五大连池、尚志等地新生代碱性玄武岩的实验岩石学研究

本文通过对黑龙江省新生代富钾及富钠碱性玄武岩进行了熔融与淬火实验研究。确定了岩石固相线与液相线的温度,岩石结晶程度与温度的关系。研究了矿物结晶的温度区间与顺序、晶体形态及习性。讨论了压力对岩石熔点的影响、岩石酸度与粘度、结晶程度的关系以及熔体有序状态对矿物形态的影响。     

火山岩熔融,结晶,淬火实验及其岩石学意义

本文对我国福建，江西，河南等地某些典型玄武岩和部分安山岩以及意大利威苏维火山的白响岩质碱玄岩进行了实验研究，其中包括熔融，结晶，淬火实验。根据实验结果，分析了熔浆成分对首晶矿物的影响，阐明了晶体形态与结晶温度，生长速度及成核密度的关系，研究了斜长石，白榴石的晶出及其矿物学，岩石学意义，论述了橄榄石，辉石的成分特生上春晶出后熔浆成分的演化趋势，讨论了单斜辉石的淬火效应与压力效应。     

地壳深熔条件下的转熔矿物研究进展

地壳深熔作用有两种形式,即流体相缺乏的脱水熔融和流体相存在的加水熔融。由于地壳岩石中水含量的差异(岩石中含水矿物的丰度和外来水的加入量),岩石发生不同形式的部分熔融所需要的温度和压力条件有很大差异。转熔矿物是岩石发生不一致熔融的产物,在形成过程中携带了地壳深熔源区物质和熔体的大量信息,是追溯高温变质岩石经历深熔作用的最可靠依据。它们与高级变质岩中残留的变质矿物和岩浆或熔体中结晶的岩浆矿物具有明显不同的来源,分别代表了岩石曾经历的不同演化历史。通过对不同成因的矿物进行矿物结构、包裹体、主量元素、微量元素和同位素以及共生矿物组合等多方面的综合考察,可以有效识别出高级变质岩中的转熔矿物、变质残余矿物和岩浆矿物。准确识别高温-超高温变质岩以及花岗岩中不同成因的矿物相,是研究高温变质作用的前提条件,对研究混合岩和S型花岗岩的成因都起着非常重要的作用。     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第七章 碧玄岩矿物化学

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第一章 绪论

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第六章 碧玄岩全岩化学

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第十章 深源包体和巨晶矿物化学

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第五章 含白榴石高钾火山岩岩相学

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第九章 深源包体岩石学

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

科洛——五大连池——二克山火山群 第十一章 深源包体的微量元素

论文详细研究了科洛、五大连池和二克山三个火山群火山岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学并合理地(?)分出火山岩岩石类型.细致地研究了火山岩的造岩矿物和副矿物,查明了岩石中碱性长石的化学成分特征;发现了特殊成分的高铁铅尖晶石;深入研究了火山岩的过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征;细致地研究了五大连池火山岩中二辉橄榄岩、二辉岩、单斜辉石岩深源包体的岩石、矿物和地球化学以及火山岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和歪长石巨晶矿物特征.以实际资料为基础讨论了该区白榴碧玄岩和白榴苦橄碧玄岩的原始岩浆和源区岩石熔融程度问题,揭示了区内火山岩的成因以及与美国地质学家康迪教授提出的计算地壳深度公式的结论完全一致的来源深度.作者认为岩浆来源于上地幔.并以大量实际资料,深入探讨了五大连池火山岩富钾的原因。在我国首次系统地研究和出版了五大连池近代火山岩岩石图谱和熔融包裹体测定成岩温度图册。较详细地划分出火山喷发期:力四大喷发期九十亚期.科学地预测了火山活动时间,丰富了我国火山地质学的内容,填补了这方面的空白.     

Ultramafic and Mafic Inclusions from Adak Island: Crystallization History, and Implications for the Nature of Primary Magmas and Crustal Evolution in the Aleutian Arc

Xenolithic inclusions in calc-alkaline andesite from Mt. Moffettvolcano, Adak Island, Aleutian arc, reveal a nearly continuousrecord of crystallization of basaltic magmas in the crust, andpossibly upper mantle, of the arc. The record is more detailedand continuous than that obtained from study of calc-alkalinevolcanic rocks in the arc. Cumulate xenoliths form a progressiveseries in modal mineralogy from ultramafic, hornblende-bearingolivine clinopyroxenite to both hornblende-bearing and hornblende-freegabbros. The cumulate hornblende gabbro xenoliths are typicalof those found in island arc andesites worldwide. Xenolithicinclusions without cumulate textures, here termed compositexenoliths, are characterized by forsteritic olivine, zoned Cr-diopsideand hornblende, and are interpreted to have resulted from reactionand chilling upon magma mixing at depth. The olivine and clinopyroxene in both cumulate and compositexenoliths show the largest and the most complete variation trendsfor Ni, Cr, and FeO/MgO ratio yet reported in igneous xenolithsfrom island arc volcanic rocks. Variation of Ni in olivine indicatesthat the parent magmas for the xenoliths had minimum MgO contentsof 9 wt. per cent. Variation of Cr in clinopyroxene indicatesthat the magmas were basaltic rather than picritic, probablyin equilibrium with spinel lherzolite at near Moho depths. Successiveinjections of batches of primary melt into a magma chamber fractionatingolivine and clinopyroxene can reproduce observed compatibleelement depletion trends. A steady-state process of cotecticcrystallization in a magma chamber continually replenished withbasaltic magma is a possible mechanism for producing large accumulationsof olivine and clinopyroxene, suggesting that Alaskan-type ultramaficcomplexes are related to hydrous basaltic magmas in island arcs.This steady-state open-system crystallization process can alsoyield the abundant high-alumina basalt type in the Aleutianarc. Continued crystallization of high-alumina basalt in lowercrustal magma chambers, recorded in a mineralogically coherentseries of pyroxenite to hornblende gabbro xenoliths, can yieldbasaltic to andesitic magmas of the calc-alkaline series. No xenoliths with a sedimentary protolith have been found atMt Moffett, evidence that the arc crust is igneous in origin,with the lower crust formed of gabbro crystallized from mantle-derivedmelts. Ultramafic cumulates may reside in both the lower crustor upper mantle beneath the arc. A model is proposed wherebythe cumulate crystallization products of hydrous, mantle beneaththe arc. A model is define the upper mantle and lower crustof the arc over time.The net composition added to the crustof the arc is that of high-alumina basalt.     

大兴安岭地幔橄榄岩中熔体的多样性及其成因

本文报道了大兴安岭第四纪火山岩中的地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石颗粒内部熔体产状(囊体、包裹体和反应边)和成分(低硅熔体和高硅熔体)的多样性,初步讨论了不同熔体的成因。低硅熔体囊体是在地幔深部玄武岩浆与橄榄岩中单斜辉石发生交代反应的产物,斜方辉石反应边的高硅熔体是橄榄岩被捕获上升过程中玄武岩浆与斜方辉石反应的产物,高硅熔体包裹体是地幔中存在的交代熔体。     

Origin of some magmas in oceanic and circum-oceanic regions

Partial melting experiments on spinel-lherzolite, a rock which probably occurs in relatively shallow parts of the oceanic upper mantle, demonstrate that alkali basaltic melt is formed at depths of at least 20 kbar whereas tholeiitic melt is formed at lower pressures (< 15 kbar) under anhydrous conditions. The specimen studied was a relatively iron-rich natural spinel-lherzolite (Fe/Mg+Fe=0.15) and the melts produced have ratios comparable to those obtained in basalts. Slight increase of degree of partial melting produces picritic melt over a wide pressure range. Under hydrous (water-excess) conditions, andesitic melt is produced by partial melting of the same natural spinel-lherzolite and a synthetic lherzolite. The melting experiments on two different abyssal tholeiites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggest that the derivation of olivine tholeiite from a more mafic magma or a mantle peridotite (lherzolite) is possible, but is limited to depths shallower than 25 km under essentially anhydrous conditions, whereas plagioclase tholeiite may have been formed by fractional crystallization at depths of about 20 km in the presence of a small amount (～ 2 wt.%) of water.It is suggested that under mid-ocean ridges, partial melting of spinel-lherzolite at depths shallower than 60 km would produce olivine-tholeiitic magma, which differentiates at shallower levels (20–25 km) under either essentially anhydrous or hydrous (but vapor-absent) conditions to produce abyssal tholeiites of olivine-tholeiite type or plagioclase-tholeiite type. It may be also possible that the former olivine-tholeiite is generated by direct partial melting of plagioclase-lherzolite. Alkali basalts in the oceanic region may be generated at depths greater than 50 km by relatively small degree of partial melting. Along island arcs and continental margins, where the subduction zones probably exist, partial melting of lherzolite would take place in the presence of water that may be supplied by breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducted oceanic crust, thereby producing andesitic magmas. High-alumina basalt magma could be produced by partial melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust in the subduction zone at depths between 40 and 60 km, where garnet is unstable above the solidus.     

Concentric zoning in the Tunk Lake pluton,coastal Maine

The Tunk Lake pluton of coastal Maine, USA is a concentrically zoned granitic body that grades from an outer hypersolvus granite into subsolvus rapakivi granite, and then into subsolvus non-rapakivi granite, with gradational contacts between these zones. The pluton is partially surrounded by a zone of basaltic and gabbroic enclaves, interpreted as quenched magmatic droplets and mushes, respectively, as well as gabbroic xenoliths, all hosted by high-silica granite. The granite is zoned in terms of mineral assemblage, mineral composition, zircon crystallization temperature, and major and trace element concentration, from the present-day rim (interpreted as being closer to the base of the chamber) to the core (interpreted as being closer to the upper portions of the chamber). The ferromagnesian mineral assemblage systematically changes from augite and hornblende with augite cores in the outermost hypersolvus granite to hornblende, to hornblende and biotite, and finally, to biotite only in the subsolvus granite core of the pluton. Sparse fine-grained basaltic enclaves that are most common in the outermost zone of the pluton suggest that basaltic magma was present in the lower portions of the magma chamber at the same time that the upper portions of the magma chamber were occupied by a granitic crystal mush. However, the slight variations in initial Nd isotopic ratio in granites from different zones of the pluton suggest that contamination of the granitic melt by basaltic melt played little role in generating the compositional gradation of the pluton. The zone of basaltic and gabbroic chilled magmatic enclaves, and gabbroic xenoliths, hosted by high-silica granite, that partially surround the pluton is interpreted as mafic layers at the base of the pluton that were disrupted by invading late-stage high-silica magma. These mafic layers are likely to have consisted of basaltic lava layers and basalt that chilled against granitic magma to produce coarse-grained gabbroic mush. Basaltic and gabbroic magmatic enclaves and gabbroic xenoliths are hornblende-bearing, suggesting that their parent melts were relatively hydrous. The water-rich nature of the underplating mafic magmas may have prevented extensive invasion of the granitic magma by these magmas, owing to the much greater viscosity of the granitic magma than the mafic magmas in the temperature range over which magma interaction could have occurred.     

Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanisms in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmas

A model is developed for the origin of ultrapotassic melts by melting of veined lithosphere; the veins are rich in clinopyroxene and mica, whereas the wall-rocks consist principally of peridotites. The veins originate by solidification of low-degree melts which are themselves the results of earlier, deeper, multistage processes ultimately due to the presence of a transition zone between large-scale channelled and porous flow regimes. The melting event producing the ultrapotassic magma begins in the veins due to the concentration of hydrous phases and incompatible elements, but spreads to include the surrounding wall-rocks by a combination of two mechanisms. The alkaline magma composition is thus a hybrid of vein (V) and wall-rock (W) components.

The melt hybridization mechanisms are: (i) Solid-solution melting: Minerals which from extensive solid-solutions are abundant in the vein assemblages (Cr/Al spinel, F/OH mica, amphibole and apatite). The breakdown of these phases take place over a temperature range between the solidus of the vein assemblage and the elimination of the more refractory end-members. This process bridges the temperature gap between the solid of vein and wall-rock, so that a melt component from the wall-rock is added to that from the vein before elimination of all vein minerals. Phlogopite forms the most effective of these sliding reactions, resulting in its stability at near-liquids temperatures in experiments. (ii) Dissolution of wall-rock minerals: The initial melt fraction in the vein infiltrates the surrounding wall-rock due to the dominance of surface energy minimization on melt flow at the intergranular scale. Following infiltration, dissolution of wall-rock minerals occurs at temperatures lower than their melting temperatures, thus imparting a refractory wall-rock component to the melt composition. Dissolution of olivine and/or orthopyroxene occurs preferentially, since these minerals are furthest from equilibrium with the strongly alkaline, vein-derived melt.

Remobilisation of several generations of veins explains the occurrence within a restricted space and time of rocks bearing chemical characteristics which are generally thought to indicate contrasting tectonic settings (e.g. central Italy). The ultrapotassic rocks are explained as being dominanyly vein-derived (i.e. high V/W ratio): further dilution of the V-component by wall-rock, supplemented by asthenospheric melt in advanced cases, leads to the production of more voluminous basaltic rocks bearing incompatible element signatures reminiscent of those of ultrapotassic rocks.     

Geodynamic conditions of volcanism and magma formation in the Kurile-Kamchatka island-arc system

The conditions of magma formation were reconstructed on the basis of characteristic features of the evolution of the Kurile-Kamchatka island-arc system, structural and chemical zoning patterns of volcanic complexes, and available published data on peridotite and basalt melting and stability of hydrous minerals. It was shown that the volcanic arc of the Sredinnyi Range of Kamchatka occurs now at the final stage of subduction, whereas subduction beneath the volcanic arc of eastern Kamchatka began at the end of the Miocene, after its jump into the present-day position. The volcanism of Southern Kamchatka and the Kuriles has occurred under steady-state subduction conditions since the Miocene and is represented by typical island-arc magmas. The latter are generated in a mantle wedge, where the melting of water-saturated peridotite occurs in a high-temperature zone under the influence of fluid. The formation of the frontal and rear volcanic zones was related to the existence of two levels of water release from various hydrous minerals. During the initial and final stages of subduction, as well as in the zone of Kamchatka—Aleutian junction, partial melting is possible in the upper part of the subducted slab in contact with a hotter mantle material compared with the mantle in a steady-state regime. This is responsible for the coexistence of predominant typical island-arc rocks, rocks with intraplate geochemical signatures, and highly magnesian rocks, including adakites.     

Mineralogical and geochemical patterns of mantle xenoliths from the Jixia region (Fujian Province,southeastern China)

The paper discusses the results of mineralogical and petrographic studies of spinel lherzolite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts in basalt from the Jixia region related to the central zone of Cenozoic basaltic magmatism of southeastern China. Spinel lherzolite is predominantly composed of olivine (Fo_89.6–90.4), orthopyroxene (Mg# = 90.6–92.7), clinopyroxene (Mg# = 90.3–91.9), and chrome spinel (Cr# = 6.59–14.0). According to the geochemical characteristics, basalt of the Jixia region is similar to OIB with asthenospheric material as a source. The following equilibrium temperatures and pressures were obtained for spinel peridotite: 890–1269°C and 10.4–14.8 kbar. Mg# of olivine and Cr# of chrome spinel are close to the values in rocks of the enriched mantle. It is evident from analysis of the textural peculiarities of spinel lherzolite that basaltic melt interacted with mantle rocks at the xenolith capture stage. Based on an analysis of the P–T conditions of the formation of spinel peridotite and clinopyroxene megacrysts, we show that mantle xenoliths were captured in the course of basaltic magma intrusion at a significantly lower depth than the area of partial melting. However, capture of mantle xenoliths was preceded by low-degree partial melting at an earlier stage.     

Basalts from Madeira: A petrochemical contribution to the genesis of oceanic alkali rock series

Petrological and geochemical investigations have been conducted on the little studied Neogene basaltic rocks of the Madeiran Islands. The Madeiran suite of minor intrusives and lavas consists of parental, unusually soda rich, alkali olivine basalts with hawaiite, mugearite and essexite derivatives. Olivine and clinopyroxene are dominant phenocryst and cumulus nodule phases. Low pressure fractionation of the parental magma by precipitation of these minerals gave rise to the hawaiitic trend. That olivine settling precedes clinopyroxene in the fractionation process can be deduced from Ca and Ni variations in the analysed rocks and phenocryst separates. Late stage feldspar flotation in a hawaiitic derivative liquid led to extrusive mugearites and an intrusive essexite.Low K/Rb ratios in the Madeiran basalts (ave. 325) point to the influence of phlogopite rather than hornblende in the mantle melting zone. The primitive alkali olivine basalt magma is thought to have arisen by partial melting following water release from small amounts of phlogopite (no more than 1%) at mantle depths around 100 km. A deep level of magma generation is consistent with the low values of heat flow recorded in ocean basins. Many other oceanic alkali basalt provinces remote from ridge systems may have arisen in a similar way.     

Petrology and geochemistry of the Banks Peninsula volcanoes,South Island,New Zealand

Within the volcanic sequence of the twin volcanoes of Lyttelton and Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand a number of different magma series have been distinguished.An early series of hawaiites (McQueens Valley Formation) was erupted about 32 m.y. ago and is of transitional or mildly tholeiitic chemistry. Stratigraphically above the McQueens Valley Formation, but unconformably overlain by the main volcanic dome sequence, is a unit of rhyolite (Gebbies Pass Rhyolites) which is not directly related to the earlier or later basaltic volcanism. The rhyolite was probably formed during intracrustal melting which was related to the rise of basaltic magma into the crust.Between 12 and 9.7 m.y. a large volcanic dome, composed mainly of hawaiite, was built at Lyttelton. Dykes, which intrude the Lyttelton volcanic sequence, range in composition from basalt to trachyte. Late, mildly alkalic, basaltic flank flows (7.5–5.8 m.y.) occur in several areas and they, and the differentiated rocks of the dyke swarm can be related by a crystal fractionation model which has been quantitatively tested.Following construction of the Lyttelton dome a second larger dome was built at Akaroa between 9 and 7.5 m.y. The rocks of the Akaroa Volcano are principally hawaiites but rocks ranging in composition through to trachyte also occur. The differentiated rocks of the Akaroa volcano have derived from the basaltic rocks by a crystal fractionation controlled process, operating during ascent through the crust.None of the Banks Peninsula basalts appear to have derived from primitive (pyrolitic) mantle material, but progressive changes in the chemistry of the basalts with time implies that the mantle source regions were evolving geochemically as partial melting proceeded. Later lavas tend to be more alkalic and to have lower MgO/FeO ratios than earlier lavas. The volcanic rocks of the Banks Peninsula volcanoes were derived by fractional removal of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite and apatite from ascending basaltic magma batches. Variations between the suites reflect differences between the parental magma batches.     

Mantle metasomatism and magma formation in continental lithosphere: Data on xenoliths in alkali basalts from the Makhtesh Ramon,Negev desert,Israel

Mantle xenoliths (lherzolites, clinopyroxene dunites, wehrlites, and clinopyroxenites) in the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of Makhtesh Ramon (alkali olivine basalts, basanites, and nephelinites) represent metasomatized mantle, which served as a source of basaltic melts. The xenoliths bear signs of partial melting and previous metasomatic transformations. The latter include the replacement of orthopyroxene by clinopyroxene in the lherzolites and, respectively, the wide development of wehrlites and olivine clinopyoroxenites. Metasomatic alteration of the peridotites is accompanied by a sharp decrease in Mg, Cr, and Ni, and increase of Ti, Al, Ca contents and ³⁺Fe/²⁺Fe ratio, as well as the growth of trace V, Sc, Zr, Nb, and Y contents. The compositional features of the rocks such as the growth of ³⁺Fe/²⁺Fe and the wide development of Ti-magnetite in combination with the complete absence of sulfides indicate the high oxygen fugacity during metasomatism and the low sulfur concentration, which is a distinctive signature of fluid mode during formation of the Makhtesh Ramon alkali basaltic magma. Partial melting of peridotites and clinopyroxenites is accompanied by the formation of basanite or alkali basaltic melt. Clino- and orthopyroxenes are subjected to melting. The crystallization products of melt preserved in the mantle rock are localized in the interstices and consist mainly of fine-grained clinopyroxene, which together with Ti-magnetite, ilmenite, amphibole, rhenite, feldspar, and nepheline, is cemented by glass corresponding to quartz–orthopyroxene, olivine–orthopyroxene, quartz–feldspar, or nepheline–feldspar mixtures of the corresponding normative minerals. The mineral assemblages of xenoliths correspond to high temperatures. The high-Al and high-Ti clinopyroxene, calcium olivine, feldspar, and feldspathoids, amphibole, Ti-magnetite, and ilmenite are formed at 900–1000°. The study of melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from xenoliths indicate liquidus temperatures of 1200–1250°C, solidus temperatures of 1000–1100°C, and pressure of 5.9–9.5 kbar. Based on the amphibole–plagioclase barometer, amphibole and coexisting plagioclase were crystallized in clinopyroxenites at 6.5–7.0 kbar.