车载激光扫描的三维道路自动提取方法

车载激光扫描系统获取的复杂道路环境点云数据量大、目标复杂,难以有效提取出道路的点云。本文通过分析扫描线上激光点云的空间分布和统计特征,提出一种适用于复杂道路环境的道路点云自动提取方法。该方法首先根据点的扫描角度或GPS时间信息提取扫描线;利用移动窗口法进行高程滤波,提取地面点云,然后采用基于路坎模型的移动窗口法提取路坎点;利用局部区域相邻扫描线的相似性特点,对提取的路坎点云进行跟踪和优化;最后利用优化后的路坎作为道路的边界实现道路路面精确提取。经过实验和分析,该方法不仅适应于有固定道路宽度的结构化道路提取,同样适用于无固定宽度的复杂道路提取。     

车载激光点云道路边界提取的Snake方法

针对车载激光点云中道路边界提取困难,自动化程度低的问题,提出一种基于离散点Snake的车载激光点云道路边界提取方法。不同于传统基于图像建立Snake,本文直接基于离散点建立Snake模型。先利用伪轨迹点数据,确定初始轮廓位置,参数化不同类型的道路边界初始轮廓;然后基于离散点构建适合多类型道路边界的Snake模型,定义模型内部、外部和约束能量,通过能量函数最小化推动轮廓曲线移动到显著道路边界特征点处,实现不同道路边界的精细提取。本文试验采用3份不同城市场景的车载激光点云数据验证本文方法的有效性,道路边界提取结果的准确率达到97.62%,召回率达到98.04%,F1-Measure值达到97.83%以上,且提取的道路边界结果与软件交互提取的结果有较好的吻合度。试验结果表明,本文方法能够修正噪声、断裂等数据质量对道路边界提取的影响,能够实现各类复杂城市环境中不同形状道路边界的提取,具有较强的稳健性和适用性。     

Rural Road Surface Extraction Using Mobile LiDAR Point Cloud Data

The existing roadway infrastructures are mostly archived with two-dimensional (2D) drawings that lack the possibility for three-dimensional (3D) interpretation and advanced 3D analysis. The mobile LiDAR system (MLS) is gaining popularity in 3D mapping applications along various types of road corridors. MLS achieves the highest data quality and completeness among the traditional roadway data collection methods. The rural roads in different countries especially in India form a substantial portion of the road network. Therefore the proper maintenance and road safety analysis of rural roads are recommended activity, which could be addressed using detailed 3D road surface information. The absence of raised curb at road boundary, and presence of complexity, heterogeneity and occlusions along the rural roadway settings restrict the use of existing studies for road surface extraction using MLS point cloud data. Therefore considering the above requirement, this research paper proposes a two-stage method. The first stage extract planar ground surfaces which are further used to filter road surface in the second stage. Global properties of road, that is, topology and smoothness and its radiometric response to laser beam of MLS are used in the second stage. MLS point cloud data of rural roadway were used to test the proposed method. The road surface points were accurately extracted without being affected by the absence of raised curb and hanging objects over the road surface, that is, tree canopies and overhead power lines. The quantitative assessment of the proposed method was performed in terms of correctness, completeness and quality, which were 96.3, 94.2, and 90.9%, respectively.     

车载激光扫描数据中实线型交通标线提取

本文提出一种基于路面点云强度增强的车载激光点云实线型交通标线提取方法。首先通过预处理提取路面点云，获取各激光点与轨迹线的距离。然后逐段对路面进行强度增强，集合多滤波器集成的策略进行强度变换和去噪，消除距离、点密度、磨损等因素对反射强度值影响，增强路面点云和标线的强度差异。基于增强后的反射强度，采用k均值聚类和连通分支聚类等方法对标线进行分割，并利用归一化图割方法优化强度分割结果。最后利用实线型标线的语义信息和空间分布特征从分割后标线对象中识别实线型交通标线。试验采用四份不同车载激光扫描系统获取的数据用于验证本文方法有效性，实线型标线提取结果的准确率达到95.98%，召回率达到91.87%，综合评价指标F₁-Measure值达到95.55%以上。试验结果表明本文方法能够有效增强受扫描距离、路面磨损及点密度分布不均等因素影响的点云强度信息，实现不同车载激光扫描获取的复杂道路环境下实线型交通标线的提取。     

车载激光扫描数据分类支持下的路面数据提取

车载激光扫描系统可以快速采集道路及两旁的建筑物、植被、电杆等地物的点云数据,而点云数据的分类提取是车载激光扫描系统应用的关键。本文选用全景激光移动测量系统获取的激光点云数据,分析了路面点云数据的特征,采用渐进格网法进行了路面点云数据的提取研究;通过试验区的实例验证,取得了较好的分类效果。     

车载激光扫描数据的道路边界线提取方法

鉴于城市道路两侧具有路坎这一特点,结合车载激光扫描系统的轨迹数据将整体点云进行分块处理,从每一块点云中截取部分数据投影到相应的截面上;然后,对获取的截面数据进行分割处理提取伪扫描线,根据路坎的坡度以及高差特点从伪扫描线中识别出路坎点;最后,利用三次样条插值的方法对提取的道路路坎点进行插值处理,得到道路边界线。实验证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Using mobile laser scanning data for automated extraction of road markings

A mobile laser scanning (MLS) system allows direct collection of accurate 3D point information in unprecedented detail at highway speeds and at less than traditional survey costs, which serves the fast growing demands of transportation-related road surveying including road surface geometry and road environment. As one type of road feature in traffic management systems, road markings on paved roadways have important functions in providing guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. This paper presents a stepwise procedure to recognize road markings from MLS point clouds. To improve computational efficiency, we first propose a curb-based method for road surface extraction. This method first partitions the raw MLS data into a set of profiles according to vehicle trajectory data, and then extracts small height jumps caused by curbs in the profiles via slope and elevation-difference thresholds. Next, points belonging to the extracted road surface are interpolated into a geo-referenced intensity image using an extended inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) approach. Finally, we dynamically segment the geo-referenced intensity image into road-marking candidates with multiple thresholds that correspond to different ranges determined by point-density appropriate normality. A morphological closing operation with a linear structuring element is finally used to refine the road-marking candidates by removing noise and improving completeness. This road-marking extraction algorithm is comprehensively discussed in the analysis of parameter sensitivity and overall performance. An experimental study performed on a set of road markings with ground-truth shows that the proposed algorithm provides a promising solution to the road-marking extraction from MLS data.     

利用三维激光扫描技术检测建筑物平整度及垂直度

利用地面三维激光扫描仪对某建筑物进行全自动高精度立体扫描，获得目标建筑物表面的三维空间点云信息，经过研究分析提出了一种根据点云提取建筑物中心轴线的方法，采用随机采样一致性算法（RANSAC）拟合直线，并采用整体最小二乘算法拟合平面。通过分析拟合平面及拟合直线的几何特征来检测建筑物的平整度和垂直度，实测数据分析结果表明，三维激光扫描技术在建筑物立面平整度及垂直度检测中具有较高的可行性和适用性。     

OSM辅助车载LiDAR点云三维道路边界精细提取

道路边界精确提取建模是城市道路管理、智能交通规划和高精度地图制作等领域的重要课题之一。本文提出了一种基于车载激光雷达点云数据和开源街道地图(OSM)的三维道路边界精确提取方法。首先,针对原始车载LiDAR点云数据应用布料模拟滤波分离地面点,再结合相对高程分析获取道路边界点候选数据集。然后,应用OSM矢量道路网数据的节点辅助道路边界点候选点集进行分段。最后,在各分段点云数据集中基于随机抽样一致性算法获得三维道路边界点集。通过直道、弯道及高密度复杂场景3种不同类型的城区道路边界路段分类提取试验。结果表明,利用该方法进行道路边界提取的准确率和召回率分别达96.12%和95.17%,F1值达92.11%,本文方法可用于高精度道路边界的三维精细提取与矢量化,进而为智能交通与无人驾驶导航提供支撑。     

An automated approach to vertical road characterisation using mobile LiDAR systems: Longitudinal profiles and cross-sections

The characterisation the vertical profiles and cross-sections of roads is important for the verification of proper construction and road safety assessment. The goal of this paper is the extraction of geometric parameters through the automatic processing of mobile LiDAR system (MLS) point clouds. Massive and complex datasets provided by the MLS are processed using a hierarchical strategy that includes segmentation, principal component analysis (PCA)-based orthogonal regression, filtering and parameter extraction procedures. Best-fit geometric parameters act as a vertical road model for both linear parameters (slope and vertical curves) and cross-sections (superelevations). The proposed automatic processing approach gives satisfactory results for the analysed scenario.     

车载激光扫描数据中高速公路路面点滤波

提出了一种从车载激光扫描数据中自动提取路面的方法。通过分析车载激光扫描点云的空间特征,提出运用近似平面约束法、有序最小二乘坡度估计法和多尺度窗口迭代分析法进行初始路面种子点提取;然后基于局部坡度滤波方法提取所有的路面点;最后选择两组实际点云数据进行实验。结果表明,该方法能快速准确地提取高速公路路面点云,实验数据的提取准确率为95.74%,完整率为98.11%。     

基于直线特征检测的道路边线自动提取方法

针对如何从车载激光点云数据中快速、准确地提取道路边线的问题,本文提出一种基于直线特征检测的道路边线自动提取方法。首先对原始点云进行地面滤波,删除非地面点,获取包含道路信息的地面点云,接着把点云投影到二维图像上,根据反射强度获得平均强度图像,对平均强度图像进行LSD直线检测,获得道路边线的直线段,然后进行直线连接,把检测出来的短线段连接成长直线,最后根据直线特征提取出道路边线,并且利用定量指标对提取结果进行定量分析。实验证明,该方法提取的道路边线具有较高的准确率和完整性。     

3D change detection at street level using mobile laser scanning point clouds and terrestrial images

Automatic change detection and geo-database updating in the urban environment are difficult tasks. There has been much research on detecting changes with satellite and aerial images, but studies have rarely been performed at the street level, which is complex in its 3D geometry. Contemporary geo-databases include 3D street-level objects, which demand frequent data updating. Terrestrial images provides rich texture information for change detection, but the change detection with terrestrial images from different epochs sometimes faces problems with illumination changes, perspective distortions and unreliable 3D geometry caused by the lack of performance of automatic image matchers, while mobile laser scanning (MLS) data acquired from different epochs provides accurate 3D geometry for change detection, but is very expensive for periodical acquisition. This paper proposes a new method for change detection at street level by using combination of MLS point clouds and terrestrial images: the accurate but expensive MLS data acquired from an early epoch serves as the reference, and terrestrial images or photogrammetric images captured from an image-based mobile mapping system (MMS) at a later epoch are used to detect the geometrical changes between different epochs. The method will automatically mark the possible changes in each view, which provides a cost-efficient method for frequent data updating. The methodology is divided into several steps. In the first step, the point clouds are recorded by the MLS system and processed, with data cleaned and classified by semi-automatic means. In the second step, terrestrial images or mobile mapping images at a later epoch are taken and registered to the point cloud, and then point clouds are projected on each image by a weighted window based z-buffering method for view dependent 2D triangulation. In the next step, stereo pairs of the terrestrial images are rectified and re-projected between each other to check the geometrical consistency between point clouds and stereo images. Finally, an over-segmentation based graph cut optimization is carried out, taking into account the color, depth and class information to compute the changed area in the image space. The proposed method is invariant to light changes, robust to small co-registration errors between images and point clouds, and can be applied straightforwardly to 3D polyhedral models. This method can be used for 3D street data updating, city infrastructure management and damage monitoring in complex urban scenes.     

利用多元LBP特征自动提取城市道路边界

车载移动测量系统可采集高精度道路三维点云数据,为道路边界自动化提取提供了支撑.为解决车载激光点云中城市道路边界点云提取困难问题,本文引入局部二值模式LBP(Local Binary Pattern),针对各类城市道路边界特征,设计了高度LBP、高程离散度LBP和空间形状LBP3种改进算子;构建多元LBP特征语义识别模型...     

基于移动激光扫描点云数据和遥感图像的建筑物三维模型快速建模方法

建筑物的三维建模是城市三维建模和可视化的重要组成部分。本文提出一种基于点云数据与遥感图像的建筑物三维模型快速建模方法。首先,运用改进的RANSAC法从点云数据中提取建筑立面,根据立面区分平顶建筑与人字形屋顶建筑;在此基础上,进一步对建筑物的高度进行提取;之后,利用区域增长法从遥感图像中提取建筑物屋顶轮廓,利用形态学方法对提取出的轮廓进行规则化处理,并基于Freeman链码提取轮廓角点,得到规整的轮廓;最后,根据提取出的建筑高度属性对屋顶轮廓拉伸并进行纹理映射,实现对建筑物的三维重建。通过实例证明,提出的方法能快速、高效地实现建筑物三维模型的重建。     

变差函数权值估算的移动最小二乘匹配点云粗差剔除

现有密集匹配点云数据已实现了地表3维信息的精细化表达,然而由于误匹配,此类点云往往包含一定数量粗差点并影响后续应用的处理效果。针对此类数据中误匹配所产生粗差点的剔除问题,将变差甬数引入移动最小二乘(MLS)粗差剔除算法。变差函数对MLS拟合区域内点对间的相关性进行估算,以此为依据设置权值对最小二乘的结果进行优化;然后利用MLS局部、分区域地对点云进行曲面拟合;最终根据拟合结果剔除粗差。利用A3数字测图系统生成的城区、山区密集点云数据进行实验,并将处理结果、等权MLS处理结果与人工剔除结果进行对比。实验结果表明该算法可有效对点云中的粗差进行剔除,相较于等权MLS粗差剔除算法,陔算法在城区、山区的误判率分别降低了5.16%和1.31%。     

基于LIDAR数据的建筑物轮廓提取

建筑物轮廓的准确提取是建筑物三维重建中最重要的一步。本文在研究已有建筑物轮廓提取方法的基础上,针对LIDAR离散的点云数据,提出了一种自动快速提取建筑物轮廓信息的方法。首先通过点云数据生成城市的数字表面模型(DSM)和数字地面模型(DTM)相减计算得出规则化的数字表面模型(nDSM),进而将地面点和非地面点进行分类;其次,考虑到地物的几何特性,提出一种8邻域搜索的方法对非地面点点云进行分割,得到建筑物表面点云;最后运用基于梯度图的边界跟踪的方法来获取建筑物的轮廓信息。实验表明:该方法能有效地提取建筑物轮廓。     

Distance-limited filter for extracting ground points

The extraction of points on the bare earth from point clouds acquired by airborne laser scanning is one of the most important steps for the generation of digital terrain models (DTM). This process is called “filtering”. However, most of the current filters erode the bare earth in steep sloped landscapes and at discontinuities, and they retain low vegetation. Therefore, a new filtering method for extracting ground points based on a distance limit is proposed in this paper. The angle criterion is used to assure the robustness of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed filtering method can effectively derive the ground points from point clouds in complex urban areas.     

基于车载激光点云数据的道路模型重建

在SSW车载激光扫描点云数据的基础上,研究了提取道路边线点集的方法,并对道路边线点进行均匀抽稀,最后按照道路纵断面shape构建道路模型。试验表明该方法能成功地提取出道路边线点,建立道路模型。     

机载LiDAR点云数据中电力线的提取方法研究

提出了一种基于机载LiDAR点云数据的电力线提取方法。首先在进行LiDAR数据滤波的基础上,分离地面点与非地面点;然后针对非地面点采取一种基于角度的滤波方法,分离非地面点中的植被点与电力线点,对电力线点,采用二维Hough变换进一步分离各条电力线点;最后使用双曲余弦函数模型,对单条电力线进行曲线拟合。实验结果表明,该方法能够从LiDAR点云数据中较完整地提取出电力线点,电力线点提取正确率达96.2%,并能够对电力线走廊进行三维重建。