考虑下伏地幔小尺度对流对增厚岩石层的搬离作用对高原隆升演化后期的影响,用有限差分法直接模拟青藏高原隆升过程. 数值模拟结果所显示的高原隆升演化过程与实际观测资料吻合较好,揭示了高原隆升演化过程的非平稳和多阶段的特性;同时还表明上地幔小尺度对流对岩石层底部的搬离作用可能是最近8Ma以来高原快速隆升的主导机制.     

青藏高原隆升过程的三阶段模式

综合分析了前人对青藏高原岩石层构造和动力学研究的成果,提出印度板块和欧亚板块会聚、大陆碰撞及大陆形变的基本特征为青藏高原地壳的加厚和地壳缩短,地壳物质的横向流动;青藏高原隆升过程呈现出阶段性、多样性和复杂性;组成青藏高原的各块体可能有不同的主导隆升机制．认识到在板块构造理论所揭示的全球构造格局中,青藏高原不仅仅是印度板块和欧亚板块会聚、碰撞以及大陆形变的结果,它也是青藏高原大陆岩石层和下伏地幔物质运动的相互耦合、相互作用的结果．从地幔动力学的角度出发讨论了青藏高原隆升的断离险升－挤压隆升－对流隆升三阶段模式（ＢＣＣＭ）,结合数值模拟的结果分析了与此模式相对应的该区域岩石层构造、运动的地幔深部物质运移和动力学背景．     

祁连山东段0.83 Ma以来的构造-气候事件

根据祁连山北麓季风西北边缘区的河流阶地系列和风成黄土的研究, 重建了该区中更新世以来的构造隆升和气候演化历史. 研究发现, 中更新世以来青藏高原的数次隆升事件与本研究区及其他地区的气候记录有一定的耦合性, 发生于0.83和0.14 Ma的构造事件, 可以分别与0.64 Ma时沙漠的显著扩张及沙漠周期性进退的开始、末次冰期以来中国西北的极端干旱相对应. 这些构造-气候耦合事件可能暗示了构造隆升对气候的驱动, 从而反映青藏高原对东亚季风气候系统的重要影响.     

Tectonic-climatic events in eastern Qilian Mountains over the past 0.83 Ma

The eastern part of Qilian Mountains experienced strong tectonic uplift during the late Quaternary, and climate record there was influenced by Tibetan Plateau to some extent. Based on studies on the fluvial terrace series and eolian loess deposition, we find that the tectonic uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau had coupled with climatic changes in our studied region and others since the mid-Pleistocene. The uplift that occurred at 0.83 Ma corresponded to significant desert expansion in L6 and periodic variation since MIS16, while the 0.14Ma one to the further drying in northwest China. Those coupled events may indicate that tectonic uplift drove climatic changes, and the Tibetan Plateau has important impacts on East Asian Monsoon system.     

青藏高原深部结构与构造地球物理研究的回顾和展望

基于我国多年在青藏高原地区的深部地球物理探测研究及其所揭示的岩石层结构、构造和地球物理场特征，讨论了高原地壳短缩、增厚与隆升的深层过程和动力机制，提出了对青藏高原深化研究必须重视的几个问题．     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.     

青藏高原及周边地壳均衡模式与强震活动

青藏高原作为中国大陆强震活动的主体区,不但构造变形历史复杂,而且高原内部与周边块体之间的重力异常差异也十分显著。本文基于EGM2008重力模型,计算得到了青藏高原及周边地区的区域布格重力异常和艾里均衡重力异常;并依据复合均衡模型原理,以Crust1.0地壳模型中莫霍面的深度为参考,反演得到了地壳剩余密度的分布,该结果适用于研究地壳横向密度的差异;最后,将反演结果与弹性板均衡理论模型反演得到的岩石层有效弹性厚度进行对比,结果表明,青藏高原与周边地块之间的地壳力学特性和平均密度存在显著差异,为强震孕育提供了动力学背景。以此为依据,可为潜在强震危险区位置的判断提供参考。      

Late Cenozoic magnetic polarity stratigraphy in the Jiudong Basin,northern Qilian Mountain

Late Cenozoic sediments in the Hexi Corridor, foreland depression of the Qilian Mountain preserved reliable records on the evolution of the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Detailed magnetic polarity dating on a 1150 m section at Wenshushan anticline in the Jiudong Basin, west of Hexi Corridor finds that the ages of the Getanggou Formation, Niugetao Formation and Yumen Conglomerate are >11-8.6 Ma, 8.6-4.5 Ma and 4.5-0.9 Ma respectively. Accompanying sedimentary analysis on the same section suggests that the northern Tibetan Plateau might begin gradual uplift since 8.6-7.6 Ma, earlier than the northeastern Tibetan Plateau but does not suppose that the plateau has reached its maximum elevation at that time. The commencement of the Yumen Conglomerate indicates the intensive tectonic uplift since about 4.5 Ma.

     

Relationship model of sediment grain size and Tibetan Plateau uplift in middle-west parts of Qilian Mountain

By observing, measuring the fluvial sediment grain size of mid-western segment of the Qilianshan Range and studying the correlation between the grain size and uplift of the plateau, we model the correlation. These models are applied to the Laojunmiao section and the process curve of the uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau against age from 8.35 Ma is illustrated here. The process curve shows that the northern Tibetan Plateau surface has uplifted from the mean altitude of 900–3700 m since 8.35 MaBP. From 8.35 to 3.1 MaBP, the Tibetan Plateau uplifted slowly, uplifted amplitude is small, the total range is 420 m. From 3.1 MaBP up to now, the Tibetan Plateau uplifted tempestuously, showing that the uplift accelerated obviously later. It uplifted totally 2400 m. About 0.9 Ma ago, the northern Tibetan Plateau surface had uplifted to over 3000 m a.s.l., showing that the Tibetan Plateau surface had reached the cryosphere; and the mountain peaks had uplifted to more than 4000 m altitude, suggesting that there was a glacier developed on the mountains.     

Tectonic uplift and sedimentary evolution of the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau since 13 Ma BP

Sediments shed from the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Qilian Mountains, are widely deposited in the foreland basin, the Jiuxi Basin, archiving plenty of information about the mountain surface uplift and erosion history. The Laojunmiao section, 1960 m thick, representing the upper sequence of the Cenozoic basin sediments, is paleomagnetically dated to about 13-0 Ma BP. Detailed sedimentary study of this sequence has revealed five sedimentary facies associations which determine four stages of sedimentary environment evolution. They are: (I) the half-deep lake system before 12.18 Ma BP, (II) the shallow lake system between 12.18 and 8.26 Ma BP, (III) the fan delta dominated sedimentary system in dry climate between 8.26 and 6.57 Ma BP, and (IV) alluvial fan system since 6.57 Ma BP. The associated mountain erosion and uplift are suggested to have experienced three phases, that is, tectonic stable (13-8.26 Ma BP), gradual uplift (8.26-<4.96 Ma BP), and rapid intermittent uplift (>3.66-0 Ma BP). The uplift at ∼3.66 Ma BP is of great importance in tectonics and geomorphology. Since then, tectonic uplift and mountain building have been accelerated and become strong intermittent. At least three significant tectonic events took place with ages at <1.80-1.23, 0.93-0.84 and 0.14 Ma BP, respectively. Thus, the uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau is a complex process of multiple phases, unequal speed and irregular movements.

     

2010年青海玉树7.1级地震发生的构造背景及其动力学分析

为了解2010年4月14日青海玉树7.1级地震活动背景和构造背景,探讨其发震的动力学过程,综合历史和现代地震资料,通过对玉树地震发震前的青藏高原东部地震活动特征分析,探讨了地震活动的大尺度时-空图像与玉树地震孕育发生的关系,研究其发震构造、震源机制解、余震分布和余震序列特征,从而综合探讨玉树地震发生的动力学背景和过程.结果表明,玉树地震的发生不是一个偶然事件,而是地震活动和构造运动的必然结果,是地震孕育和地球动力学过程的必然表现.     

塔里木盆地东北缘晚新生代钻孔岩心磁性地层年代学及其构造意义

塔里木盆地的高分辨率沉积记录对于理解青藏高原隆升、亚洲内陆干旱化乃至全球气候变化至关重要.建立可靠的地层年代标尺对于研究塔里木盆地晚新生代沉积环境演化、构造运动及古气候变化具有重要意义.本文对塔里木盆地东北缘库尔勒地区的两个全取心钻孔ZK3（深500 m）、ZK5（深300 m）进行详细的磁性地层学研究,结果表明,ZK3孔中更新统底界为54.8 m,下更新统底界为167.0 m,上新统底界为432.0 m,钻孔底部年龄约为6.2 Ma,属上中新统上部;ZK5孔中更新统底界为64.7 m,下更新统底界为241.5 m,钻孔底部年龄约为3.2 Ma,属上上新统.基于上述磁性地层年代标尺,通过沉积速率分析发现ZK3孔在3.0—3.6 Ma之间沉积速率明显增大,反映了塔里木盆地北部天山在此期间的快速隆升.通过东西部多个盆地地质剖面沉积速率的对比分析发现,这期构造活动在区域上具有准同期活动特征,在时代上与晚中新世以来青藏高原快速隆升的时代一致,可能与青藏高原的隆升扩展效应有关.