草鱼、团头鲂对伊乐藻的消化与利用

本文分析了伊乐藻的生化成分和能值,测定了草鱼、团头鲂对伊乐藻生化成分的消化率,草鱼对伊乐藻的最大摄食量、蛋白质利用率和饲料系数。结果表明,伊乐藻含水率为89.8％,干物质中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维素和无氮浸出物含量分别为23.52％、2.88％、26.71％和29.27％,含有17种常见氨基酸,总量为198.04mg/g(干重)。在平均水温20.4℃的室外条件下,草鱼,团头鲂对伊乐藻的干物质消化率分别为56.02％、54.97％,对粗蛋白质消化率分别为79.05％、74.96％,对氨基酸总量的消化率均为77.00％,对粗脂肪消化率分别为73.96％,64.63％,对碳水化合物消化率分别为58.46％、51.36％。在伊乐藻饲养试验中,草鱼每天最大摄食量(Y)与试验鱼体重(X)相关显著,相关系数为0.9154,关系式为Y=3.9449X~(0.8357)。在网箱中饲养草鱼,伊乐藻的粗蛋白质利用率为17.1％,饲料系数为48.2。在小型围栏中饲养草鱼,伊乐藻的粗蛋白质利用率为13.1％,饲料系数为63.4。     

珠江三角洲养殖池塘底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

珠江三角洲是我国主要的水产养殖区域之一.为了解珠江三角洲鱼类养殖池塘底栖动物群落结构,进而评价养殖水体水质状况,于2016年7-8月对6种养殖模式30口池塘底栖动物及其环境因子进行调查.结果表明:1)共采集底栖动物18种,隶属于3门14属,其中寡毛类和水生昆虫均为7种,软体动物为4种.优势种为克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedeianus)、水丝蚓属一种(Limnodrilus sp.)和摇蚊属一种(Chironomus sp.)等耐污种类.2)6种养殖模式池塘底栖动物平均种类数无显著差异,但其密度和生物量却存在显著差异,杂交鳢Y(杂交鳢幼鱼)和杂交鳢C(杂交鳢成鱼)养殖池塘均显著高于其他4种养殖模式池塘.3)皮尔逊相关分析结果表明,影响珠江三角洲池塘底栖动物密度和生物量的主要因素是总氮(TN)和总磷(TP).两个主要分类群中,寡毛类密度和生物量仅与TN浓度呈显著正相关,而摇蚊幼虫却与TN和TP浓度均呈显著正相关.4)采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数和Biotic Index生物指数对6种养殖模式30口池塘水质进行评价,结果表明Shannon-Wiener多样性指数不宜应用于珠江三角洲池塘的水质评价,Margalef多样性指数和Biotic Index生物指数的评价结果均表明杂交鳢Y、杂交鳢C以及草鱼池塘全部处于重度污染,而大口黑鲈S(投喂饲料)、大口黑鲈S+B(投喂饲料+冰鲜鱼类)和罗非鱼池塘大部分处于重度污染,少数处于中度污染.     

利用湖泊内源性饵料饲喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的养殖与净水效应

在东太湖网围养殖区进行不同放养密度(3000、6000、9000只/hm²)饲喂太湖水草与螺蛳的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖实验,各处理组均设投喂鱼肉与玉米等外源性饵料的对照,以获得不同养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹生长、品质及养殖水环境的影响,以及利用浅水草型湖泊内源性饵料养殖中华绒螯蟹的适宜放养密度.结果表明,规格和增肉倍数虽然均显著小于相同养殖密度下投喂外源性饵料的对照组,但是各实验组商品蟹体重均能达到150 g;低密度养殖组(3000只/hm²)的产量与对照组无显著差异,其余两组显著低于对照组;而低密度养殖组的河蟹回捕率显著低于对照组,其余两组则无显著差异.实验养殖区水质状况优于投喂外源性饵料的对照区,其TP含量显著低于对照区,投喂外源性饵料会增加水体N、P含量,导致水体富营养化.投喂太湖水草与螺蛳等内源性饵料进行中华绒螯蟹养殖不但可以有效地抑制浅水湖泊水草的疯长,还可通过中华绒螯蟹收获从水体输出N、P营养盐,起到净化水质的作用.不同密度养殖的生态与经济效益对比结果显示,利用草型湖泊内源性饵料养殖中华绒螯蟹的适宜放养密度为6000只/hm²左右.     

凤鲚繁殖群体的生物学特性及因数关系的研究

本文对繁殖季节的209尾凤鲚标本进行了生物学分析。在采获的标本中,最大体长182mm,体重23.4g;最小体长94mm,体重3.5g。肥满度(k)平均为3.15×10~(-4)。其体长与体重的回归关系式为W=1.174×10~(-5)L~(2.773)。雌鱼的绝对繁殖力平均为7403.48粒,成熟系数为18.92％。雄鱼成熟系数8.02％。绝对繁殖力与体长呈曲线回归关系,F=1.906×10~(-2)L~(2.54),与体重呈直线回归关系,F=688.13W—2119.68。     

伊乐藻-草鱼圈养人工复合生态系统建设的研究

十多年来,在长江中下游浅水湖泊,特别是城郊湖泊,围栏圈养草食性鱼类发展迅速,产量大幅度提高,经济效益明显增长。养鱼过程中,由于大量投喂商品饲料和过量利用湖泊水草资源,加之湖滨人口不断增加等多种原因,导致不少草型湖泊水生植被退化,水草消失,加速了湖泊富营养化进程,湖泊整体功能下降。 伊乐藻是1986年从国外引种东太湖的高等沉水植物,已在东太湖归化,并被广大渔民用作草食性养殖鱼类的饲料。本研究是充分利用伊乐藻的生物学和生态学特性,以及易种植、生物量大、可利用程度高等特点,研究了在浅水湖泊人工种植、采收时间和刈割方法,提高其单位面积产量;测定了草鱼对伊乐藻的消化吸收和饲料系数;研究了伊乐藻在水生态系统中的功能等,从而在浅水湖泊中设计和建设伊乐藻—草鱼圈养人工复合生态系统。即以种植伊乐藻为中心,并以它作为草食性鱼类饲料和在水界物质循环的中介,在湖泊大系统内建立的草—鱼平衡系统,以提高湖泊养鱼产量和其他水产品产量,改善渔业水质和优化湖泊生态环境为主要目的。     

网湖似剌鳊鮈年龄与生长的研究

对湖北省阳新县网湖所采得的862尾似刺鳊鮈的年龄与生长的研究表明,其年轮特征主要为切割型和碎裂型。其体长与鳞径呈直线相关:L=5.6784+4.3056R;体长与体重呈幂函数的增长关系:W=2.8026×10~(-2)L~(2.8754)。应用Van Bertalanffy生长方程拟合该鱼的一般生长规律,其生长参数为:L_∞=25.0143cm,W_∞=277.8876g,K=0.4668,t_0=-1.3886,拐点年龄t_i=1龄,拐点体长L_i=16.42cm,拐点体重W_i=82.82g。     

云南抚仙湖窑泥沟复合湿地的除氮效果

为了延缓抚仙湖局部湖湾水体富营养化趋势,在北岸建设了净化面积1hm2.的复合人工湿地.综合利用生物氧化塘、水平潜流湿地和表面流湿地治理技术,对入湖河道窑泥沟污水中氮的去除效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,湿地系统的除氮效果十分明显,水力负荷年平均为437mm／d,氮负荷年平均为3.315 g／(m2·d),湿地系统氮滞留量年平均为1.91g／(m2·d).其中,通过植物吸收同化作用除氮量为0.142g／(m2·d),占总氮滞留量的7.5％左右.湿地系统对污水中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐氮(NOX-)、氨氮(NH4+)、有机氮(TON)和总氮(TN)的去除率年平均分别为62.7％、53.8％、62.4％和57.5％.在湿地系统各功能区中,表面流人工湿地除氮效果最佳,氮去除率年平均为39.4％,硝化和反硝化作用均较强;生物净化塘除氮效果次之,氮去除率年平均为18.5％;潜流人工湿地氮去除率年平均为10.6％;沉淀池中氮去除率年平均只有3.6％.     

核电厂边坡地震影响系数研究

比较了不同行业抗震设计规范计算地震影响系数的方法,基于真时程动力分析法,通过设置人工透射边界,研究了典型核电厂边坡三量(位移、速度和加速度)动态放大系数取值,对比了各向同性和各向异性本构情形下的三量动态放大系数分布规律。研究表明:边坡三量增幅随坡高呈先增大后减小再增大的规律,各向异性边坡增幅大于各向同性边坡。当边坡高度超过100m后,边坡出现了三量动态放大系数瘿点,且各向异性边坡的瘿点多于各向同性边坡。计算获得的各向同性边坡动态放大系数取值区间为1.05～1.6,各向异性边坡的动态放大系数取值区间为1.6～2.7。研究成果可指导核电厂边坡的抗震设计,具有较好的应用价值。     

3种人工载体净化富营养化水体能力的比较

通过野外模拟实验,对比3种不同理化性状人工载体(立体填料、生物绳和尼龙纱网)净化太湖梅梁湾富营养化水体的能力,并探讨影响人工载体水质净化能力的生物与非生物因素.结果表明:(1)所选择的3种人工载体均能显著降低水体的浊度,其中尼龙纱网处理组中水体浊度下降了94.2％,其单位质量载体净化量最高(36.18NTU/g);(2)与对照组相比,各人工载体处理组中,水体中藻类的生长都受到极显著抑制;(3)3种人工载体对水体中TN、TP的去除效果差异极显著,其对TN累积去除率分别为25.55％、10.21％、51.54％,对TP累积去除率分别为38.93％、38.33％、62.98％;(4)载体理化性状、附着藻类与细菌的生物量和活性、挂载量以及载体上溶解态营养盐的释放是影响人工载体水质净化能力的重要因素.综上,尼龙纱网因具备单位质量附着生物的生物量与活性高、自身滞留溶解态营养盐少以及质量轻且价格经济等优势成为净化富营养化水体较为理想的人工载体.     

洞庭湖南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)腐解对水质的影响

洞庭湖区南荻下游产业造纸行业于2019年整体退出,使得大量南荻无法被刈割利用而滞留于湖区腐解.为评估未刈割南荻残体腐解对洞庭湖水环境影响,本研究探究了沉积物湖水模拟体系内不同生物量南荻腐解过程水质变化特征.实验结果表明:在90 d腐解过程中,不同南荻生物量下(0～2 g/L)腐解体系上覆水COD、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)水质指标浓度均呈现"急速上升快速下降缓慢恢复"趋势,其中,COD和TP浓度均在腐解第5天时急速上升至最高值.腐解体系内南荻生物量对水质影响显著,相同腐解时间下,随着南荻投加量增加,上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度越低,NH3-N、TN、TP、COD水质指标浓度越高.当南荻投加量为2 g/L时,上覆水COD、NH3-N、TN和TP水质指标浓度可分别高达46.00、4.11、6.84和1.14 mg/L,分别是空白组的2.60、1.58、1.42和8.14倍.当腐解时间为90 d时,南荻投加量为0～1 g/L条件下,腐解系统上覆水水质基本恢复至未腐解时水平;当南荻投加量增加至2 g/L,上覆水NH3-N、TN和TP浓度仍分别为未腐解时的0.59、0.35和2倍,DO仅为初始浓度的16.6%.总体上,南荻腐解可造成短期内营养盐及有机组分浓度显著上升,且其腐解对水质的影响程度随着其生物量的增加而显著增强,以上结果可为造纸业退出后洞庭湖南荻管控提供科学依据.     

大口鲇幼鱼摄食、生长及驯化的初步研究

根据1991年1～12月的调查,陆水水库的浮游植物共8门118属,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻门的种类为主,占总属数的86.44％;浮游动物198种,其中原生动物38种、轮虫68种、枝角类61种、桡足类31种。浮游植物年平均数量和生物量分别为3.1449×10~6cell/L和1.937mg/L,数量以蓝藻、隐藻、硅藻最多,占总数量的91.33％,生物量以隐藻、硅藻、绿藻最大,占总生物量的85.03％,浮游植物初级毛产量为3.4gO_2/m~2·d。浮游动物年平均数量和生物量分别为2323.8ind/L和1.4837mg/L,数量以原生动物和轮虫最多,占96.89％,生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,占79.94％.陆水水库浮游生物种类组成和现存量在不同的水域差异较大,季节变化明显。按水化学分析结果及浮游生物特征判定,陆水水库的营养类型为中营养型。还讨论了环境因子对水库浮游生物的影响。     

圆尾斗鱼食物选择性的实验研究

在实验条件下,圆尾斗鱼优摄食纹幼虫和摇蚊幼虫,对食物的选择性明显,同时表明,用数量指标,以选择指数和Ｘ＾２检验能较客观地,可靠地说明食物选择性的大小。     

Application of food waste based diets in polyculture of low trophic level fish: Effects on fish growth,water quality and plankton density

Food waste was collected from local hotels and fish feed pellets were produced for a 6 months long field feeding trial. Three types of fish feed pellets (control diet: Jinfeng® 613 formulated feed, contains mainly fish meal, plant product and fish oil; Diet A: food waste based diet without meat and 53% cereal; Diet B: food waste based diet with 25% meat and 28% cereal) were used in polyculture fish ponds to investigate the growth of fish (grass carp, bighead and mud carp), changes in water quality and plankton density. No significant differences in the levels of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds of water body were observed between 3 fish ponds after the half-year feeding trial, while pond receiving Diet A had the highest density of plankton. The food waste combination of Diet B seems to be a better formulation in terms of the overall performance on fish growth.     

Satiation of juveniles ofCoregonus lavaretus L. fed onDaphnia pulicaria

Juveniles ofCoregonus lavaretus L. of a body weight (wet weight) between 0.5 and 11g were fed on pond reared livingDaphnia pulicaria. The fish were held in groups of 4 to 8 fish in tanks of a volume of 10 to 20 l at water temperatures of 8, 12, 16 and 20°C. After a deprivation time of 24 h the fish were fed an amount of livingDaphnia of about 1000 specimen/l. Fish of a body weight (wet weight) less than 1 g showed a continuous food intake until satiation, whereas the food intake of bigger fish was divided into three phases: During a first feeding period 50 to 73% of the satiation amount were consumed. This feeding period was followed by a period of no food intake, which was followed by a second feeding period. At the end of the second feeding period the fish were satiated. The period of no food intake is considered to be a specific adaptation to planctivory. The satiation time (min) increased with increasing body weight and increasing water temperature. The satiation amount, i.e. the amount of food eaten until satiation (mg stomach content, dry weight) increased with increasing body weight. The satiation amount expressed in % body weight (dry weight/dry weight) reached a maximum of 10% for fish of a body weight of 1 g. With increasing body weight it decreased to 5% for fish of 11 g b.wt. At 8°C the satiation amount was significantly lower than at 12°C. The experiments were performed at the Limnological Institute, University of Constance, D-7750 Constance, Federal Republic of Germany.     

太湖鲫鱼数量变化的规律及与环境间关系的分析

通过食物组成分析和渔获物组成调查,并结合历年渔获量统计和环境监测资料,研究了太湖鲫鱼数量变化的规律、机制及与环境间的相互关系.渔获物调查和渔获量统计资料均表明:近年鲫鱼数量不断增加,已成为太湖仅次于鲚鱼的重要鱼类2004年渔获物调查中,鲫鱼占鱼类总重量的8.40%±2.69%,占鲤、鲫鱼渔获量的65.08%±15.47%;历年渔获量统计显示,1952-1998年鲤、鲫鱼渔获量相对稳定在1010.1±367.2 t、占鱼类总量8.89%±5.33%,1999年上升达到2547.4 t、占9.45%,2000年达到3708.7 t,占12.18%;年龄组成分析表明,鲫鱼低龄化趋势在加剧.食性分析表明:在7-12月,微囊藻占鲫鱼食物体积的83.65%-93.99%.分析认为:太湖鲫鱼以微囊藻为主要食物;富营养化加重为其提供了充足饵料,实施禁渔期、禁渔区等措施使其繁殖得到保障,捕捞强度过高导致其年龄组成低龄化、个体小型化.而太湖鲫鱼以蓝藻为主要食物,可能对蓝藻有抑制作用.     

太湖新银鱼、鲚鱼的食性比较及相互影响分析

在太湖,通过对263个太湖新银鱼和鲚鱼胃含物样本的食物组成分析和比较,研究了两种鱼类间的食物关系;并结合太湖历年鱼类渔获量资料,对渔获量变化间可能存在的相互影响进行了偏相关分析.结果表明:太湖新银鱼在4月份的食物中以桡足类为主,占个数的70.11%±10.57%,其次是枝角类,为29.84%±10.62%,轮虫的数量极少,仅占0.05%±0.11%;在4月份1 鲚鱼的食物中以枝角类为主、占79.35%±11.42%,桡足类占19.97%±10.78%,而轮虫和虾的数量很少,分别占0.49%±0.45%和0.20%±0.44%.而在9-10月份0 鲚鱼的食物中,枝角类占89.77%±13.69%,桡足类占7.84%±11.53%,轮虫占2.39%±4.95%;用Pianka提出的公式,计算两种鱼类在4月份5个采样点的饵料重叠系数平均为0.4739±0.2810,没有达到Keast提出的Ojk＞0.7的严重重叠水平;计算5个采样点的相同食物组成比平均为46.42%±20.32%,和饵料重叠系数接近.而偏相关分析表明:两种鱼类数量变化间的相关关系是负向的,且随着鱼类密度的增加,负相关关系的显著水平有不断提高的趋势.如1973-1984年期间的负相关关系远没有达到显著水平(r=-0.2531 p=0.584),而1985-2004年期间的负相关关系接近显著水平(r=-0.4395 P=0.101).分析认为:太湖新银鱼和鲚鱼的食物虽有重叠,但通常情况下食物竞争并不激烈;种群数量变化间的相互影响是负向的,没有达到显著水平.可能仅在两种鱼类密度很高时,激烈地食物竞争才会发生、并主要表现为对哲水蚤和剑水蚤的竞争;且数量间负向的相互影响有加强趋势.     

Diel changes in the feeding behaviour of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Ellidavatn, a small lake in southwest Iceland

In the lake Ellidavatn, southwest Iceland, the diel activity of Arctic char and brown trout was studied in autumn (September) and spring (April) by removing the fish from gillnets every 3 hours for three days. Additional fish samples, evening and morning, were taken at other times of the year. The catch per unit effort was about 10 times higher during the nighttime than daytime for both char and trout. The median weight of char was lowest near the middle of night (80 g) and highest near the middle of day (140 g). The median weight of trout was also lowest near the middle of night (110 g) and highest near the middle of day (330 g). The main diet of char consisted of the cladoceran Eurycercus lamellatus in September and chironomid larvae in April and the main diet of trout was always sticklebacks. In autumn and spring, the feeding was nocturnal in the char but crepuscular in the trout. The median stomach content of char was highest at dawn (0.52% of body weight) and lowest at dusk (0.14% of body weight). It is proposed that nocturnal char shift through the bottom substrate in search for prey. The median stomach content of trout was highest at 09.00–18.00 and 24.00–03.00 hours (0.13–0.18% of body weight) and lowest at 03.00–06.00 and 18.00–21.00 hours (0.02–0.07% of body weight). Different feeding times may help to secure mutual coexistence of char and trout in a small lake. In autumn and spring, the average daily consumption of char was about 0.8% of body weight, less than half their maximum food intake.     

Development of Heterotrophic and Ammonifying Bacterial Populations as Affected by the Fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) under Different Experimental Conditions

Fishes of the carnivorous species Clarias batrachus of different size (length of 12 to 22 cm, weight of 15 … 57 g) were kept in aquaria with and without feeding on fish meal with or without an addition of rice bran, the fish mass having been 15 g/l. Aquaria with the same addition of food pellets were used as the control. The number of colonies of heterotrophic bacteria as well as the M.P.N. of the ammonifying bacteria was higher in the fish-containing aquaria than in the control, and in the fish-containing aquaria the colony number and the number of ammonifying bacteria significantly increased with the size of fishes and with feeding. The heterotrophic bacteria reached the highest numbers 4 h after the beginning, the numbers of ammonifyers increased till the fifth day. Parallel to the number of ammonifyers, also the ammonium concentration increased.     

Protein Digestibility by Khosti Fish Colisa fasciatus (Pisces,Anabantidae) under the Influence of Certain Factors

Protein digestibility was determined via two feeding trials in glass aquaria by the indicator (Chromium oxide) method using a mixture of shrimp powder with oil cake and wheat bran respectively (1: 1 W/W) as food. Analyses of feed were made to calculate the crude protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash contents. Feces were analysed to determine their total nitrogen and chromium oxide. Protein digestibility was studied in relation to salinity of the medium size and weight of the fish body. The apparent digestibility of crude protein of a corresponding die has shown that 1st: Younger fish do possess a lower capability of protein digestion than fish having a medium weight and medium size; 2nd: Older fish with a high weight and large size exhibit no improvement in efficiency to digest the food protein, though their weight and size are significantly greater than those of middle weight and medium size fish; 3rd: The replacement of oil cake by wheat bran decreases the protein digestibility of shrimp powder mixture with them; 4th: A salinity (NaCl) of the aquatic medium at or above 3 g/l depletes the protein digestibility when fish of the same size were experimented with; but a salinity up to 2 g/l does not result in a significant decrease in the protein digestion rate.     

Zur akuten Toxizität von Trichlorfon gegenüber ausgewählten Wasserorganismen

Two different formulations of Trichlorfon were examined for their acute toxicity in laboratory tests. Cyprinus carpio L., Salmo gairdneri Rich. and the fish food organisms Cyclops spec., Diaptomus spec. and Chironomus spec. were used as test objects. The differences in toxicity between crystalline and technical Trichlorfon were not very large. The recorded lethal concentrations are summarized in graphical representations and tables. After exposure for several hours to lower concentrations of active constituents, the toxicant-damaged fishes regained their original activity of life during a subsequent phase of recovery Tests of fish food organisms with 100 … 200 μg/l Trichlorfon led to death within 48 hours. Also on chironomid larvae Trichlorfon has a lethal effect at 0.2 mg/l within 48 hours. Toxicity is increased by the hardness constituents of the water. As experiments conducted with Crustacea have shown, growth is inhibited only at a certain concentration in the body.