基于WEBGIS的地震快速反应系统

旨在介绍在对辽宁省地震监测中心的多个应用系统的高度提炼下,通过WEBgIS构建地震快速反应系统的整个过程。本文简要叙述了系统的主要开发目标,介绍了系统的软件架构和功能设计,阐述了使用网络技术和开源组件实现本系统的方法,总结了系统特点。     

地震现场建筑物安全性鉴定的数值方法研究及应用软件开发

本文首先简要介绍了地震现场建筑物安全性鉴定辅助决策系统的定义、用途及发展现状,并阐释了将其应用于地震现场中的作用、方法及意义。此外,还介绍了此辅助系统的功能和设计分析及该系统的层次结构,重点介绍了该系统的计算模型及其理论根据以及模型算法分析。深入研究了辅助系统的功能、业务流程和总体设计,讨论了系统的需求、数据的采集与管理、模型计算、结果输出、查询、统计和分析等功能,并简要介绍了辅助系统的界面设计方法及界面框图,同时对系统的进一步扩展提出了看法。     

地震现场建筑物安全性鉴定智能辅助系统应用软件开发

介绍了辅助决策系统的定义、用途与发展现状,从总体上阐述了构造地震现场建筑物安全性鉴定智能辅助系统(简称IASSAB)的意义与方法;介绍了IASSAB系统的开发策略与总体设计,讨论了系统的需求;给出了系统的功能层次结构,震损分析模块的机理,word报告自动生成实现方法,同时给出了具体的功能描述。     

无线传输地震数据建库及处理系统的设计与实现

本文介绍了在汉字2.13H系统的支持下,应用TURBO BASIC语言、DBASEⅢ数据库及软件编译技术,实现了无线传输地震数据建库及处理系统。着重介绍了该系统的主要功能、特点及其系统的设计思想与实现方法。     

地球系统科学综述

首先从人类面临全球性的重大问题、地球系统的全球化和地球系统科学的关系与传统地球科学三个方面介绍了地球系统科学提出的背景,阐述了地球系统科学国内外研究现状．然后,详细介绍了地球系统科学的概念与研究方法,主要包括研究思路、基本概念、地球系统过程、全球——区域信息获取、海量信息处理和分析及地球系统模型等．第三,构建了地球系统科学理论基础．主要包括：地球系统的连续动态系统、离散动态系统、地球系统的随机性、地球系统的自组织和地球系统的简单巨系统与复杂巨系统,重点介绍了地球系统科学子系统与各圈层相互作用的动力学模型与效应．第四,概述了地球系统的数字表达一数字地球和地球系统科学是可持续发展战略科学基础．最后,简述了中国开展地球系统科学研究的方向和面临的主要科学问题。     

甘肃省地震应急指挥技术系统设计与实现

介绍了甘肃省地震应急指挥系统建设的必要性和意义、建设目的和原则、建设内容和系统构成,并对应急指挥技术系统7个方面的具体内容做了详细介绍.     

地震应急预案执行辅助系统研究

地震应急预案执行辅助系统以数字化地震应急预案为基础,可加强地震应急信息共享,提高地震应急响应速度和改进地震应急指挥决策的合理性。本文介绍了地震应急预案执行辅助系统建设的总体工作思路和技术方案,从系统构建与业务流程、总体框架与功能设计到基于GIS技术的系统实现等方面进行了探讨,介绍了下一步工作展望与设想。     

井下摄像系统的研制及应用

介绍在钻孔中应用的井下摄像系统,此摄像系统为地震前兆钻孔仪器的安装带来便利,降低了仪器的安装风险,确保了钻孔仪器安装顺利进行.通过具体的应用实例,介绍了井下摄像系统在钻孔仪器安装前对钻孔内部,包括孔壁进行摄像的必要性.     

爆破振动在线监测系统

介绍了爆破振动在线监测系统的开发和应用,特别强调了监测系统的方案选择、性能要求和监测数据的处理等。文后还介绍和讨论了实际应用中监测到的数据。     

生命线系统工程震害预测

简单回顾了城市生命线系统研究内容、进展及意义.介绍了3S(RS、GIS、GPS)等新技术在震害研究中的应用.详细介绍了生命线系统震害预测的含义、内容、方法及其步骤,基于GIS震害预测系统的组成及实现.     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

Structure and Significance of S-wave Velocity and Poisson’s Ratio in the Crust beneath the Eastern Side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The receiver functions of body waves of distant earthquakes obtained for the regions beneath 41 digital stations (Lhasa and GANZ in Tibet, Mandalay and Rangoon in Myanmar, SHIO in India, CHTO in Thailand, and station network in Sichuan and Yunnan) were used to invert for S-wave structure in the crust and upper mantle in Sichuan, Yunnan, and their surrounding areas. Meanwhile the distribution characteristics of the Poisson’s ration and the crustal thickness in Sichuan and Yunnan areas were also obtained. Results indicate that the depth of Moho beneath the eastern side of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau varies strikingly. It is obvious that the greatest changes in crustal thickness occur in a north-south direction. The crustal thickness decreases from north to south, being as thick as 70 km in eastern Tibet, the northern portion of our area of interest, and less than 30 km in Chaing Mai and Rangoon, the southern portion of our area. There are, however, exceptions regarding the trend. The thickness exhibits an east-west variation trend in the area from Ma’erkong-Kongding in Sichuan to Lijiang in Yunnan. In general the Jinpingshan-Longmenshan fault and Anninghe fault can be taken as the boundaries of this exception area. The thickness in Kongding in the west is 68 km, while it is only 39 km in Yongchuan in the east. Moreover the Poisson’s ratio values in the blocks of central Sichuan and Sichuan-Yunnan Diamond are high, and a low velocity layer in the crust of this area can be obviously detected. The distribution characteristics of the high Poisson’s ratio and the low velocity of the crust in this block correspond to the tectonic structure, being in contrast with the surrounding areas. Combining with the distribution features of the modern tectonic stress field, it is deduced that the Sichuan-Yunnan area is probably the channel through which the materials of the lithosphere flow eastward.     

Neuzeitlicher Schadstofftrend: Polycylische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in aquatischen und terrestrischen Sedimenten

A Recent Contamination Trend: Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Aquatic and Terrestrial Sediments Concentrations of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in aquatic sediments of small, medium‐sized or very large inland lakes, of estuaries as well as in terrestrial sediments from Germany, the UK, Finland, and the USA were plotted in 10 trend curves over the period from 1800 to 1990. The segments of the bore cores were dated for their deposition age. For comparability of the results, the trend is preferentially shown by the guide parameter fluoranthene. Until the 19th century, a constant background value of C_Fluo = 10…50 μg/kg was observed in all regions. Then a steep increase in concentration followed, reaching in the aquatic sediments a maximum in the period 1940 to 1965, while the individual fluoranthene values ranged widely from 90 to 2400 μg/kg. In several regions, a more or less distinct decrease superseded this maximum, although this development did not appear in terrestrial sediments, in one estuary, and in remote forest lakes in Finland. The trend curves reflect the atmospheric deposition of PAHs in airborne dust and in some cases the import through runoff via rivers. Thus, the sediment profiles depict the development of air pollution by pyrogenic contaminants over more than a century. Sediment profiles from rivers can be used only with a high degree of reservation, because of the irregularity and low representativity of the sedimentation.     

Hydrological trends and the evolution of catchment research in the Alptal valley,central Switzerland

When the observation of small headwater catchments in the pre-Alpine Alptal valley (central Switzerland) started in the late 1960s, the researchers were mainly interested in questions related to floods and forest management. Investigations of geomorphological processes in the steep torrent channels followed in the 1980s, along with detailed observations of biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in individual forest stands. More recently, research in the Alptal has addressed the impacts of climate change on water supply and runoff generation. In this article, we describe, for the first time, the evolution of catchment research at Alptal, and present new analyses of long-term trends and short-term hydrologic behaviour. Hydrometeorological time series from the past 50 years show substantial interannual variability, but only minimal long-term trends, except for the ~2°C increase in mean annual air temperature over the 50-year period, and a corresponding shift towards earlier snowmelt. Similar to previous studies in larger Alpine catchments, the decadal variations in mean annual runoff in Alptal's small research catchments reflect the long-term variability in annual precipitation. In the Alptal valley, the most evident hydrological trends were observed in late spring and are related to the substantial change in the duration of the snow cover. Streamflow and water quality are highly variable within and between hydrological events, suggesting rapid shifts in flow pathways and mixing, as well as changing connectivity of runoff-generating areas. This overview illustrates how catchment research in the Alptal has evolved in response to changing societal concerns and emerging scientific questions.     

Snow accumulation and ablation response to changes in forest structure and snow surface albedo after attack by mountain pine beetle

This study quantified changes in snow accumulation and ablation with forest defoliation in a young pine stand attacked by mountain pine beetle, a mature mixed species stand, and a clearcut in south‐central British Columbia. From 2006 to 2012, as trees in the pine stand turned from green to grey, average canopy transmittance increased from 27% to 49%. In the mixed stand, transmittance remained constant at 19%. In 2009, the year of greatest needle loss, average snow surface litter cover in the pine stand was 29% (range 4 – 61%), compared to ≤9% in other years and over double that in the mixed stand. By 2012, litter accumulation in the now‐grey pine stand was only a sixth of that in the mixed stand. Inter‐annual variability in the weather had the greatest effect on snow accumulation and ablation, with the greatest differences between both forested stands and the clearcut occurring in 2010, the year of lowest SWE. Differences in snow accumulation between the pine and mixed stand increased in 2010 as a result of decreased snow interception in the young stand after needlefall. Average ablation rates in the attacked stand were most different from the mixed stand in 2009 and 2012, the years with the largest and smallest over‐winter needle loss, respectively. This study shows that grey, non‐pine, and understory trees moderate snow response to changes in the main canopy. It also highlights the complex interrelationships between ecohydrological processes key to assessing watershed response to forest cover loss in snow dominated hydrologic regimes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumulation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own characteristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.     

富营养化湖泊围隔中重建水生植被及其生态效应

水体富营养化导致水生植被衰退、蓝藻水华暴发、水质恶化和水生生态系统崩溃.恢复水生植被被认为是改善受损水体水质和提高其生态系统稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过构建大型围隔,根据水生植物的耐污程度及其对水质和底质等条件的需求,选取几种适宜的水生植物在围隔内进行移栽与群落构建,并以不移栽水生植物的围隔和围隔外水体作为对照.实验期间(2011年4月至2012年6月),围隔内移栽的几种水生植物全部存活,并建立了相对稳定的群落.同时还跟踪监测了3个处理组的水质情况,结果显示,移栽水生植物的围隔内水质明显优于围隔外,与未移栽水生植物围隔相比,也有很大程度的改善,其中移栽水生植物围隔内水体的总氮、铵态氮、总磷、水下消光系数相比于围隔外水体分别低30.55%、44.09%、36.04%和42.13%,相比于未移栽水生植物围隔内水体分别低5.96%、13.40%、6.70%和7.60%,透明度分别比围隔外水体和未移栽水生植物围隔水体高74.59%和8.70%,浮游植物生物量也大大低于围隔外,而浮游动物生物量却明显高于后者.此外,实验后移栽水生植物围隔内沉积物氮、磷含量及其间隙水总氮、总磷、铵态氮浓度明显低于围隔外和未移栽水生植物围隔.研究表明,在富营养化浅水湖泊中通过建立围隔进行合理的群落配置,进而逐步恢复水生植物是完全可行的,而水生植物恢复后加强对其管理和维护至关重要.     

强地震附近视电阻率各向异性变化的原因

讨论了强地震、孕震晚期阶段、震源区及附近介质的物理变化过程，证明了视电阻率变化最显著的方向与最大加载方向之间的正交关系，建立了真、视电阻率各向异性变化与裂隙率ν、骨架电阻率ρ_o、饱水裂隙电阻率ρ_f的本构关系，解释了视电阻率各向异性变化的原因.研究认为：在强地震孕震晚期阶段，在震源区及附近地壳近地表的较深部，介质微裂隙发育，其走向沿最大主压应力方位优势取向，低阻水充填微裂隙，导电通道连通，引起最大主压应力方向真电阻率变化最显著的真各向异性变化，从而产生垂直主压应力方向视电阻率变化最显著的视各向异性变化，低阻水在其物理过程中起了显著作用.