卡罗藻毒素研究进展

<正>剧毒卡罗藻Karlodinum veneficum(又称Karlodinium micrum)作为一种典型的赤潮种,是海水养殖水域和自然水体中一种常见的裸甲藻种类,为混合营养型生物。该藻自20世纪50年代被发现以来,在过去的60年中其命名曾发生过多次变更,直到最近将其归入裸甲藻种类,被译为剧毒卡罗藻[1](也有学者命名为剧毒卡尔藻[2])。该藻自首次在南非被发现     

海产单胞藻沉淀方法的研究

1994年对运动的和不运动的单胞藻进行了浓缩方法的研究,其目的就是筛选毒副作用小、浓缩沉淀效果好、成本低的海产单胞藻凝絮剂,为单胞藻的开发利用提供一种方法。1　材料和方法1.1　材料藻种　球等鞭金藻(Isochrysisgalbana);小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosteriumfarmaminutissima)。培养用水　取自太平角的自然海水,沉淀、过滤、消毒,盐度为31～32.5,pH:7.91～8.1,在30L的有机玻璃桶中培养,水温20±2℃。所用凝絮剂　氯化铁[FeCl3·6H2O](A.R),明矾[KAl(SO4)212H2O](A.R),聚丙烯酰胺(A.R)[CH2CHCONH2]n,聚合氯化铝(C.P)[Al2(OH…     

福建省双星藻科植物的研究

福建省气候温暖、潮湿,境内多山,溪河纵横,沟渠塘堰密布,动植物种类繁多,双星藻科植物种类也很丰富。1964—1976年,福建师范大学生物系对福建省双星藻科植物进行了广泛的调查。1977年我们对该科藻类进行了分类研究,共鉴定约90种,其中发现一些新的种类。本文报导了11新种,1新变种,分属于:双星藻属(Zygnema)3种;拟双星藻属(Zygnemopsis)1种,转板藻属(Mougeotia)1种,膝接藻属(Zygogonium)1种及1变     

环介导恒温扩增技术快速检测米氏凯伦藻方法的建立

米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi,Hansen)属于裸甲藻目(Gymnodiniales),裸甲藻科(Gymnodi-niaceae),凯伦藻属(Karenia)。它能产生溶血性(hemolytic)毒素和鱼毒(ichthyotoxins),溶解鱼类细胞,破坏鱼鳃组织结构,使鱼类无法正常呼吸而窒息死亡[1]。近年来,米氏凯伦藻引起的赤潮在世界各海域屡次发生,日本海域,墨西哥湾,新西兰、韩国、苏格兰和澳大利亚海域都有米氏凯伦藻引发赤潮的报道,对渔业造成很大损失[2]。     

30株海洋绿藻的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成

对 11属 (小球藻属、绿囊藻属、微绿球藻属、海绿球藻属、卵胞藻属、原球藻属、咸胞藻属、杜氏藻属、裂丝藻属、塔胞藻属和衣藻属 )的 30株海洋绿藻进行特定条件下的一次性培养 ,在指数生长末期收获 ,进行了总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的分析。 2 1株海洋绿藻的总脂含量超过干重的10 % ,达 11.6 1%～ 34.4 9% ,其它 9株在 4 .2 5%～ 9.4 8%之间 ,绿藻的 16碳和 18碳脂肪酸最为丰富 ,有着含量较高的 16∶ 0、16∶ (n- 3)、18∶ 2 (n- 6 )和 18∶ 3(n- 3)脂肪酸。两株小球藻 (C95,C97)的2 0∶ 5(n- 3)脂肪酸含量较高 ,分别为 2 0 .8%和 2 6 .1%。另一株小球藻 (C10 2 )和两株裂丝藻 (C19和C2 0 ) EPA含量居中 ,分别为 8.0 % ,6 .0 %和 8.1%。其它藻株一般只含有少量的 2 0∶ 5(n- 3)和 2 2∶ 6 (n- 3)或不含 2 2∶ 6 (n- 3)     

中华盒形藻有性生殖过程中的光效应和光受体

以采自厦门沿岸的中华盒形藻(BidduphiasinensisGreville)为实验材料 ,通过培养研究了光对该藻有性生殖的影响。结果表明 ,光诱导该藻有性生殖发生的临界日长为16h,且其性分化反应随光照时数的延长而增强 ;该藻性分化反应的有效光照强度范围为40～80μmol/(m2·s) ,高峰出现在70μmol/(m2·s) ;光照强度低于光合补偿点的延长光 (8h光期 )无论置于主光期(8h)之前或之后均能引起精原孢囊的形成 ,白光作为延长光的诱导效果最为明显 ,蓝光其次 ,红光有效但不明显 ,远红光无效。由上得知 ,中华盒形藻有性生殖过程存在光周期现象 ,属长日植物 ,具有“光控”反应特征 ,但不典型 ,该藻可能同时存在蓝光和红光2种光信号受体     

山西、河北、宁夏新双星藻科藻类(Ⅰ)

从1964年开始,我们对山西、河北、内蒙古及宁夏等地区的双星藻科植物进行调查研究,积累了一些资料,经整理其中有14个新种和3个新变种,分隶于双星藻属、拟双星藻属、转板藻属和水绵属。本文即报道这些种类。 全部新种和新变种的模式标本,均保存手中国科学院水生生物研究所藻类标本室。 1. 宁夏双星藻(新种)(图版Ⅰ:1)     

抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构周年变化及水质生物评价

为了解抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其对水质的响应。于2016年3月至2017年2月间在全湖设置了8个样点,每月对各样点浮游植物进行采样调查,并对浮游植物进行属类鉴定与密度统计,分析了浮游植物的优势属、多样性及群落结构周年变化特征。结果表明:抚仙湖共有浮游植物7门67属,绿藻在种类组成上占有绝对优势,为36属,其次是硅藻13属,蓝藻10属,甲藻3属,隐藻和裸藻各2属,金藻1属。周年内浮游植物细胞密度月变化明显,为26.31—218.45×10~4cells/L,年平均为118.07×10~4cells/L;空间分布上,南北区浮游植物年平均密度无显著性差异(P0.05),南区蓝藻密度显著高于北区(P0.05),而金藻密度显著低于北区(P0.05)。全年优势类群共5门10属,分别为转板藻属(Mougeotia)、四角藻属(Tetraedron)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus)、空星藻属(Coelastrum)、小环藻属(Cyclotella)、脆杆藻属(Fragilaria)、伪鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena)、蓝纤维藻属(Dactylococcopsis)、锥囊藻属(Dinobryon)和隐藻属(Cryptomonas)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)为1.74—3.32,平均值2.65;Pielou均匀度指数(J)为0.43—0.88,平均值0.65。以Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和细胞密度3项指标对水质进行了生物评价,抚仙湖水质为轻污染、贫中营养类型。     

杜氏藻的RF-RAPD分子系统学分析

杜氏藻(Dunaliella)是绿藻门、绿藻纲、团藻目、多毛藻科中的一个属(也有单独归为杜氏藻目、杜氏藻科、杜氏藻属[1]).因可以在高盐的极端环境中生存,也称之为盐藻.盐藻富含各种类胡萝卜素和甘油,其中β-胡萝卜素累积可达细胞干重的14%,具有较高的经济价值.另外盐藻无细胞壁,仅有一层糖蛋白和神经氨酸组成的外膜包裹,类似天然的原生质体,是真核细胞基因工程首选的受体之一.盐藻主要用来生产β-胡萝卜素,生产中发现β-胡萝卜素产量不稳定,推测种质差异因素与此有密切关系,因此分析不同种及种内品系及其与β-胡萝卜素含量相关性非常重要.     

2001/2002年夏季南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的浮游植物

报道了 2 0 0 1 /2 0 0 2年夏季南极普里兹湾邻近海域 3 7个大面测站浮游植物的调查结果。经初步鉴定共有浮游植物 3门 3 7属 86种 ,其中硅藻在种类和细胞丰度上占绝对优势 ,其次为甲藻。主要优势种为克格伦拟脆杆藻 (Fragilariopsiskerguelensis)、细条伪菱形藻 (Pseu do nitzschialineola)、短拟脆杆藻 (Fragilariopsiscurta)和赖氏束盒藻 (Trichotoxonreinboldii)等南极特有种类和常见种类。调查区浮游植物分为两个群集 ,分布在 6 7°S以南的普里兹湾内的群集主要以克格伦拟脆杆藻、短拟脆杆藻、胡克星脐藻 (Asteromphalushookeri)和南极弯角藻 (Eu campiaantarctica)等南极特有种类和常见种类为主 ;分布在 6 7°S以北的大洋海域的群集主要以细条伪菱形藻、赖氏束盒藻、拟膨胀伪菱形藻 (Pseudo nitzschiaturgiduloides)和羽状环毛藻(Corethronpennatum)等南极常见种为主。调查区浮游植物的平均细胞丰度为 (8796± 2 92 85 )ind/L ,细胞多分布于海水的表层 ,密集区分布在 6 7°S以南的普里兹湾内 ,浮游植物的细胞丰度同硝酸盐的浓度密切相关。调查区浮游植物的多样性程度是低的。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.